Mustard Oil Research Articles

Extraction of the Food Additive Tartaric Acid Using Octanol, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Kerosene, Mustard Oil, And Groundnut Oil

Tartaric acid (TA) is a dicarboxylic acid found in bananas, grapes, apples, papaya, cherries, pineapple, pears, mangoes, and tamarind. Due to its widespread use in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, it is an essential carboxylic acid. Tartaric acid is produced commercially from wine-industry byproducts and is also present in the industry's effluent. Separating tartaric acid from wastewater is challenging. In this research, tartaric acid was separated from the aqueous phase using chemical and organic solvents such as groundnut oil, mustard oil, kerosene, octanol, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Experiments were conducted at 298 K to determine the extraction efficiency (E%) and distribution coefficient (KD). The maximum extraction efficiencies of tartaric acid were found to be 49.01, 25.62, 16.73, 15.89 and 14.29% when using MIBK, octanol, kerosene, mustard oil and groundnut oil, respectively. The results demonstrate the significance of solvent choice in the extraction of tartaric acid with solvents such as MIBK and octanol being more effective at extracting TA from aqueous solutions. On the other hand, the sustainability of the method for separating tartaric acid was highlighted when organic solvents were applied.

A Critical Review on Sulphur Application in Rapeseed-mustard to Enhancing Productivity and Oil Quality

Sulfur (S) plays a vital role in determining the seed yield, oil content, quality, and resistance to various stresses in rapeseed-mustard. It is essential for chlorophyll formation, oil synthesis, seed protein, amino acids, enzymes, and glucosinolate in these plants. Sulphur also boosts mustard seed production. However, due to modern agricultural practices, including multiple cropping, the use of sulfur-free fertilizers, and limited organic manure application, soil sulfur levels are depleting rapidly in India. Indian soils typically contain between 10 to 6319 mg kg-1 of sulfur, with most agricultural soils averaging 30 to 300 mg kg-1. Adding sulfur increases mustard oil content by enhancing the activity of an enzyme called acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is essential for oil synthesis. Sulfur also mitigates the harmful effects of heavy metal toxicity, especially from cadmium. Sulfur interacts with other nutrients in both positive and negative ways. Recommendations for sulfur fertilization in different mustard growing regions have been made based on various research programs. To maximize sulfur use efficiency, it's crucial to apply the correct amount based on soil tests and in balance with other limiting nutrients. Timing of sulfur application is also important; it's best applied at the beginning but can also be top-dressed 20-40 days after planting for optimal yield. Research suggests that mustard responds well to foliar spraying of thiourea during flowering and basal placement before sowing. This paper reviews the strategies to improve sulfur utilization through advancements in application rates, methods, and sulfur sources on rapeseed-mustard.

LC-Orbitrap-HRMS Determination of Two Novel Plastochromanol Homologues.

The antioxidant plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) is a tocochromanol which differs from γ-tocotrienol in having an unsaturated side chain of eight instead of three isoprene units. The recent isolation of PC-8 from flaxseed oil indicates the additional presence of lower shares of two previously unknown homologues, plastochromanol-7 (PC-7) and plastochromanol-9 (PC-9), which feature seven and nine isoprenoid units respectively on the γ-chromanol backbone. Here, a fast LC-Orbitrap-HRMS method is applied for the determination of PC-7 and PC-9 in seven plant oils and a plant extract. The presence of PC-7, PC-8, and PC-9 is confirmed in all eight investigated samples by LC-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis after saponification. PC-8 amounts of ≈315-350 mgkg-1 in two flaxseed oils, ≈75 mgkg-1 in rapeseed oil, ≈38mgkg-1 in camelina oil, ≈80-120mgkg-1 in two mustard oils, ≈90 mgkg-1 in candle nut oil, and ≈900 mgkg-1 dry weight in Cecropia leaves are determined by quantification. Semi-quantification of PC-7 and PC-9 indicated the presence of ≈0.1-1% of PC-7 and PC-9 in varied relative ratios. The novel plastochromanol homologues are of particular interest to researchers with focus on vitamin E and other tocochromanols because of their unexplored bioactivity.

