Sufi Research Articles

Sufism as a depoliticizing factor of the masses.

espanolEn el presente articulo defendemos que el sufismo se devino un instrumento fundamental de los estados para mantener en el poder a la clase gobernante. Si bien el sufismo no surgio con un tal proposito, veremos como a partir de la llegada de los turcos en siglo X, los maestros y las cofradias sufies se integran en el aparato del estado para volverse parte de la maquinaria ideologica que garantiza la homogeneidad de pensamiento y la obediencia absoluta a la autoridad. EnglishIn the present paper is stated that Sufism became a basic tool of the state in order to keep in power the ruling class. Although Sufism was not born with that purpose, we will see how after the arrival of the turks in the 10th century, sufi masters and brotherhoods are integrated in the mechanisms of the state becoming a part of the ideological machinery that granted homogeneity of thought and absolute obedience to authority.

Sufi Phenomenology as a New Look at Philosophy

Sufi Phenomenology as a New Look at Philosophy

Hazrat Inayat Khan and His Sufi Music Metaphysics

Hazrat Inayat Khan and His Sufi Music Metaphysics

Alchemy in Eastern Literature

Alchemy, developing in Ancient Egypt and its environs, was formed during the Islamic age as the branch of science and technology. The transmutation of base metals into noble metals and attempts to achieve immortality or rejuvenation by elixir or philosopher`s stone have been expansively reflected in Eastern literature and folklore. This research discusses the endeavors of great rulers of the ancient East, alchemists of the pre-Islamic and, especially, Islamic periods, and prominent writers of the Islamic Golden Age and contemporary period who wrote various treatises devoted or related to alchemy and alchemists. Discussions here include the great Sumerian epic “Gilgamesh” and the legend of Alexander the Great’s attempt to gain immortality, as well as the story of alchemist Mary of Copt. The last two are related in a poem by Nizami, prominent representative of the twelfth century Azerbaijani literary school that wrote in Persian. Distinct images of alchemy were rendered in his poems, moreover, he created multi-faceted alchemical metaphors to describe transformations within humanity. Khagani Shirvani, Nizami’s contemporary, and nineteenth century Azerbaijani thinker Mirza Akhundov, also addressed the topic of alchemy, as well as religious mysticism in Islam and alchemy. Alchemical episodes in the works of great figures of Eastern Sufi literature like Al-Ghazali, Suhrawardy, Ibn Arabi and Rumi have been scrutinized.

Levels of Existence in Islamic Mysticism and Buddhist Mahayana

Levels of Existence in Islamic Mysticism and Buddhist Mahayana

Šiijska kritika Ibn Arabijeva učenja o Qutbiyyetu (duhovnom stožerstvu)

Ibn Arabī (died in 1240) is seen as one of the key representatives of spiritual anthropology in Muslim mysticism (taṣawwuf), which he presented as a systematic analysis in his teachings on the Perfect Man (al-Insān al-kāmil) and the whole hierarchy of the spiritually excellent led by the so-called quṭb (spiritual Pivot or Pole). However, the theory of the Perfect Man and the institutions of spiritual Pole (quṭb) are not only crucial in taṣawwuf. We would say that these issues also essentially constitute the very core of Shiite spirituality, as well as within Shiism, as one of the two basic currents of Muslim interpretive genius. To talk about this central pillar of ʻirfānī (gnostic) wisdom without at least generally showing an understanding of it within the spirituality of duodecimal Shiism (al-iṯnā ʻashariyya), would be a gross negligence of the fundamental content of one of the two basic currents of Muslim "mysticism", even more so since Shiite critique of Ibn Arabī's teachings on quṭbiyyat and its supporters is the only viable and noteworthy one.

