Mutual Transitions Research Articles

Activities of Daily Living Disability Transition Patterns in Older Adults with Chronic Diseases: A Four-Year Cohort Study in China.

Older adults with chronic diseases often experience higher rates of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) disability, with research primarily examining the transition between states of ADL disability and non-disability. The current study aims to analyze the patterns and factors of mutual transitions between multiple different ADL disability states in older adults with chronic diseases. This longitudinal study utilized data from the Shanghai Elderly Care Unified Needs Assessment (SECUNA) spanning 2014 to 2017, with 2014 being the baseline. The study included older adults aged 60 years and older with chronic diseases. Using the Markov model, individuals were classified into three states: no ADL disability, mild ADL disability, and severe ADL disability. Transition patterns were analyzed by calculating the frequency, intensity, and probability of transition, and the influencing factors of six transition scenarios were evaluated. Older adults with mild ADL disability were more likely to experience improvement (transition intensity: 0.4731) rather than deterioration (transition intensity: 0.2226) in their ADL disability states. However, those with severe ADL disability faced challenges in improving their states (transition intensities: 0.0068 and 0.1204). Among the six ADL disability transition scenarios, place of residence was associated with four scenarios, age and economic sources were associated with three scenarios, sex was associated with two scenarios, and other factors were associated with one scenario. The transition patterns and factors differ among individuals with varying ADL disability states. It is essential for relevant agencies to implement tailored preventive healthcare strategies to effectively manage the health status of older adults with chronic diseases.

Flow Structure and Periodic Processes in a Disc-Shaped Vortex Chamber of a Hydrodynamic Cavitator

Introduction. The essence of the acoustic – cavitation processes is that the liquid is passed through sound with a pressure at the wave surface of more than 3 bar that causes local breaks of the liquid in the vacuum phase of the wave and the collapse in the manometric phase. The opposite walls of each cavern in the collapse approach at a speed exceeding two speed of sound, due to which a high energy density is achieved at the meeting point, and what is especially valuable is the mutual transitions of energies from one form to another, unattainable under normal conditions, and, moreover, as inside cavitation area and near it. The novelty of the work is confirmed by the results of a periodic information and patent analysis, and by four patents received for inventions on the topic under consideration.Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at improving the acoustic-cavitation qualities of a disk-shaped vortex chamber used as a liquid whistle.Materials and Methods. In the study, there were used numerical modeling of flows in the FlowVision program, experimental determination of flow rates using a pitot tube, film method, removal of frequency response using SpectraPLUS 5.0, and visualization of flows and processes on optically transparent devices by the method of color indicators in stroboscopic lighting high-speed video shooting.Results. The mechanism of sound generation and noise in the flow transiting through the device has been found. The corrective effect of pump pulsations f = 300 Hz on the sound generation mechanism was revealed. The disc-shaped character of the device, which encloses the input flow in cross section from three directions, contributes to creating a more expressive acoustic signal, forming two conjugate torus vortices along the shell that ensures uniformity of the circumferential flow, attenuation of longitudinal high-frequency oscillations f = 200 kHz, and the creation of periodic zones of increased pressure along the shell. The concentrated tangential entrance to the device determines the central asymmetry of the flows in it and a number of processes that create acoustic noise.Discussion and Conclusion. The frequency of the useful acoustic signal in the vortex chamber is proportional to the speed of the transit flow, and the amplitude is proportional to the dimensions of the device. Along with the useful signal created by the interaction of the peripheral and input parts of the transit flow, noise of similar frequencies is created in the device. Other sources of noise generation are due to the presence of a concentrated tangential input. The formation of two conjugate torus vortices along the shell can be used as a means of controlling the process of interaction between parts of the transit flow. The disc-shaped vortex chamber combines the functions of sound generation and the ability to create a centrifugal field, which expands its technological capabilities.