Efficacy of Sesame Oil and mustard Oil Formulations against Red Spider Mite of Tea

Crude formulations of sesame and mustard oil at 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% concentration with or without the addition of cow urine were assessed against red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) in the laboratory. Efficacy tests on oviposition rate, egg hatchability, mortality of nymph and adult mites proved that sesame oil 1%, with or without the addition of cow urine was found to be effective in reducing the rate oviposition and egg hatchability of mites and was at par with the formulation prepared from commercial neem (1 : 1500). Formulations of sesame oil at the rate of 0.75% and 1% with or without cow urine were found to be highly effective for mortality of nymphs and adults of red spider mite respectively which were at par with the formulation prepared from commercial neem.

Identification and Localization of Labile Molecules in Broccoli Cell by CLA-ICP-MS and Single-Cell Nanospray HRMS.

Although molecular analysis and imaging by mass spectrometry are emerging as tools to identify metabolites and determine their distribution in cells and tissues, it is difficult to directly analyze the labile molecules at the single-cell level. Glucosinolate (GL) is a plant-active substance with much attention as a chemical defense mechanism known as a "mustard oil bomb" in broccoli. When tissue is damaged, these substances undergo rapid degradation, making them unsuitable for conventional mass spectrometry (MS), particularly for surface MS imaging analysis methods that necessitate intricate preprocessing. Herein, a strategy combining cryogenic laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (CLA-ICP-MS) and capillary microsampling nanospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was developed. The sulfur-rich microzone in tissue which was thought as a suspect GL-rich cell population was located via CLA-ICP-MS. Three GLs in single cells were accurately identified by nanospray HRMS with a hydrogen/deuterium exchange reaction. Subsequently, cell-by-cell imaging by nanospray HRMS showed that the GL-rich cells were below the stalk surface by approximately 30 μm. This proposed strategy can also be applied to rapidly identify labile compounds and localize molecule-rich cells in tissues.

A Review of Taila Varga (Edible Vegetable Oils) According to Bruhat Trayi

Vegetable oils have been used for many centuries in traditional Ayurvedic medicine in India and in Chinese medicine for their therapeutic properties. The purpose of this article is to inform readers about the characteristics of edible oil as described in Ayurveda, with particular emphasis on Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. Literature about nutrition and dietetics was studied in books, journals, and research engines. The main components of vegetable oils are sesame, coconut, groundnut, sunflower, soybean, palm, safflower, and mustard oils. Many other oils used as essential oils or for medicinal purposes. In addition, many oils can be used as functional food.

Neanderthal introgression in SCN9A impacts mechanical pain sensitivity

The Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel plays a key role in nociception. Three functional variants in the SCN9A gene (encoding M932L, V991L, and D1908G in Nav1.7), have recently been identified as stemming from Neanderthal introgression and to associate with pain symptomatology in UK BioBank data. In 1000 genomes data, these variants are absent in Europeans but common in Latin Americans. Analysing high-density genotype data from 7594 Latin Americans, we characterized Neanderthal introgression in SCN9A. We find that tracts of introgression occur on a Native American genomic background, have an average length of ~123 kb and overlap the M932L, V991L, and D1908G coding positions. Furthermore, we measured experimentally six pain thresholds in 1623 healthy Colombians. We found that Neanderthal ancestry in SCN9A is significantly associated with a lower mechanical pain threshold after sensitization with mustard oil and evidence of additivity of effects across Nav1.7 variants. Our findings support the reported association of Neanderthal Nav1.7 variants with clinical pain, define a specific sensory modality affected by archaic introgression in SCN9A and are consistent with independent effects of the Neanderthal variants on Nav1.7 function.

Quality Characterisation of Mustard (Brassica Nigra) Oil and Its Blends with Argemone (Argemone Mexicana) Oil under Varying Dielectric Frequency and Temperature

Physical properties of edible oil are a decisive factor for the characterisation of its quality. Adulteration of pure mustard oil (MO) with argemone oil (AO) is common and rampant. In this study, the effect of dielectric frequency (200, 1000 Hz) on the physical properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, and colour of MO blended (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) with AO was investigated at five (10 - 50 °C) levels of temperature is reported. The individual and interaction effects of frequency, blend ratio, and temperature indicated that there was no significant effect (p≤0.05) on the physical properties of oil samples due to the dielectric frequency. However, the effects of blend ratio on all measured parameters were highly significant (p≤0.01). The effect of temperature was significant (p≤0.05) for all parameters, except refractive index. Viscosity and specific gravity correlated with temperature and blend ratio in third-degree polynomial regression model (R2>0.9) for MO and AO blends. The findings of this study established that dielectric spectroscopy can be used for detection of adulteration in MO without affecting its physico-chemical properties.