Early Islamic Sufism and Sharī’ah Sciences: Status and Inter-relationships

Early Islamic Sufism and Sharī’ah Sciences: Status and Inter-relationships

“THE SPIRITUAL TURN”

This article discusses the philosophical dimension of post-modern societies. It examines the champion of rationalities of modern human beings and contends its contemporary limits. It argues that the modern rational philosophies that over-simplify the meaning “being” in metaphysical form has led to the civilizational crisis. In religious dimension, modern human has been sacrificing their inner spiritual dimension of humanity. As a response to this crisis, modernity has initiated the birth of “spiritual turn” that modern human tries to reinvent their spirituality, mainly through Islamic Sufism. This article further examines the significance of Sufi concepts of the 14th century Sufi master Ibn Atha`illah (1259-1310). Examining his Sufi concepts from the lights of post-modern philosophy as panacea for modern diseases, this article found that the concept of spiritual knowledge (ma’rifat) is an essential concept as transcending the limits of rationality and materiality of modern philosophy

Osmanlı Döneminde Kudüs'te Zaviyelerin Yayılması ve Gelişmesinde Vakıfların Rolü

إن من أهم المسائل التي حظيت باهتمام الباحثين في الفكر الإسلامي، هي مسألة الأوقاف، إذ نالت عناية واهتمام العديد من الخلفاء والسلاطين والحكام المسلمين، وانعكس هذا الأمر على التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر. هذا من جانب، ومن جانب آخر، فإن البحث والدراسة في دور الأوقاف في نهضة وتطور المؤسسات الصوفية في بيت المقدس، هو في حد ذاته واحة خصبة للدراسة والبحث والتقصي. إذ تحاول هذه الدراسة أن تبين الدور الكبير الذي تمارسه الأوقاف في ديمومة نشاط أي مؤسسة لها أوقاف تعتمد على ريعها. كما توضح كيف تتم إدارة هذه الأوقاف والدقة في هيكلها الإداري، وتعدد مراتب ووظائف العاملين فيها، وكذلك الدقة في اختيار موظفيها من العوائل المقدسية المعروفة في المدينة ممن لهم باع طويل في العمل بمجال إدارة الأوقاف، وكيف كان أصحابها يتسابقون في وقفها خدمة لأهل العلم والدين. تبين كذلك أنه لولا وجود هذه الأوقاف، لما استمرت ديمومة عمل هذه المؤسسات وكيف ساهمت بشكل كبير في انتشار الحركة العلمية والصوفية وتطورها، والاهتمام الكبير بها، ومن هذه المؤسسات الزوايا التي مثلت إحدى حلقات العلم ومجالسة العلماء ومجاورتهم من كل أنحاء المعمورة؛ الذين قصدوا القدس الشريف لينهلوا من فيض علمائها الكثير، وهذا أدى بدوره إلى تعزيز الصفة الإنسانية للإسلام، وكذلك صفة التسامح التي أكد عليها الدين الإسلامي الحنيف. وتمثل الزاوية أهم مراكز التصوف والتعليم في بيت القدس حيث كان يزورها المتصوفة لدراسة العلوم المختلفة وتحفيظ القرآن الكريم والانقطاع لعبادة الله تعالى وكان لها مغزى اجتماعي حيث يلتقي فيها أبناء البلد الواحد الذين جاءوا من بلدان مختلفة، ممن كانوا في القدس أو من خارجها كالمغاربة والهنود. واستقت هذه الدراسة معلوماتها من خلال سجلات محكمة القدس الشرعية والتي تحوي على معلومات مهمة اعتمدت عليها بشكل كامل، مقارنة إياها بالمصادر الأخرى التي تطرقت إلى هذا الموضوع.

