Myanmar People Research Articles

First report and molecular identification of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in human communities from Lower Myanmar.

Opisthorchis viverrini is endemic in the South East Asian region, especially in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vietnam and Thailand, but there have been no previous records from Myanmar. During stool surveys of rural populations in three regions of Lower Myanmar, Opisthorchis-like eggs were found in 34 out of 364 (9.3%) participants by stool microscopy after using the modified formalin-ether concentration technique. DNA was extracted from these positive stool samples and a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and then sequenced. DNA sequences, successfully obtained from 18 of 34 positive samples (Bago Region, n = 13; Mon State, n = 3; Yangon Region, n = 2), confirmed that the eggs were of O. viverrini. Sequences showed 99.7% identity with O. viverrini mitochondrial cox1 (GenBank accession no. JF739555) but 95%, 88.7%, 82.6% and 81.4% identities with those of Opisthorchis lobatus from Lao People's Democratic Republic (GenBank accession nos. HQ328539-HQ328541), Metorchis orientalis from China (KT239342), Clonorchis sinensis from China (JF729303) and Opisthorchis felineus from Russia (EU921260), respectively. When alignement with other Opisthorchiidae trematodes, 81% similarity with Metorchis bilis from Czech Republic (GenBank accession nos. KT740966, KT740969, KT740970) and Slovakia (GenBank accession nos. KT740971-KT740973), 84.6% similarity with Metorchis xanthosomus from Czech Republic (GenBank accession no. KT740974), 78.6% similarity with M. xanthosomus from Poland (GenBank accession no. KT740968) and 82.2% similarity with Euamphimerus pancreaticus from Czech Republic (GenBank accession no. KT740975) were revealed. This study demonstrated, for the first time, O. viverrini from rural people in Myanmar using molecular methods and is an urgent call for surveillance and control activities against opisthorchiasis in Myanmar.

Concordance between Plasma and Filter Paper Sampling Techniques for the Lymphatic Filariasis Bm14 Antibody ELISA.

Diagnostic testing for the antibody Bm14 is used to assess the prevalence of bancroftian and brugian filariasis in endemic populations. Using dried blood spots (DBS) collected on filter paper is ideal in resource-poor settings, but concerns have been raised about the performance of DBS samples compared to plasma or serum. In addition, two versions of the test have been used: the Bm14 CELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd., Manly, Australia) or an in-house CDC version. Due to recent improvements in the CELISA, it is timely to validate the latest versions of the Bm14 ELISA for both plasma and DBS, especially in settings of residual infection with low antibody levels. We tested plasma and DBS samples taken simultaneously from 92 people in Myanmar, of whom 37 (40.2%) were positive in a rapid antigen test. Comparison of results from plasma and DBS samples demonstrated no significant difference in positive proportions using both the CELISA (46.7% and 44.6%) and CDC ELISA (50.0% and 47.8%). Quantitative antibody unit results from each sample type were also highly correlated, with coefficients >0.87. The results of this study demonstrate that DBS samples are a valid collection strategy and give equivalent results to plasma for Bm14 antibody ELISA testing by either test type.

Chapter 10 Historical review of the contribution of geophysics to petroleum discoveries in the Tertiary basins of Myanmar

Petroleum resources from seeps or shallow excavations have been exploited by local people in Myanmar for at least 900 years for use in lighting, for medicinal purposes or as an insect repellent. When the British took over Lower Myanmar, crude oil obtained from Yenanchaung and refined in Duneedaw was supplied to India and exported to the United Kingdom or the United States of America. After the British occupied the whole of Myanmar in 1884, the Scottish Burmah Oil Company was established in the following year and commenced commercial extraction of oil from Yenangyaung; in 1902 Chauk was discovered. After 40 years of exploitation production began to decline, and further resources were sought. In 1938–40, before the Second World War in the Pacific, geophysical methods of gravity measurement by Shell and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (now BP) covering the whole of Myanmar were planned to aid oil exploration. A network of measurements were established along all accessible roads and navigable rivers throughout the Tertiary Belt of Central Myanmar using Holweck, Thyssen and Ising torsion balance and pendulum gravimeters. The Holweck instrument uses an inverted pendulum to measure absolute values of gravity to an accuracy of 2–3 mGal. The best results were obtained with the Thyssen gravimeter, producing weighted deflection readings for about 90 stations a month, to an accuracy of 0.5 mGal or less. The Ising gravimeter, also using an inverted pendulum, can provide drift readings with a better productivity from 149 stations a month, with an accuracy of ±1 mGal. In all these surveys, with station intervals ranging over 1–5 km a total of 5–12 km could be covered each day. Elevation corrections were made from contours obtained during the topographic survey. The AA company completed gravity pendulum measurements over 80 000 square miles in Myanmar at a total cost …

Tobacco use among young adolescents in Myanmar: Findings from global youth tobacco survey.