Економічна динаміка: сучасний зміст, інноваційний базис та настанови для політики розвитку

The article substantiates the relevance of updating the categorical thesaurus of the theory of economic dynamics on the basis of modern methodology, which combines the cognitive potentials and tools of global evolutionism, the general theory of systems and synergy. In the context of the evolutionary approach, the authors provide the content and characteristics of the complex forms of economic system’ movement (self-organization, development / degradation, evolution / involution) and the accompanying qualitative changes (modifications, transformations, metamorphoses, architectural shifts) of economic reality. There are revealed the hierarchy of dynamic processes according to the degree of complexity and their interrelationships and principles of mutual transitions. Attention is focused on innovations and innovative changes, which, depending on the level (depth) of the implemented novelty, and the speed and scale of its diffusion, determine the trajectory of the economic system’ movement over time. Taking into account the time criterion, the authors systematize the signs of progressive and regressive economic dynamics. Noted the significant role of organizational and regulatory influences, primarily that of the innovation policy, for designing and constructing the expected future. A view is proposed to consider innovation policy as a system of measures aimed at the strategic management of economic genetics. The content of these measures consists in selective changes in inherited production and technological structures and reproductive cycles, as well as inherited models of the behavior of economic actors. The direction of selection, which represents a choice of priorities for innovative development is determined by the imperatives of self-preservation, effective self-realization and self-development of the economic system in a highly competitive environment.

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Evolution and Impact Factors in the Mainstream Basin of the Tarim River from 1980 to 2020

The mainstream basin of the Tarim River serves as a vital ecological security barrier that prevents the merging and expansion of deserts and an important strategic corridor directly linking Qinghai and Xinjiang. With society’s development and climate change, ecological issues such as river interruption, vegetation degradation, and land desertification in the basin have notably intensified, and the ecological security is facing a critical test. Exploring the characteristics of landscape changes and their driving factors within the basin is crucial in improving the ecological environment system’s management. Based on land use data from 1980 to 2020, this study analyzed the characteristics of the spatiotemporal changes and pattern evolution of the landscape through a landscape transfer matrix and landscape pattern indices. It further revealed the impact factors of the landscape pattern through canonical correspondence analysis. The results showed that (1) in 1980–2020, the areas of desert, forest, farmland, and settlement landscapes increased, while the area of grassland landscape decreased, and the water landscape showed an “increasing–decreasing–recovery” pattern. The landscape transition types mainly included the transition from grassland to desert; mutual transitions among farmland, grassland, and forests; mutual transitions between water and grassland; and the transition from farmland to settlements. (2) The overall landscape pattern demonstrated increased fragmentation, shape complexity, and evenness with decreased aggregation. Furthermore, different landscapes exhibited distinct characteristics of landscape pattern changes; for instance, grassland landscape showed severe fragmentation, while desert landscape displayed the strongest dominance. (3) The landscape pattern was a result of the combined impact of natural and human factors, with the soil thickness (SOT), road density (ROD), annual actual evapotranspiration (AAE), population density (POD), and mean annual temperature (MAT) exhibiting significant influences. Specifically, the settlement and farmland landscapes were mainly influenced by the mean annual relative humidity (MAH), POD, GDP density (GDP), and distance to artificial water (DAW); the forest, grassland, and water landscapes were mainly influenced by the SOT, soil organic matter content (SOM), AAE, ROD, elevation (ELE), MAT, slope (SLP), and distance to natural water (DNW); and the desert landscape was mainly influenced by the DAW, DNW, SLP, AAE, SOT, SOM, and ROD. These findings can provide a scientific reference for landscape management and restoration, as well as sustainable social and economic development, in the mainstream basin of the Tarim River.

