Arab Muslim Research Articles

The Susceptibility to Persuasion Strategies Among Arab Muslims: The Role of Culture and Acculturation.

This study is set forth to explore whether the susceptibility to persuasion—as articulated by Cialdini’s persuasion strategies—could vary with culture and acculturation. We examined individuals from the Arabic culture and their susceptibility to persuasion, according to the following strategies: reciprocity, commitment, liking, scarcity, consensus, and authority. The study involved 1,315 Arab Muslims between 18 and 60 years old (Mean = 34.65, SD = 9.16). The respondents were recruited from among residents of the Arab region (n = 507), immigrant Arabs in non-Arabic Muslim countries (n = 361), immigrant Arabs in East Asian countries (n = 85), and immigrant Arabs in Western countries (n = 362). Respondents completed an online Qualtrics survey. Controlling for socio-demographic variables (age, gender, income, education, and length of residence), our results indicated that susceptibility to the strategies differed significantly among Arab Muslims in the Arab region, with reciprocity being the highest and authority the lowest prevailing strategies. The same pattern of susceptibility emerged among immigrant Arab Muslims, regardless of their host country and the acculturation mode (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization) they endorse. These findings suggest that there is a consistent persuasion susceptibility pattern in the Arabic Muslim culture that does not seem to be modified by immigration and acculturation modes. Our findings are contrasted with the scarce research on cross-cultural differences in susceptibility to Cialdini’s persuasion strategies.

Meeting the Moral Markers of Success: Concerted Cultivation among Second‐Generation Muslim Parents*

Concerted cultivation describes how parents reproduce middle‐class status by preparing children for success through the organization of their family’s daily lives. Scholarship accounting for the potentially important role that minority religious identity plays in this process is warranted. The current study fills this theoretical and empirical niche by exploring the parenting practices of second‐generation, upper‐middle‐class Muslim Americans. I show how within the context of rising Islamophobia, members of this group defined success for their children using both socioeconomic markers and moral markers, in which Islam and excellent character traits are crucial. With this definition in mind, parents aimed to reproduce both class and religion in the third generation using concerted cultivation strategies. I utilize data from two years of ethnographic fieldwork and 72 in‐depth interviews with second‐generation Arab and South Asian Muslim Americans in suburban Metro‐Detroit. I make contributions to sociology by presenting novel data on a little understood minority group and their institutions and by bringing religion into discussions of second‐generation parenting styles and class reproduction.

ROLE OF TAHIR POSHANJI ON BUILDING AN INDEPENDENT ISLAMIC STATE IN AFGHANISTAN (823 – 874 A.D.)

This review paper is descriptive in nature and as a time series it investigates role of Tahir Poshanji on building independent Islamic state in Afghanistan. The findings suggest that Tahir Poshanji like other Afghan leaders had a sense of freedom and people of Afghanistan have always made sacrifices for freedom. This caused failure of many great colonial states in their goals. The martyrdom of Abu Muslim caused movements and uprising in Afghanistan which put end to the power of Arab Muslims in Afghanistan. It was in progress until independent Islamic state was built by Tahirid. The war between Mamoon and his brother Ameen over Caliphate provided opportunity to Poshanji and his wish of changing capital of caliphate from Baghdad into Afghanistan. Tahir wanted Afghans to be ruled by people of the Islamic State. The conflicts between Afghans and Arabs were increasing every day. Poshanji started preparation for his map right after his appointment as governor in Afghanistan g to separate Afghanistan from Abbasid Empire. He dropped the caliph’s name from KHUTBA (Islamic Sermon) and proclaimed an independent Islamic state in Afghanistan and raised flag of freedom. His relation with Baghdad Caliphate was only based on respect and not on domination.

Supplemental Material for Religiosity and Mistreatment Among Christian and Muslim Arab Americans

Supplemental Material for Religiosity and Mistreatment Among Christian and Muslim Arab Americans

Religiosity and mistreatment among Christian and Muslim Arab Americans.

Religiosity and mistreatment among Christian and Muslim Arab Americans.