Lipid Food Preference and Transportation Using Tools by an Indian Ant Species Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Field Study

Besides proteins and carbohydrates, the Pharaoh ant (Monomoroium pharaonis) prefers lipid foods especially when it becomes limiting in the colony. We used four different food-grade lipids such as mustard oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil and butter for seven consecutive days for a specified time frame (11.15 hr - 14.15 hr). There was a specific time zone in which the highest number of ants accumulated at all four food baits with varying peak values. Sunflower oil was the most preferred food, and mustard oil showed the lowest like. The differential number of ants in all four lipid food baits under observation can be attributed to the physical features and nutrient content. We also noted an interesting feature of the foraging activity: the major role of gathering and transporting food was performed primarily by two castes, intermediate and large, among the four distinct foraging castes. Most tools used in the present investigation were <0.5mm and of naturally available sand particles. They used the smallest tools more often as compared with the size of the other two categories. Our ant (M. pharaonis) transported only the butter-soaked smallest tools back to the nest. M. pharaonis used the smallest tools more often and this could be because the particular-sized tools were efficiently managed by the ant species under study. Our ants transported only the butter-soaked smallest tools back to the nest. It is revealed that butter was the most important lipid food for the particular ant colony of M. pharaonis.

Response of Various Organic Manures and its Combinations on Growth, Flowering and Cormels of Gladiolus

A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Farm School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab) during November-April (2022-23) to study the response of various organic manure and its combination on growth, flowering and corm attributes of gladiolus cultivar Punjab Dawn. The experiment consisted of ten treatments by combining cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, ghee, jiggery, flour, soil, water, pulse flour, mustard oil and honey at different amount s along with control and replicated thrice. Treatment T7 recorded with minimum days to sprouting (17.44 days), tallest plant height (88.97 cm), maximum leaf length (38.16 cm), wider leaf breadth (2.80 cm), minimum days to complete sprouting (8.00 days), minimum days to spike emergence (99.55 days) and lesser days to the first colour shown (103.11 days) whereas, more number of leaves/plant (10.11), a greater weight of individual cormel (0.45 g) , the weight of cormels/corm (3.04 g) and greater cormel diameter (0.51 cm) were measured with treatment T5 and maximum rachis length (37.96 cm), longer duration of flowering (6.14 days) and more number of cormels/corm (8.51), were resulted by treatment T2, T6 and T3, respectively.

Influence of Seed Cake as Organic Fertilizer on Growth, Dry Matter Production and Root Development of Two Cultivars of C4 Plant, Maize (Zea mays) under Lab Conditions

A pot culture experiment was conducted with the C4 plant (Zea mays) in the lab during the period of vegetative growth to evaluate the influence of organic fertilizer in the form of mustard oil seed cake on growth, biomass yield and root development of two maize cultivars, hybrid yellow and hybrid purple. The seed cake fertilizer treatments imposed in the experiment were control (T0), others at 2.6%, 3.5% and 4.4% of soil weight respectively against T1, T2 and T3 treatment. The results indicated moderately elevated seed cake application showed considerable improvement in vegetative growth and the plant biomass components including height and other morphological parameters as leaf numbers, length of leaves, number of node and internodal distance per plant, root yield, fresh weight and dry matter production including the root to shoot ratio of the plants, in both the cultivars and in most of the cases found highest in hybrid yellow compared to hybrid purple. Among the plant components, shoot, root dry weight and root to shoot ratio had the greatest decrease under fertilizer deficiency at control (T0) treatment. Among the different doses of seed cake applications, the highest values recorded at moderate treatments for most of the parameters, both at vegetative growth and post harvesting after three months of experiment.
 The result shows that morphological parameters, biomass yield and its components of the plant were maximum when fertilized with seed cake at 2.6 % and 3.5% of soil weight in treatments T1 and T2, found to be the perfect doses of fertilizer for the maize vegetative growth and biomass yield compared to T0 and other treatments. So, based on the result it can be concluded that T1 and T2 treatment is the best fertilizer treatment for the hybrid yellow maize yield.