Syntax, vocabulary, phraseology: Aspects of correlation and interaction

This article raises the issues of using an integrative approach with respect to the study of language units, the problems of interaction of syntax, vocabulary and phraseology, and their interpenetration and contact within the framework of the semantic structure of the language as a functioning system. We also consider syntactic units that are in the zone of abstract meanings that ensure the integrity and vital activity of the language. The diachronic aspect of the coverage of the questions posed contributed to the identification of two processes – grammaticalization and lexicalization, which stimulate mutual transitions and borderline positions between principal and auxiliary parts, predicative and nominative parts, mono and polysemantic parts, as well as stable and instable parts in the sentence. The syntactic phraseomodels, analyzed in the article, are frequent in the sphere of hypotaxis when expressing adversarial-concessional, temporal and causal relations. It is especially important that the language has the integrativity of abstract vocabulary and relational semantics, designed to cement and structure speech activity. The syntactic phraseomodels under consideration complicate relational semantics with modal or expressive meanings. The modal component is usually realized through the vocabulary of anthropocentric content, covering the entire spectrum of human speech-psychomental activity, it is represented by separate semantic fields and lexical-semantic groups. Within the framework of expressive contexts, as essential elements are the lexical content of pretexts and the presence of emotive components in their composition. In these phrases, one can see a cause-and-effect relationship between two propositions, the real and potential ones in the subordinate part, although such models often move into the sphere of intensity semantics and the zone of emotiveness. The syntactic phraseomodels under consideration and those of them that have acquired a stable appearance are prone to parceling, budding from the base part and functioning more autonomously in the text. Thus, semantic-syntactic relations interact with abstract vocabulary and have a certain range of emotional-evaluative and modal meanings.

Modelling analysis embodies drastic transition among global potential natural vegetations in face of changing climate

Potential natural vegetation (PNV) is a valuable reference for ecosystem renovation and has garnered increasing attention worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge on the spatio-temporal distributions, transitional processes, and underlying mechanisms of global natural vegetation, particularly in the case of ongoing climate warming. In this study, we visualize the spatio-temporal pattern and inter-transition procedure of global PNV, analyse the shifting distances and directions of global PNV under the influence of climatic disturbance, and explore the mechanisms of global PNV in response to temperature and precipitation fluctuations. To achieve this, we utilize meteorological data, mainly temperature and precipitation, from six phases: the Last Inter-Glacial (LIG), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Mid Holocene (MH), the Present Day (PD), 2030 (2021–2040) and 2090 (2081–2100), and employ a widely-accepted comprehensive and sequential classification system (CSCS) for global PNV classification. We find that the spatial patterns of five PNV groups (forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland and tundra) generally align with their respective ecotopes, although their distributions have shifted due to fluctuating temperature and precipitation. Notably, we observe an unexpected transition between tundra and savanna despite their geographical distance. The shifts in distance and direction of five PNV groups are mainly driven by temperature and precipitation, although there is heterogeneity among these shifts for each group. Indeed, the heterogeneity observed among different global PNV groups suggests that they may possess varying capacities to adjust to and withstand the impacts of changing climate. The spatio-temporal distributions, mutual transitions and shift tendencies of global PNV and its underlying mechanism in face of changing climate, as revealed in this study, can significantly contribute to the development of strategies for mitigating warming and promoting re-vegetation in degraded regions worldwide.

Construction of Solutions and Study of Their Closeness in L2 for Two Boundary Value Problems for a Model of Multicomponent Suspension Transport in Coastal Systems

Three-dimensional models of suspension transport in coastal marine systems are considered. The associated processes have a number of characteristic features, such as high concentrations of suspensions (e.g., when soil is dumped on the bottom), much larger areas of suspension spread than the reservoir depth, complex granulometric (multifractional) content of suspensions, and mutual transitions between fractions. Suspension transport can be described using initial-boundary value diffusion–convection–reaction problems. According to the authors' idea, on a time grid constructed for the original continuous initial-boundary value problem, the right-hand sides are transformed with a “delay” so that the right-hand side concentrations of the components other than the underlying one (for which the initial-boundary value problem of diffusion–convection is formulated) are determined at the preceding time level. This approach simplifies the subsequent numerical implementation of each of the diffusion–convection equations. Additionally, if the number of fractions is three or more, the computation of each of the concentrations at every time step can be organized independently (in parallel). Previously, sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the initial-boundary value problem of suspension transport were determined, and a conservative stable difference scheme was constructed, studied, and numerically implemented for test and real-world problems. In this paper, the convergence of the solution of the delay-transformed problem to the solution of the original suspension transport problem is analyzed. It is proved that the differences between these solutions tends to zero at an O(τ) rate in the norm of the Hilbert space L2 as the time step t approaches zero.