Tobacco consumption among youths poses significant public health problem in developing countries. This study utilized the available data of Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among Myanmar adolescents. We have conducted the fourth round of the GYTS in Myanmar during 2016 to monitor trends in tobacco use. We have selected 51 schools using random sampling based on probability proportional to school enrollment. In each school, we selected grades 9-11 by random sampling. All students in these classes completed a self-administered standard questionnaire. A total of 3633 students who were participated in the survey 2621 students were 13-15 year. Overall 13.6% of students currently used tobacco; boys 26.3% and girls 3.7%. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 8.3%; boys 17.0%, girls 1.5%, whereas 5.7% of students currently smokeless tobacco users; boys 11.0%, girls 1.5%. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home, in enclosed public places, and school was reported by 33.2%, 28.4%, and 64.5%, respectively. More than four out of 5 (83.4%) students had noticed someone using tobacco on television, videos or movies, and 42.3% had noticed tobacco advertising at points of sale. Among current smokers, 62.9% were not refused by purchasing cigarettes because of their minor age. Myanmar has higher prevalence of tobacco use among students, especially among boys. The study provides evidence-based information for developing comprehensive tobacco control programs - both education and policy interventions to reduce smoking rate among young people in Myanmar.

전래동화를 활용한 미얀마인 대상 한국문화 교육

This study aims to help Korean culture education for Myanmar people through fairy tales. Korean culture education is essential for fluency of Korean language and adaptation to Korean society and culture to foreign students and workers. In the study, eight fairy tales consisting of four Korean fairy tales and four Myanmar fairy tales are selected as research materials. Through the analysis of Korean and Myanmar fairy tales, cultural elements and identities were identified and compared with the materials from the both countries. The analysis has been processed in the respect of character and contents of the materials. The fairy tales were analyzed by one-to-one correspondence, such as myanmar `Devotion(성의)` vs. `An Old Man Planting Dreams(꿈을 심는 노인)`and then they were sorted according to cultural and identificational elements. Even though two countries have a few cultural and historical interchanges and are far away from each other, the traditional fairy tales between Myanmar and Korea showed high similarities in the view of cultural elements, values, and identities. In the fairy tales there are many common aspects and similarities in cultures such as tendency of regarding agricultural society as important, the hierarchy according to ages, the filial duty, family relationship, and the community solidarity. I believe those similarities in Myanmar and Korean cultures could be a desirable norm for Myanmarese to study Korean language and to adjust to Korean society.

Assessment of malaria control consultation and service posts in Yunnan, P. R. China.

BackgroundThis paper seeks to assess the function of malaria control consultation and service posts (MCCSPs) that are located on the border areas of Yunnan province, P.R. China, as a strategy for eliminating malaria among the mobile and migrant population in these areas.MethodsA retrospective descriptive analytical study was conducted. Blood smear examinations conducted at all MCCSPs in Yunnan from 2008 to 2014 were analysed. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2014 to understand how the MCCSPs function and to elucidate the quality of the blood smear examinations that they conduct.ResultsOut of the surveyed MCCSPs, 66 % (39/59), 22 % (13/59), and 12 % (7/59) were attached to local township hospitals, village health clinics, and the county centre for disease control and prevention or private clinics, respectively. More than 64 % (38/59) of the posts’ staff were part-time workers from township hospitals and village health facilities. Less than 31 % (18/59) of the posts’ staff were full-time workers. A total of 35 positive malaria cases were reported from seven MCCSPs in 2014. Four MCCSPs were unable to perform their functions due to under staffing in 2014. There was a small fluctuation in blood smear examinations from January 2008 to June 2009, with two peaks during the period from July 2009 to October 2010. The number of blood smear examinations has been increasing since 2011. The yearly mean number of blood smear examinations in each post increased from 44 per month in 2011 to 109 per month in 2014, and the number of positive malaria cases detected by blood smear examinations has declined (χ2 = 90.67, P = 0.000). The percentage of people from Yingjiang county getting blood smear examinations increased between 2008 and 2014, while percentages of the mobile population including Myanmar people, people from other provinces, and people from other Yunnan counties getting blood smear examinations decreased.ConclusionMCCSPs face challenges in the phase of malaria elimination in Yunnan, China. New case detection strategies should be designed for MCCSPs taking into account the current trends of migration.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0185-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Intrarater Reliability of Tonometry and Bioimpedance Spectroscopy to Measure Tissue Compressibility and Extracellular Fluid in the Legs of Healthy Young People in Australia and Myanmar.