Production of healthier palm‐based edible oil blends and enzymatic interesterified structured lipids for cooking and trans‐free fat formulation applications

AbstractPresent study aimed to prepare palm‐based blends with edible oils to obtain healthier smart blends with a desired fatty acid profile of SAFA:MUFA:PUFA ratios as established by international health authorities for potential use in cooking and trans‐free fat formulation applications. Several blends of palm olein (POo), super olein (SOo) and palm stearin (PS) with sunflower (SFO), soybean (SBO), rice bran (RBO), mustard (MO), olive (OO) and sesame (SMO) oils were prepared in different mass (wt/wt) ratios. Among the prepared blends, the 6:4 POo:SFO, 1:1/6:4 POo:SBO, 6:4 SOo:SBO and 4:6 PS:RBO/SMO blends; 2:8 POo:RBO, 6:4 SOo:SFO blends and 1:1/6:4 POo:SMO, 1:1/6:4 POo:RBO, 6:4 SOo:SMO blends were found to have the balanced fatty acid profiles closer to AHA/JMHW/WHO recommended SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratios of 1:1:1/1:1.5:1/1:1.5:0.7, respectively. In addition, the 1:1/6:4 POo:SBO and 6:4 SOo:SBO blends also fulfilled the required ω‐6/ω‐3 ratios of 9.5 and 10.5 along with balanced fatty acid profile of 1:1:1 as per the nutritional guidelines. The 6:4 POo/SOo with SFO/SBO, 1:1 SOo:SMO and 4:6 PS:RBO/SMO smart blends were further processed for enzymatic interesterification (EIE) employing Lipozyme TLIM packed in a specially designed basket type stirrer (BTS) equipped in a bioreactor at 70°C with agitation speed of 390 rpm for 9 h to obtain trans‐free interesterified (IE) structured lipids (SLs) with desired physicochemical properties. This BTS technology helped to sustain the structure and morphology of the enzyme intact, and enable to process about 9 kg of the edible oil blends for IE with excellent recyclability and stability for 81 active hours.

Different stocking densities and species combinations effects the growth and production in carp polyculture

A comparative experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of different carp species i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) with variable stocking densities. Three treatments each with three replicates were maintained and the stocking densities of carps were 40, 80, and 120 fish/decimal in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The stocking ratio of Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, and Silver Carp was 2:1:2:1. The experimental diet included rice bran (25%), wheat bran (25%), fish meal (25%), and mustard oil cake (25%), with a total protein content of 28%. This dietary supplement was administered twice daily. The fish were supplemented with 5% of their body weight for the first month, 4.5% for the next three months, and 2% for the final two months. The water quality parameters i.e., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and transparency were measured every 14 days interval. In T1, Silver Carp obtained the highest weight (188.86±17.86g) followed by Mrigal (106.78±14.23g), Catla (74.0±3.80g), and Rohu (67.72±6.03g). In T1, Silver Carp also attained the highest length at 26.33±0.63 cm, followed by Catla at 14.40±2.10 cm, Mrigal at 14.09±0.89 cm, and Rohu at 14.07±0.59 cm, respectively. Nevertheless, both weight gain and length gain were lowest for all species in T3. The highest SGR% was found in T1 for Silver Carp (3.22±0.06), whereas the lowest SGR% was found in T3 for Catla (1.69±0.06). In addition, T2 yielded the highest production (3090.91±119.57 kg/ha), followed by T3 (2949.80±137.67 kg/ha) and T1 (2946.21± 129.00 kg/ha). The experimental findings suggest that, the stocking density of 80 fingerlings/decimal (T2) yielded the highest production in carp polyculture.

Effects of substituting plant-based protein sources for fish meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional adequacy and suitability of rice polish and mustard oil cake as protein sources in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To assess the growth performance and feed utilization of Nile Tilapia, three diets containing rice polish (0, 8, and 16%) and mustard oil cake (8, 16, and 24%) were formulated and fed to the fish over a period of 60 days. According to the findings, the growth performance tended to decline as the levels of rice polish and mustard oil cake increased. The control diet (30% Fish meal) resulted in the highest weight gain (373.79±49.78%), whereas the diet (20% Fish meal) resulted in the least weight gain (341.24±27.23%). The specific growth rate (SGR) followed the same pattern, and there were no statistically significant differences in SGR between diets (p>0.05). At the end of this trial, the feed intake (FI) of the various diets ranged between 32.37 g and 37.78 g per fish. Although feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different among diets (p>0.05), feed intake decreased as the incorporation of rice polish increased.