VISUAL SEMIOTICS IN THE STUDY OF ART PHENOMENA: SYMBOL AND SYMPTOM

The study aims to use the approach of visual semiotics to analyse the ritual graphic signs of the Rezekne Jewish cemetery as a segment of the city in terms of "signifier" and "signified", or “expression” and “content”. The Star of David, as the dominant sign of the ritual graphics, is gradually losing the status of a sacred symbol and in a series of tombstones confirms the structure of a symptom. The paper is devoted not only to clarifying the cultural and social causes of such changes but also to the study of the mechanism of mutual transitions between symbols and symptoms, the differences in the coding of these types of signs, which has not been done in visual semiotics so far.Theoreticians have hitherto not paid due attention to the study of signs of graves as a segment of the urban environment. Moreover, the theory of visual semiotics also lacks a description of the specificity of signs in ritual graphics. Ritual graphics is an important indicator of the regularity of cultural processes in an ethnically diverse environment. When surveying the Jewish cemeteries of the Latgale region, the difference in the choice of visual graphics in the city and the countryside is obvious. In rural cemeteries that are still in use, the content and structure of verbal messages, as well as decorative graphics are traditional, therefore predictable. In city cemeteries, there is a change in graphics, deviations from tradition, its modification and obvious violations of tradition. Along with the verbal report about the deceased, the ritual graphic, on the one hand, complements it as an integral part, on the other hand, lives an independent life, because the first, and the only sign that the observer notices is the visual or non-verbal sign. In terms of information, the visual sign is noticeably more capacious, as it is older than the verbal and requires much less time for perception. The focus of the study is the divergence between the meanings of the sacred hexagram and the secular yellow star or “badge”, the causal relationships of their use and perception from the point of view of visual semiotics and cultural philosophy - phenomena of symbolization and desymbolization.

ON THE NATURE OF INFORMATION

The article deals with issues related to the essence of information, its definition and forms of existence. The relationship between message and information is described. Theoretically and practically shows the difference between the concepts of information and knowledge and their mutual transitions into each other. Two forms of existence of information in messages in the form of free and structural information are considered. Equations are given for the amount of structural information in messages and their arrays. The optimal ratio for the amount of structural information in message arrays is found, at which they contain the greatest amount of knowledge. On this basis, the information conservation law is proposed, which is widely used in the problems of the theory and practice of information transformations. Its mathematical formulation is proposed. The questions of the complexity of messages and the trees modeling them are studied. The definition of information is given, taking into account its ideality and limitations in information tasks. The issues of optimal coding of messages and the introduction of redundancy into them are considered.

MATHEMATICAL AND MECHANICAL RELATIONSHIP OF CRACKS GRIFFITH AND A NEW TYPE IN SOME NANOTECHNOLOGIY

In this paper, for the first time, mathematically strictly, models of Griffiths cracks and cracks of a new type are constructed simultaneously. Accurate models are constructed as a result of the convergence of the ends of two semi-infinite deformable stamps located on a deformable multilayer base. The mechanism of destruction of the medium by cracks of a new type is radically different from the mechanism of destruction of the medium by Griffiths cracks, and has so far been poorly studied. Griffiths formed his cracks with a smooth border as a result of compression from the sides of an elliptical cavity in the plate. Cracks of a new type have a piecewise smooth border, resulting from the replacement of an ellipse with a rectangle compressed from the sides. The construction of models in the work is based precisely on these descriptions of the origin of cracks formed by the ends of approaching deformable stamps. When creating models, the results of previously performed studies on the construction of exact solutions to a number of integral equations of contact problems, published in this journal, are used. The paper found that the destruction of the medium, in the case of cracks of a new type, occurs earlier than in the case of Griffith cracks, which, according to the authors, explains the reason for the destruction of Griffith cracks in the experiment earlier than the theory predicts. Griffiths explained this by the presence of microcracks on the border of the main crack. The authors tend to believe that the cause is the transformation of one type of crack into another, under certain conditions. The results obtained make it possible to compare and quantify the behavior of the medium in the presence of both one and another type of cracks. It is applicable both for the study of mutual transitions of Griffith cracks and cracks of a new type, and for the construction of models of adhesion of wetted nanoparticles.