Measurements of tissue compressibility and extracellular fluid (ECF) are used to monitor progression of lymphedema, a chronic swelling of the subcutaneous tissue. Later stages of lymphedema are characterized by fibrotic induration in the subcutis and hyperkeratosis of the skin. Several devices are available to measure these changes, but previous reliability and validity studies have been conducted primarily on adult women with unilateral arm lymphedema using contralateral limbs as controls. To date, no studies have included either adolescents or measurement of leg tissue. An intrarater reliability study was conducted to compare three devices measuring skin and subcutaneous tissue compressibility; a mechanical Tonometer, a digital Indurometer, and a SkinFibroMeter. ECF loads were measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). Two populations of tropical-dwelling young people were included; Australian residents in North Queensland aged 8-21 years (n = 34) and people aged 10-21 years residing in Central Myanmar (n = 38). Neither cohort had any clinical sign of lymphedema or other leg abnormality. The mechanical Tonometer and the digital Indurometer had excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) scores between 0.792 (95% CI 0.055-0.901) and 0.964 (95% CI 0.945-0.984) and the SkinFibroMeter had good to excellent reliability with ICC scores of between 0.565 (95% CI 0.384-0.747) and 0.877 (95% CI 0.815-0.840). BIS exhibited the highest reliability with ICC scores approaching 1.0. These results support the reliable use of tonometry and BIS to assess tissue compressibility and ECF loads in the legs of adolescent populations in developed and developing tropical countries.

Psychological effects of meditation at a Buddhist monastery in Myanmar

Background: Meditation is widely used as a therapeutic measure because it can effectively reduce stress, pain, and improve the mental health, but there are many unclear points about the psychological effects of meditation.Aims: The purpose of this study is to verify the psychological effects of meditation.Method: The short version of Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) were conducted to compare 97 Myanmar people practicing Vipassana contemplation training with 81 Myanmar nurses who did not have any experience with meditation.Results: The results of our study revealed that meditation mitigated depressive mood, anger, hostility, and fatigue and increased vigor. The enhancement of psychological flexibility occurred only after practicing meditation for more than a year.Conclusions: It can be considered that meditation mitigates anger, hostility and fatigue and increases vigor at a relatively early stage after starting meditation practice, and if meditation practice is continued for more than a year, enhancement of psychological flexibility can also be expected.

OR01-3 * TRAINING PRIMARY HEALTH WORKERS ABOUT ALCOHOL PROBLEMS ON THE THAI MYANMAR BORDER

Alcohol and other drug problems are significant issues for communities and health workers who work among internally displaced people in Myanmar including among the Karen people group. Health services for these people are largely supported by NGOs and there has been little training for health workers regarding these issues. Short course training has been conducted for primary health workers for 10 years to provide some knowledge and skills in dealing with these issues both clinically and as a community. In this presentation the background to the situation is described, the course methadologies and content are summarized and examples of results of training given. Consistently evaluation has shown increase in knowledge and skills, and confidence for assessment and treatment of alcohol and drug issues.