SHEIKH YŪSUF AL-MAQASSARY AND HIS REFORM IDEAS IN THE SPREAD OF ISLAM IN GOWA-MAKASSAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

This paper relates to the brief history of Sheikh Yῡsuf al-Makassary as well as his brief role in the Spread of Islam in Gowa-Makassar as his birth land.Sheikh Yῡsuf was born in 1626 M and grew up among noble families of Gowa-Tallo Kingdoms and then travelled to seek and deepen his Islamic knowledge from Aceh, India to the middle East (1645-1668) or for around 23 years and then he became a great ṣῡfῑ and left many of his treatises for Islamic community, especially for his followers, which are most of them still preserved at Universiteit Bibliotheq Leiden and the national museum of Jakarta at the present day. The main concept of Islamic mysticism of Sheikh Yῡsuf as one of his reform in the spread of Islam in Gowa-Makassar is the purification of belief (‘aqῑdah) in the Oneness of Allāh or in the Unity of God (tawḥῑd). This is his attempt to explain God’s transcendence (Ilāh) on His creatures. In a quoted al-Ikhlash verse (QS. 112:1-4) and al-Shura’ verse of al-Qur’an that there is nothing comparable to Him (QS. 42: 11), Sheikh Yῡsuf emphasized that the Oneness of Allāh is infinite and absolute. Tawḥῑd is the essential component in Islam. Moreover he compares “the immaculate tawḥῑd with a leafy tree; Gnostic knowledge (ma‘rῑfa) is its branches and leaves, and devotional services (‘ibādah) are its fruit.” Further he said that if you got the tree, you will get its branches and leaves, and if you got them, you will even look for fruit of the tree. If you did not get its branches and leaves, it is impossible to get its fruit. Therefore, tawḥῑd without ma‘rῑfah is like a tree without branches and leaves, and it is impossible to get its fruit, except if the branches and leaves of the tree grew up again, then its fruit can be hoped. In other words, only a man, who has tawḥῑd with ma‘rῑfa, could perform devotional service well to God. This teaching was used as the basic reform ideas in the spread of Islam in Gowa-Macassar, South Sulawesi and then brought a big changing to the cultural of his society and then made Muslim in Gowa-Makassar to be a more fervent Muslim. Therefore, one of the reform movements in his homeland was that he tried to pull out and then to release the people of Gowa-Makassar from the bad habits such as activities in serving idols / idols places, alcoholic beverages, cockfighting and gambling in crowded places. Because those can be a great danger to his native land; he said that the collapse of an empire because of the weakness of the faith of its people. On the other hand, the strength of an empire can guarantee the enforcement of sharῑ‘ah h. But it also depends on the leader. A good leader / ruler is one who able to enforce the Islamic law or sharῑ‘ah h in the middle of his society. Thus the main priority in the renewal of his mystical teachings for Muslims believers especially in Gowa Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia is the purification of confidence by implementing ṣῡfism which is more oriented to the sharῑ‘ah , where he tried hard to reconcile sharῑ‘ah and ḥaqῑqah. Among the various types of ṣῡfῑ orders affiliated with him, Ṭarῑqat al-Khalwatiyya is the famous one, which is later more popular with Khalwatiyyat al-Yῡsufiyya that has found fertile land especially in South Sulawesi.

Sub-Saharan Sufism

Sub-Saharan Sufism

Metaphysics of Nothingness: Heidegger, Ibn ‘Arabi and Nagarjuna

For this article, the author attempts to describe the metaphysics of nothingness from three sources; Martin Heidegger, Ibn ‘Arabi and Nagarjuna. Each of the philosophers engages the intimation of ‘the nothing’ to fathom the existential question of being, reality and logic. The idea for the article was influenced by Heidegger's seminal text “What is Metaphysic?” (1929/1998). Heidegger writes how human “a being held out into the nothing.” Why and how is human holding out into the nothingness? What are the boundaries that form this nothingness? Rather than risk into pessimistic existentialism, the author pursues the question of nihilism in the nothingness with the kind of joy, as Heidegger would say it: “Secret alliance with the cheerfulness and gentleness of creative longing.” With three different thinkers from different eras – Heidegger was a German philosopher but brought up with Christian teachings, Ibn ‘Arabi was an Andalusian Islamic Sufi whereas Nagarjuna was an Indian-Buddhist teacher – it is hoped that the idea about nothingness can be grappled and if not, be meditated upon. Keywords: Martin Heidegger, Ibn ‘Arabi, Nagarjuna, nothingness, metaphysics  