A Comparative Study of Various Land Use and Land Cover Change Models to Predict Ecosystem Service Value

Ecosystem services are closely related to human well-being and are vulnerable to high-intensity human land-use activities. Understanding the evolution of land use and land cover (LULC) changes and quantifying ecosystem service value (ESV) are significant for sustainable development. In this study, we used land use and land cover data and other data from 2000 to 2020 to analyze the evolution of land use and land cover and ESV in Tongliao, China. With the goal of exploring the characteristics of different cellular automata (CA)-based models, CA-Markov, Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS), and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) models were used to simulate future land use and land cover, and the results were verified and compared. Considering the impacts of policies for capital farmland (CF) and ecological protection red line (EPRL) in the context of territorial spatial planning, four scenarios (inertial development, S1; CF, S2; EPRL, S3; EPRL and CF, S4) were set. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, farmland and built-up land increased the most (341.18 km2 and 220.56 km2), while grassland had the largest decrease (380.08 km2). The main mutual transitions were from grassland and farmland. The total ESV showed a decreasing trend (from 52,364.56 million yuan to 51,620.62 million yuan). The simulation results for 2035 under four scenarios were similar, where farmland would decrease the most (96.81 km2). The ESV in 2035 would decrease from 51,620.62 million yuan to 51,541.12 million. In addition, under scenarios for the impact of policy, the land showed a trend of scattered expansion. This study provides a scientific basis for making regional sustainable development policy decisions and implementing ecological environmental protection measures.

Manipulating the nature of embryonic mitotic waves

Early embryogenesis is characterized by rapid and synchronous cleavage divisions, which are often controlled by wave-like patterns of Cdk1 activity. Two mechanisms have been proposed for mitotic waves: sweep and trigger waves.1,2 The two mechanisms give rise to different wave speeds, dependencies on physical and molecular parameters, and spatial profiles of Cdk1 activity: upward sweeping gradients versus traveling wavefronts. Both mechanisms hinge on the transient bistability governing the cell cycle and are differentiated by the speed of the cell-cycle progression: sweep and trigger waves arise for rapid and slow drives, respectively. Here, using quantitative imaging of Cdk1 activity and theory, we illustrate that sweep waves are the dominant mechanism in Drosophila embryos and test two fundamental predictions on the transition from sweep to trigger waves. We demonstrate that sweep waves can be turned into trigger waves if the cell cycle is slowed down genetically or if significant delays in the cell-cycle progression are introduced across the embryo by altering nuclear density. Our genetic experiments demonstrate that Polo kinase is a major rate-limiting regulator of the blastoderm divisions, and genetic perturbations reducing its activity can induce the transition from sweep to trigger waves. Furthermore, we show that changes in temperature cause an essentially uniform slowdown of interphase and mitosis. That results in sweep waves being observed across a wide temperature range despite the cell-cycle durations being significantly different. Collectively, our combination of theory and experiments elucidates the nature of mitotic waves in Drosophila embryogenesis, their control mechanisms, and their mutual transitions.

Changes in the cortical network during sleep stage transitions.