Self-management education in patients with cardiovascular disease: a best practice implementation project

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is a chronic condition with a significant incidence among Myanmar people. Self-management education is required in patients with cardiovascular disease, to facilitate them in effectively self-managing their chronic condition and achieving optimal well-being and quality of life. This paper reports on a best practice implementation project conducted in 2013, to enhance self-management education in patients admitted with cardiovascular disease at the medical ward of No. (1) Military Hospital, Myanmar. OBJECTIVES The aim of this project was to improve the local clinical practice of self-management education in patients with cardiovascular disease, and to ensure that this practice was performed in accordance with the best available evidence. METHODS The project used the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice audit tool. A baseline audit was conducted followed by an education strategy and follow-up audit. The sample included 16 in-patients and 12 staff nurses. Data collection involved review of patient medical records, observation at the clinical setting and interviews with the patients and nursing staff. RESULTS The post implementation audit showed a 63% increase in compliance with audit criteria one and two, less than 50% in criteria three, four and six, and 50% greater in criteria five, seven and eight. Improvement was seen with all eight criteria in relation to the baseline audit. However, awareness, staff motivation and policy support were all necessary to be further enhanced in order to increase compliance with best practice of self-management education in this project setting. CONCLUSION Despite the known benefits of self-management for cardiovascular disease, we were initially underperforming in this area within our setting. This project presents another example of the power of the audit and feedback tool as a means to promote evidence based practice, and implement evidence into action. Through a process of audit, we were able to achieve a significant increase in our compliance with all criteria regarding self-management in our setting, which will be of substantial benefit to our patients. The education sessions held with staff appeared to be of substantial benefit in improving practice. The challenge will now be to ensure we sustain these changes and improve where required.

PREJUDIS KEAGAMAAN: KESENGSARAAN MASYARAKAT ROHINGYA DI MYANMAR

From a historical perspective, the Rohingyas in Myanmar could be regarded as among the most victimized community in the world. Compared to others Muslim minorities in the region such as the ethnic Moro in southern Philippines or Muslim communities in southern Thailand, the Rohingya’s existence, their civic status and their personal narratives are rarely examined and exposed. The Rohingya Muslim community in Myanmar is burdened with continued persecution and suffering. This occurs due to the Myanmar government’s refusal to recognise and provide citizenship status to the Rohingya leading to an endless problem of identity. This article seeks to reveal the plight of the Rohingya people, including in matters of religion, as well as the history of the Rohingya people. It argues that the biggest challenge to the Rohingya people in Myanmar is religious prejudice, a problem serious enough to drive them to flee their homes. The Rohingyas now could be found in various countries including Malaysia, Thailand and Bangladesh as well as European countries and the United States of America.

How to promote human rights in the world's most repressive states: lessons from Myanmar

For two decades, Myanmar sat at the top of the international human rights agenda. With recent political changes, this may now be a thing of the past, but the bad old days hold important lessons that should not be forgotten. This article draws on interviews conducted mainly inside Myanmar over a period of 15 years to evaluate, contrast and compare the impact of different international human rights policies on the ground. It is argued that while the effects of both Western ostracism and regional business as usual have been largely counterproductive and often harmful to the Myanmar people, principled engagement by the United Nations and other international organisations has shown significant potential to help promote human rights. This is a lesson which may be worth heeding in other repressive states.

Iron Biofortification of Myanmar Rice

Iron (Fe) deficiency elevates human mortality rates, especially in developing countries. In Myanmar, the prevalence of Fe-deficient anemia in children and pregnant women are 75 and 71%, respectively. Myanmar people have one of the highest per capita rice consumption rates globally. Consequently, production of Fe-biofortified rice would likely contribute to solving the Fe-deficiency problem in this human population. To produce Fe-biofortified Myanmar rice by transgenic methods, we first analyzed callus induction and regeneration efficiencies in 15 varieties that are presently popular because of their high-yields or high-qualities. Callus formation and regeneration efficiency in each variety was strongly influenced by types of culture media containing a range of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations. The Paw San Yin variety, which has a high-Fe content in polished seeds, performed well in callus induction and regeneration trials. Thus, we transformed this variety using a gene expression cassette that enhanced Fe transport within rice plants through overexpression of the nicotianamine synthase gene HvNAS1, Fe flow to the endosperm through the Fe(II)-nicotianamine transporter gene OsYSL2, and Fe accumulation in endosperm by the Fe storage protein gene SoyferH2. A line with a transgene insertion was successfully obtained. Enhanced expressions of the introduced genes OsYSL2, HvNAS1, and SoyferH2 occurred in immature T2 seeds. The transformants accumulated 3.4-fold higher Fe concentrations, and also 1.3-fold higher zinc concentrations in T2 polished seeds compared to levels in non-transgenic rice. This Fe-biofortified rice has the potential to reduce Fe-deficiency anemia in millions of Myanmar people without changing food habits and without introducing additional costs.