The Moral Dimensions of Sufism and the Iberian Mystical Canon

This study explores the shared spaces and common ground between the moral theosophies of Sufism and Christian mysticism in Spain. This article focuses on how Sufis, Carmelites and other mystical authors expressed spiritual concepts, establishing networks of mutual influence. Medieval and Golden Age mystics of Islam and Christianity shared a cultural canon based on universal moral principles. Both their learned and popular traditions used recurrent spiritual symbols, often expressing similar ethical coordinates. Spiritual dialogue went beyond the chronological and geographical frameworks shared by Christianity and Islam in the Iberian Peninsula: this article considers a selection of texts that contain expansive moral codes. Mystical expressions of Islam and Christianity in Spain are viewed as an ethical, cultural and anthropological continuum.

OTORITAS KEILMUAN GUS IZZA SADEWA DAN MEDIA BARU (PUTRA KH. IMRON JAMIL JOMBANG)

<p><em>The </em><em>s</em><em>tudy aims to </em><em>uncovered the facts behind the scientific authority that was </em><em>showed</em><em> by Gus Izza Sadewa (the son of KH. Imron Jamil Jombang), who was only 15 years old and was able to present a scientific identity and sufism practices that was very beneficial. The author focuses on YouTube's new media as a shap</em><em>ing </em><em>of scientific authority in the cyberculture world. The author analyzes the content analysis of some YouTube videos about Gus Izza. The content provided is manifested in aspects of contextual </em><em>sufism</em><em>. According to Heidi A. Campbell, there are 4 things that influence a religion or </em><em>a text </em><em>ideolog</em><em>y</em><em>, namely hierarchy (value), structure, ideology, and text. The results obtained from several segments of the hierarchy or values formed in the self of Gus Izza, he has Sufi</em><em>sm</em><em> and mature scientific authority, which can be proven by giving explanations about monotheism, </em><em>the most important in </em><em>looking for murs</em><em>y</em><em>hd-teachers, faith, actualizing worship that </em><em>applied</em><em> in daily life. </em><em>A</em><em>ll of those have </em><em>the main</em><em> orientation in the </em><em>virtue ethics (</em><em>akhlaq al</em><em>-</em><em>karimah).</em></p>

Tony K. Stewart. Witness to Marvels. Sufism and Literary Imagination (2019)

Tony K. Stewart. Witness to Marvels. Sufism and Literary Imagination (2019)

SUFI HEALING DAN NEURO LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING

This study is about Sufi healing, which focuses on behaviors related to Sufi healing in the prevention of diseases, both physically and non-physically caused by various problems faced by humans. According to the Sufi perspective, the problem is rooted in the heart. Therefore, healing is emphasized in the health of the heart, through takhallī, taḥallī and tajallī with training (riyāḍah) and earnest (mujāhadah) by the murshid or therapist. In this process, therapists use Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) as a technique to facilitate the incorporation of Sufi values. This type of research is qualitative. The method of analysis uses descriptive-qualitative. data sourced from GRISS 99 Semarang. The results of this study are the application of the NLP technique as a Sufi healing technique that aims to purify the soul, through takhallī, taḥallī and tajallī, as the key to meaningfulness of life.

Muhammad Shalih As-Samarani (1820-1903 M): Representasi Dakwah Islam Nusantara dalam Kajian Akademis

The aim of this paper is to understand how the da’wa of Islam Nusantara by Muhammad Shalih as-Samarani is represented in academic works. Data of this paper are 18 academic manuscripts dated from 2015 to date. This paper finds that there are two strands of representations about the Islam Nusantara of Muhammad Shalih as-Samarani; the dominant narrative and the ‘other alternative’. Both narratives present as-Samarani as different actor. The first narrative present as-Samarani as a mufassir (interpreter of the Qur’an) and the second narrative present as-Samarani as a person who has deep knowledge on multiple disciplines such as fiqh, orthodox tasawwuf, and education. However, both narratives share one thing in common; they present as-Samarani as a Sufi Muslim who contributed greatly to the dialogue between Islamic teachings and elements of local wisdoms.Keywords: academic works, as- Samarani, and representation of Islam Nusantara.