Sleep state transitions are closely related to insomnia, drowsiness, and sleep maintenance. However, how the cortical network varies during such a transition process remains unclear. Changes in the cortical interaction during the short-term process of sleep stage transitions were investigated. In all, 40 healthy young participants underwent overnight polysomnography. The phase transfer entropy of six frequency bands was obtained from 16 electroencephalography channels to assess the strength and direction of information flow between the cortical regions. Differences in the cortical network between the first and the last 10 s in a 40-s transition period across wakefulness, N1, N2, N3, and rapid eye movement were, respectively, studied. Various frequency bands exhibited different patterns during the sleep stage transitions. It was found that the mutual transitions between the sleep stages were not necessarily the opposite. More significant changes were observed in the sleep deepening process than in the process of sleep awakening. During sleep stage transitions, changes in the inflow and outflow strength of various cortical regions led to regional differences, but for the entire sleep progress, such an imbalance did not intensify, and a dynamic balance was instead observed. The detailed findings of variations in cortical interactions during sleep stage transition promote understanding of sleep mechanism, sleep process, and sleep function. Additionally, it is expected to provide helpful clues for sleep improvement, like reducing the time required to fall asleep and maintaining sleep depth.

Linguistic and cultural changes in the globalization process and their effects on society

Türkçede “Küreselleşme” olarak karşılık bulan “Globalleşme” son yüzyıla damgasını vurmuş bir kavramdır. Bir anlamda yeni dünya düzenini tanımlamaya yarayan farklı anlam ve algılara açık oldukça karmaşık bir süreci ifade eder. Küreselleşme kapitalizmin dünyayı ele geçirme çabası ve onun ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel bağlamda yeni versiyonudur. Bu kavramı ele alış şekli bakış açısına göre değişiklik gösterse de hemem hemen bütün toplumlarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle ulaşım ve iletişimin kolaylaşması, bilginin, sermayenin ve ürünlerin küresel ölçekte akışlarının artış göstermesidir. Kültürel açıdan küreselleşme kavramı; toplumların birbirinden ister istemez etkilenmesi ve aynılaşmasını içerdiği gibi aynı zamanda birbirlerinin dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklarına saygı duyma ve beraber yaşama arzusu olarak da ifade edilir. Her kültür doğduğunda özgündür. Küreselleşme ile birlikte beklenen şey; kültürün değişime uğraması ve dayatılan tek bir küresel kültüre tabi olunmasıdır. Milli kültürlerin binlerce yıllık süreç içerisinde, aşınmalar olsa da varlığını sürdürebileceğini bilen batı, bu arzusunu farklılıkları kucaklama ve herkesi kendi kültürüyle kabul etme politikası ile kamufle etmeye çalışmaktadır. Ancak toplumlar, küresel kültürün bu örtülü beklentisi karşısında maalesef fazla bir direnç gösterememektedir. Karşılıklı kültürel geçişleri beklerken, bu etkileşim tek yönlü gerçekleşmekte ve egemen kültür etkisini her alanda hissettirmektedir. Egemen kültür yani Amerikan kültürü yaşam anlayışıyla, yeme içme, giyim tarzı ve özellikle diliyle tüm toplumları etkilemiş durumdadır. Az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler kendilerine empoze edilen bu yeni kültürün tesiri altında kendi kültürlerini kaybetme riskiyle karşı karşıyadırlar. Küresel vatandaş kavramı, kültürel asimilasyona hayır diyebilen ve sadece kendi ülkesinin değil aynı zamanda tüm insanlığın sorunlarına duyarlı, farkılıkları tolere edebilen evrensel bilince sahip insan anlamına geldiği takdirde kabul görür. Zemin çok kaygan ve tehlikelidir. Küresel gelişmelere karşı koyulamaz belki ama küresel kültüre ulusal bilinçle karşılık verilebilir. Bu nitel çalışmada doküman analizi modeli kullanılmıştır.