Arsenic in South Asia Groundwater

AbstractWithin the deltas of South Asia, widespread consumption of groundwater containing dangerous levels of arsenic adversely impacts tens of millions of people in Bangladesh, West Bengal, India, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. This massive health crisis is the product of a confluence of processes initiated by the erosion of arsenic‐bearing minerals in the Himalaya, transport of sediments containing arsenic‐bearing iron oxides down the Brahmaputra–Ganges, Mekong, Irrawaddy and Red river systems, and deposition as deltaic sediments. Upon burial, dissolution of these arsenic‐bearing iron‐oxide minerals is triggered by reaction with organic carbon, releasing arsenic to the aquifer and producing aqueous concentrations that can exceed 1000 μg/L, 100 times the World Health Organization drinking water standard. These waters are the primary drinking water source for the majority of the people living in these low‐lying regions of Asia. Although groundwater contamination has likely persisted for millennia on the Asian deltas, consumption of these waters became widespread in the 1970s as groundwater was tapped to avoid water‐borne diseases in surface water bodies. Groundwater pumping for irrigation and other land use changes, including widespread rice cultivation, are now impacting the distribution of arsenic in (presently) unpredictable ways. Further, irrigation with arsenic‐rich waters is decreasing rice yields and providing an additional pathway of human exposure. In general, deeper groundwater contains low levels of arsenic. Efforts must continue to focus on protecting this resource for human consumption.

Economic development of Myanmar

There are a number of excellent studies by eminent Myanmar economists as well as Burma scholars from abroad covering different post-war periods and/or various aspects of development in Myanmar. What this book does is to bring them altogether, as it were, under one roof by recasting bits and pieces of their work according to the author's own understanding. In so doing, a holistic approach was adopted in order to have a well-rounded account of developments over the past fifty years or more. In addition, an attempt has also been made to present the major developments at different periods of time between 1948 and 2000 in a simple, but not over-simplified, reader friendly format so as to reach as wide an audience as possible. It is the author's ardent wish that not only students and policymakers, but Myanmar people in all walks of life - doctors, engineers, academics, businessmen - will read the book, discuss it, and work together for a better future.

Social Sector Development in Myanmar: The Role of the State

The current policy of the Government of Myanmar emphasizes the role of the state in the social sector. On the other hand, the government announced its commitment to promote private sector development and less government intervention in the market. Although expenditure in the social sector is increasing in absolute terms, it accounts for less than one per cent of GDP. This may be because the Minister for Health and the Minister for Education are usually the least powerful among the ministers and, therefore, are in no position to fight for a bigger share of budgetary expenditure. Also, domestic policy generally tends to favour physical infrastructure over social infrastructure. While the need for physical infrastructure cannot be denied, the budget allocation for it by far outstrips that for the social sector. It is suggested that the neglect of the social sectors will cost the country dearly in the near future. I. Introduction Soon after the military took over civil power as a self-declared caretaker government of the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) in September 1988, it adopted a market-oriented policy. Later on in March 1989, the 1965 Law of Establishment of the Socialist Economic System was formally revoked and proper evolution of a market-oriented economic system was officially declared as one of the four economic objectives of the State. Moreover, the need to uplift health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation was also declared as one of the four social objectives of the State. Taken together, these two objectives imply on the one hand, promotion of private sector development and less government intervention in the market, and on the other, continued government involvement in the development of the social sector. Given the low per capita income of the Myanmar people, commitment by the government to improve the health, education and living standards of the people is only natural and as expected. However, given also the likely expansion of private sector activities in both the health and education sectors, the two objectives also indicate an awareness on the part of the government to take on a more effective management and regulatory role. Needless to say, both of the above mentioned interdependent objectives are extremely important for sustainable development of the economy. The success enjoyed by the newly industralizing economies (NIEs) of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore in the past three or four decades clearly confirms the importance of having a sound and healthy market-oriented economic system. Then again, according to most scholars, resources in the NIEs in terms of skills, work motivation, adaptability and `trainability' have played a crucial role in their industrial success.1 Section II of this article presents the human resource development (HRD) status of Myanmar in the perspective of ASEAN and East Asia Pacific region. Section III, describes the efforts by the government to promote the health sector. Section IV examines the role of government in the educational sector. Concluding comments are given in Section V. 11. HRD in Myanmar and the Asia-Pacific Region Table 1 shows the human development index (HDI) in ASEAN. It may be seen from this table that Myanmar's HDI value in 1997 was higher than that of Cambodia and Laos because of Myanmar's better performance in life expectancy index and / or education index. Both Cambodia and Laos have a higher GDP index than Myanmar. Apart from the above, the level of social development in six original member ASEAN countries plus Vietnam is well correlated with their overall economic performance. In other words, the higher the GDP index, the higher will be the life expectancy index and / or education index. This is further attested by Table 2 which shows selected social indicators of Myanmar and the Asia-Pacific (AP) region. As may be seen from Table 2, economies in East Asia and Pacific with a higher level of economic development than Myanmar, also outperform the latter economy in most aspects of social development. …