Optimization of subtilisin production from Bacillus subtilis strain ZK3 and biological and molecular characterization of synthesized subtilisin capped nanoparticles

The increase and dissemination of multi-drug resistant bacteria have presented a major healthcare challenge, making bacterial infections a significant concern. The present research contributes towards the production of bioactive subtilisin from a marine soil isolate Bacillus subtilis strain ZK3. Custard apple seed powder (raw carbon) and mustard oil cake (raw nitrogen) sources showed a pronounced effect on subtilisin production. A 7.67-fold enhancement in the production was evidenced after optimization with central composite design-response surface methodology. Subtilisin capped silver (AgNP) and zinc oxide (ZnONP) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy. Subtilisin and its respective nanoparticles revealed significant biological properties such as, antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic strains with potential against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prospective antioxidant behavior of subtilisin, AgNP and ZnONP was evidenced through radical scavenging assays with ABTS and DPPH. Subtilisin, AgNP and ZnONP revealed cytotoxic effect against cancerous breast cell lines MCF-7 with IC50of 83.48, 3.62 and 7.57 µg/mL respectively. Characterizations of nanoparticles were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and atomic force microscopy analysis to elucidate the structure, surface and thermostability properties. The study proposes the potential therapeutic applications of subtilisin and its nanoparticles, a way forward for further exploration in the field of healthcare.

Studies on Biochemical Changes in Immature Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) cv Konsam Heinou of Manipur using Different Skin Coatings During Storage

The present investigation on “Studies on Biochemical Changes in Immature Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) cv Konsam Heinou of Manipur Using Different Skin Coatings during storage” was carried out during month of May-June of the year 2021 at Post Graduate Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Manipur. Freshly collected uniform sized mango fruits were picked, washed, cleaned and treated in the laboratory with various coatings, including castor oil (T1), palm oil (T2), coconut oil (T3), mustard oil (T4), aloevera gel (T5), paraffin wax (T6), cling film (T7), and no coating (T8). The experiment was framed in CRD (Completely Randomized Design) and repeated 3 times with 7 treatments and an uncoated treatment. The results obtained from the current investigation on biochemical changes in quality parameters the fruits treatments with cling film (T7) had minimum TSS, TSS : Acid ratio, reducing sugar and total sugar content with maximum acidity content while fruits coating with paraffin wax (T6) and cling film(T7) had maintaining of chlorophyll content up to 15th days of storage under ambient condition.

Evaluation of mustard oil emulsion against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum

Evaluation of mustard oil emulsion against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum

ESTIMATION OF COMBINING ABILITY EFFECTS FOR YIELD AND FATTY ACID-RELATED TRAITS IN BRASSICA RAPA USING LINE BY TESTER ANALYSIS

Brassica rapa is an important oilseed crop in Pakistan. It is a rich source of oil and contains 40%–46% oil. In addition, its meal has 38%–40% protein. Given their high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolate, mustard and rapeseed oil is unhealthy as regular cooking oil. A dire need to exploit the genetic variability of rapeseed germplasm is necessary to improve the performance of cultivars. The line × tester analysis helped estimate various types of gene actions that are important to quantitative traits. The key to successful research is selecting suitable lines and testers and designing good mating patterns. Choosing and developing genotypes with high yield and fatty acid profiles are the major concern of rapeseed breeders. The current research on hybridization and evaluation of Brassica rapa accessions sought better harvest and its related traits from the selected germplasm. The combining ability effects determination used line × tester analysis in rapeseed. The accessions’ variability analysis exhibited extremely significant differences in yield and related traits. Recorded data for different morphological and yield-related qualities provided days till 50% flowering, the number of major branches per plant, and the number of secondary branches per plant had positive and significant general combining ability estimates, and all yield-related variables had extremely notable specific combining ability estimates. All the yield-related characteristics displayed a favorable and substantial connection in the examined germplasm. Among the lines, 28244, 40980, and 40981 occurred to be the best general combiners showing the additive gene action. The cross combinations, 40977 × 26283, 40979 × 26283, and 40981 × 26283, indicated significant specific combining ability effects, which showed the non-additive genetic effects of total variance due to the dominance and/or epistasis. The results suggested that the research material used in the remarkable study can benefit by improving yield and fatty acids-related components and can further enhance upcoming breeding programs based on strong particular combining ability impacts.

Chemistry and Biological Activity of Mustard Oil: Therapeutic Benefits and Risk to Healthcare

Chemistry and Biological Activity of Mustard Oil: Therapeutic Benefits and Risk to Healthcare

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.2

Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb v.2023.2