Sufism and Its Literary Contributions in Yemen: Ahmad Ibn Alwan a Model

This research paper explores the concept of Sufism, its genesis, growth and its most prominent Sufi schools, in the Arabian Peninsula in general and in Yemen, in particular. It precisely unearths the rise of the Sufi Movement in Yemen from early time of Ayyubids until now. It further sheds light on the renowned Yemeni Sufi Scholar, Ahmad ibn Alwan and his literary contribution to the establishment of Sufism in Yemen in the early twelfth century. It further tackles his philosophy in his very well-known book al-Tawheed al-A’zam (The Supreme Union) which forms the basic ground of his Sufi path (Tariqa). The question of how Ibn Alwan is unique from other Sufi scholars in terms of his literary contributions investigated. Building on a descriptive and analytical approach, the paper attempts to investigate an interesting area which is rarely studied if not ignored or neglected by the researchers. It is concluded that Ibn Alwan is not influenced by any Sufi school and that his ideas and contributions to Sufism and literary Sufism bestows Sufism in Yemen a unique privacy.

Модель роста нитевидных кристаллов, контролируемого гетерогенной химической реакцией, с учетом размерного эффекта

Нитевидные кристаллы имеют важное практическое применение в машиностроении позволяя улучшать прочностные, эксплуатационные и физические характеристики конструкционных материалов при создании композитов армированных усами. Модель роста усов кремния, контролируемого химической реакцией на границе жидкостьгаз, дополнена учетом давления насыщенного пара кремния в расплаве на вершине кристалла. Для кристаллов достаточно малых размеров давление насыщенного пара кристаллизующегося вещества становится столь значительным, что рост кристалла прекращается. Модель предполагает диффузионную доставку исходных веществ и отвод продуктов реакции в тонкий приповерхностный слой газа у поверхности раздела жидкость-газ, где концентрации реагентов остаются постоянными. Концентрации реагентов в этом слое определяют скорость химической реакции выделения кристаллизующегося вещества.Учтён поток, возникающий за счет давления насыщенного пара кремния над расплавом,при условии, что испаряющиеся атомы практически полностью вступают во взаимодействие с реагентами в газовой фазе. Баланс диффузионных, химических потоков и потоков испарения позволяет найти скорость роста нитевидного кристалла в зависимости от его радиуса и технологических параметров процесса. Зависимость скорости роста нитевидного кристалла от его радиуса имеет максимум, а при достаточно малых поперечных размерах кристалла обращается в нуль. Получено выражение для радиуса кристалла, при котором скорость роста обращается в нуль. Рост кристалла прекращается при достаточно больших радиусах. Получено выражение, определяющее максимальный радиус кристалла, при котором рост становится невозможным. Результаты работы будут полезны при анализе роста нитевидных кристаллов различных веществ, который сопровождается химической реакцией. Модель, предложенная в работе, будет востребована для разработки технологических процессов массового производства кристаллов с целью получения композиционных материалов.
 
 
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The Role of Sufism in Spreading Islam and Fighting Atonement

This paper delivered the need for Islamic thought to confront the Takfiri thought, through the return of Sufi thought. Sufism does not have fatwa to kill others, Sufism talks about tolerance, the love of the Prophet, and the non-compulsion of others tojoin either Islam or the way the murid belongs to. Sufism represents the spiritual and faithful state of Islam, the core of Islam. This paper find out the role of Sufism in the spread of Islam; in the past, and the contemporary in the fight against atonement. The aim of this paper is to describe the culture of Sufism, this paper studies the intellectual of Sufism, Sufim cultural, and politics as well. This paper studied about three main axis of Sufism; the culture and history of Sufism, the role of Sufism in spreading Islam, and the role of Sufism in addressing the Takfiri thought. Based on this study, the Islamic institution and government should adopt and adapt the Sufi thought, and to address the Takfiri culture, to prevent Muslim from joining the Takfiri groups