Polio eradication in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region by the year 2000: midway assessment of progress and future challenges.

In the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) of WHO, paralytic poliomyelitis has decreased from 25,711 cases in 1988 to 3304 cases in 1995, representing an 87% reduction. By 1995, in 6 of 10 member countries--India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Indonesia, and Democratic People's Republic of Korea--polio remained endemic. Two countries, Sri Lanka and Thailand, appear close to polio eradication, and 2, Bhutan and Maldives, reported no cases during 1989-1995. Although reported rates of acute flaccid paralysis and the percentage of cases virologically investigated are low in some countries, no isolates of wild poliovirus type 2 have been reported outside India since 1993. By the end of 1996, all 8 countries in which polio is endemic will have conducted national immunization days for polio eradication. The major challenge for polio eradication in SEAR will be strengthening surveillance, because national immunization days alone cannot eradicate polio.

‘Theippan Maung Wa’ U Sein Tin and Myanmar in 1930's

In South East Asian countries, how did an individual accept the great changes in social structure resulting from the change from colonialism to independence? How did an individual face the breakdown of traditional ideas which accompanied this transition? In modern Myanmar, the works of U Sein Tin, well-known in Myanmar as ‘Theippan Maung Wa’ give many hints.In the first part of the 1930's, while working for the English colonial government as a high level public servant, U Sein Tin wrote many essays and short novels which vividly describe the reality of the rural life based on his own experiences. Because of his unique writing style and themes, his works became popularly known as ‘Khitsan Sapei’ (Modern Literature), and had a great impact on Myanmar literature.However, in the last part of the 1930's, the period when Myanmar began to change drastically, U Sein Tin stopped focusing on social matters. Instead, he began to write mainly about his own private life-his wife, children, relatives, and so on. He even wrote many stories about the dogs which were kept at his home. This sudden change in focus seemed unnatural to him. However it reveals his reactions towards the transition in modern Myanmar. It is clear from eight essays and novels about his dogs, that he changed his focus in order to show his opinions and feelings about the changes in Myanmar.Particularly, through the story ‘Fire of Love’ (Achit Myi) which was written in 1936 and describes the love relationships of young dogs, U Sein Tin showed that he identified himself as a man who belonged to the colonial older generation. Although he loved Myanmar people, he belonged to the colonial government, and he could not reject the colonial government as the new generation did.In another story, ‘The Separation’ (Khwekhwayei) U Sein Tin symbolized his situation through an episode of the separation of a master and his dogs. This story was written in 1938, after further changes in Myanmar. At that time, he began to lose his publishing patrons, because ‘Khitsan Sapei’ was not the fashion any more and other new literature movements had begun to capture attention. The collapse of colonial social structure and losing his status in the world of literature made him feel as though he had lost his identity.Those stories reflect the sorrow and agony of an intellectual who was raised with a ‘colonial’ identity, then faced with revolutionary ways of thinking. U Sein Tin's literature was underestimated during his lifetime, but after his death the value of his literature was recognized. Many Myanmar people loved his literature in the 1930's and still love it today. His works represent the feelings of modern Myanmar people.