LAW AS A VALUE, VALUES IN LAW (PART TWO)

The paper deals with the category of "values", the Rights as a value, and fundamental values of law; including freedom, justice, and equality have been analyzed.The relevance of the research is determined not only by the apparent lack of exploration of the problem but also by the fact that the value of rights and legal values determine direction and meaning, as well as the content of the rules of law, which is their normative expression, and, ultimately, appearing as a kind of basis for the legal culture, the source of the formation of the legal consciousness and establishing legal order, ensuring the efficiency of legal regulation due to the using the embodiment in reality of freedom, justice, equality.Legal norms themselves acquire the importance of values and become the subject of evaluation. Among values themselves, which act as an ideal justification of law rules, the law rules themselves and assessments, on the one hand, there are not only close ties but also mutual transitions. Therefore, both their interrelated explanations and differentiation are necessary.

ПРОБЛЕМНІ АСПЕКТИ УЧАСТІ СУДОВОГО ЕКСПЕРТА У ГОСПОДАРСЬКОМУ СУДОЧИНСТВІ

The purpose of the article is to study the problematic aspects of the participation of a forensic expert in the economic proceedings of Ukraine. The reliability of the results and conclusions obtained is provided by a combination of research methods at the general scientific and special levels. In particular, from the standpoint of the systemic-structural method, the authors clarified the specifics of the change in the status of an expert as one of the other participants in the trial after the reform of the economic procedural legislation. Using the formal-logical method, the author identifies the forms of expert participation in the business process and the mechanism for their implementation. Using the comparative legal method on examples of judicial practice, the content and correlation of the legal and procedural status of an expert in economic proceedings are revealed. It is argued that the connection, interdependence and mutual transitions of the subject link of economic proceedings of the form: expert—judicial examiner—expert-professional correspond to the categories general—special—single. The provision on the variable and periodic nature of acquiring the economic procedural status of an expert has been substantiated, the nature of the grounds for its acquisition has been classified into types of imperative, imperative blanket, dispositive, dispositive-blanket and forms of expert participation in the economic process according to the criteria of territoriality, the content of expert and procedural activities. It has been established that, in accordance with the Economic Procedural Code of Ukraine, an expert can be appointed by the court or attracted by a participant in the case, that is, act as a subject who can be entrusted with the direct examination, such persons should be considered as: a state forensic expert; private forensic expert; professional expert. It is proposed to consider it a general requirement for them to possess the special knowledge necessary to provide a reasoned and objective written opinion on the questions posed. A special requirement for forensic experts is their inclusion in the state Register of certified forensic experts. The provision on the variable nature of the acquisition of the procedural status of an expert on the initiative of other persons, which this person receives periodically and does not possess permanently—at the time of assignment (appointment or involvement) to him, to conduct and formalize the results of expert proceedings at the stages of pretrial investigation and judicial consideration of a specific economic case, has been substantiated. The article proves the provision on the dynamism of the requirements for the number of experts and the quality (class, experience, industry) of their special knowledge, which mainly depend on the type (primary, additional, repeated, commission, complex) and complexity of the examination of the case. It has been established that the mechanism for implementing the forms of participation of an expert in the economic process is of a binding nature, in which the expert acts as an obliged person regarding arrival at the court upon his summons on the basis of his own initiative or at the request of the participants in the case.

The system of points of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories

The purpose of the work is to explore the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in its systematic and diverse manifestation. Topicality is provided by the exceptional significance of this category in narratology. The study of the point of view based on the material of short stories by Vasily Shukshin has been conducted for the first time. The article briefly traces the history of scientific understanding of the category of point of view in foreign and Russian philology and notes the variety of approaches and definitions in the formulation of the concept. The authors use the classification of Boris Uspenskij for analysis and consider the point of view in Vasily Shukshin's short stories in psychological, ideological (evaluative), spatial-temporal and phraseological terms. The positions of Boris Korman, Yuri Lotman, Wolf Schmid and Franz Karl Stanzel also take into account. The authors note the features of Vasily Shukshin's narration that affect the expression of the point of view in the text. Vasily Shukshin's short stories are characterised by a dynamic and frequent change of points of view, which indicates the technique of “montageˮ and similarities in this regard with cinematic techniques. The conclusions generalise the variety of ways and forms of expression of the point of view in the studied artistic material. The point of view in the considered stories is characterised by variability in the correlation of subjects of speech and subjects of consciousness, alternation of external and internal points of view, mutual transitions from one to the other, text interference and other hybrid phenomena.

ПРОГНОЗНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПЕРЕНОСА СУСПЕНЗИЙ ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СЦЕНАРИЯХ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗОМАРГАНЦЕВЫХ КОНКРЕЦИЙ СО ДНА ТИХОГО ОКЕАНА

The article is devoted to the suspensions’ distribution mathematical modeling in the Eastern Pacific Ocean for various scenarios for the ferromanganese nodules extraction. The suspensions propagation model with complex granulometric composition that can interact in an aqueous medium takes into account the suspensions microturbulent diffusion caused by the turbulent aqueous medium movement and the suspensions convection caused by the advective movement of water mass in the ocean; gravitational suspensions deposition under the gravity influence; mutual transitions between different fractions that make up the suspension; interaction of particles with the bottom and with the free surface.

RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND OFFICIAL POLITICS: THE CONFIGURATIONS OF RELATIONSHIP UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF POST-IDEOLOGY AND THE INTERNET

The article examines population, discursive and network approaches in political sociology to build more realistic models for describing the political field, which includes a complex of new relations between extremists and legitimate political actors in the context of the observed right turn in the functioning of political systems in many countries. The case study method was used to study the relationship between right-wing extremist communities and legal participants in the political field under the aforementioned conditions. To formulate the cases, we selected real situations associated with heterogeneous drivers of the right turn: a) right-wing populist parties, b) a bloc of right-centrist parties, c) the ruling conservative state-party alliance. Based on the materials of the generated cases, the social-constructionist, discursive nature of the concepts of (right-wing) extremism is shown, manifested in the desire of the dominant political forces to fix the categorizations of opponents that are beneficial to them and in the practices of resistance to imposed nominations as practices of liberation from stigmatization. The role of mutual transitions of political cultures and subcultures in the mechanism of functioning of liberal democracy is described. The typification of the configurations of the transmission of right-wing extremist opinions and sentiments into official political forms and into mass culture is carried out. According to sociological studies of the activity of Russian right-wing extremist online groups and their members, it has been established that under the conditions of the soft regime of state countering extremist propaganda, these opinions and sentiments are localized in online groups, and in the case of harsh prohibitive measures, they "creep" across politically neutral sites and groups. In practical terms, this creates a danger for the ruling alliance to remain on the extreme right flank of the political spectrum face to face with the growing radicalization of the mass of the population, and in aspect of the theory, it creates a problem of developing a model of political equilibrium in the era of post-ideology and the Internet.

Relative Humidity: A Control Valve of the Steam Engine Climate

In the words of Heinrich Hertz in 1885, the Earth is a “gigantic steam engine”. On average, of the planet’s cross section exposed to sunlight, 72 % belong to the global ocean. With a delay of only 2-3 months, most of the heat absorbed there is released by evaporation rather than by thermal radiation. Water vapour is the dominating “greenhouse gas” of the marine troposphere with a typical relative humidity (RH) of 80 % at the surface. Observing the heat transport across the ocean surface permits insight in the powerhouse of the “steam engine”, controlled by the RH at the surface, a quantity that is often considered the “Cinderella” among the climate data. RH of the troposphere also controls cloud formation that is equally fundamental as challenging for climate research. As a precise and perfectly consistent thermodynamic basis for the description of such processes, the new oceanographic standard TEOS-10 was introduced by UNESCO/IOC in 2010 and IUGG in 2011. Its equations cover all thermodynamic properties of liquid water, seawater, ice and humid air, as well as their mutual equilibria and phase transitions. For harmonisation of the inconsistent RH definitions of humid air between meteorology and climatology, the relative fugacity has been defined as a physically more reasonable RH substitute that does not rely on the approximation of ideal gases. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2021-02-02-06 Full Text: PDF