‘Conversion’ to Islam in Early Medieval Europe: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on Arab and Northern Eurasian Interactions

In recent years, the influence of Muslims and Islam on developments in medieval Europe has captured the attention of scholars and the general public alike. Nevertheless, ‘conversion’ to Islam remains a challenging subject for historical research and demands more transdisciplinary collaborations. This article examines early medieval interactions between Muslim Arabs and Northern and Eastern Europeans as a case study for whether some individuals in Northern Eurasia ‘converted’ to Islam. More importantly, we address some key examples and lines of evidence that demonstrate why the process of ‘conversion’ to Islam is not more visible in the historical and archaeological records of Northern Eurasia. We find that, despite the well-established evidence for economic exchanges between the Islamic World and Northern Eurasia, the historical and material records are much more complex, but not entirely silent, on the issue of religious change. We also conclude that religious connectivity and exchanges, including with Islam, were common in early medieval Northern Eurasia, even if it is difficult in most cases to identify conclusive instances of ‘conversion’ to Islam.

Whole-exome sequencing reveals a monogenic cause in 56% of individuals with laterality disorders and associated congenital heart defects

BackgroundThe molecular basis of heterotaxy and congenital heart malformations associated with disruption of left–right asymmetry is broad and heterogenous, with over 25 genes implicated in its pathogenesis thus far.ObjectiveWe sought...

Educational gender inequality in the Muslim world: A problem of a cultural heritage, religion, or modernization?

AbstractObjectiveThe difference between the Muslim and non‐Muslim world in terms of educational gender equality has been blamed on the Islamic faith, and sometimes on a lack of modernization. Thus, I examine how Islam reduces educational gender equality and how/if its influence varies from one Muslim country to another.MethodI use Time‐series–cross‐section (TSCS) analysis for 29 Muslim countries between 1980 and 2010 to examine the influence of Arab culture on educational gender parity.ResultThe result indicates that the religious culture of Arab states seems to be highly associated with the educational gender gap. Also, the positive effect of modernization is more significant in Non‐Arab Muslim countries than in Arab Muslim countries.ConclusionThese findings are informative to educational policymakers since they explain why the international and local efforts on improving educational gender equality have not been as successful in the Muslim world as is the case in other societies.

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE IMPACT OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE AND THE 19TH-CENTURY JIHAD ON THE HISTORY OF AKWANGA DIVISION, NIGERIA

The spread of Islam from East and North Africa across the Sahara Desert to Nigeria is ascribed to certain socio-economic and political factors. The development of Islam in the geopolitical zone of central Nigeria faced notable challenges due to the heterogeneity of the ethnic and cultural identity of its local population, the inability of the Muslim Arab merchants to establish trade relations with the area, and the politicization of jihad which was met with fierce resistance. This made it impossible to effectively propagate the Islamic teachings among the local population in central Nigeria. This study will explore the history and culture of the Akwanga Division before the advent of Islam and identify the challenges faced by the movement. Emphasis will be laid on the role of the trans-Saharan trade, the jihad of Usman Dan Fodio, and their impact on the socio-economic life of the area. Also examined will be the factors responsible for delaying the spread of Islam in central Nigeria. The aims and objectives of this research work will be achieved by using secondary data such as published articles in reputable academic journals, edited works, internet sources, and books.

Alloimmunization and Autoimmunization in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta Thalassemia Major Patients: Report from a Comprehensive Center in Israel

BACKROUND: Survival of patients with transfusion dependent (TD) beta thalassemia major (TM) has improved significantly over the past few decades as better treatment became available. However, due to ineffective erythropoiesis, reduced red blood cell (RBC) survival, and subsequent continuous hemolytic anemia, these patients are regularly and heavily transfused since early childhood. Exposure to multi transfusions is associated with significant risks including development of antibodies against RBC antigens, both alloantibodies and autoantibodies, which in turn complicate RBC cross matching, shorten in vivo survival of transfused RBC, and may accelerate tissue iron loading. Anti-K, anti-E and other Rh blood group system alloantibodies are the most frequently detected.AIMS: Assessment of RBC alloimmunization and autoimmunization rate in adult patients with TD TM followed and treated in our center.PATIENTS and METHODS: The study included a total of 40 patients with TD TM, >18 years of age. Clinical and transfusion records, including age, gender, ethnicity, history of pregnancies, blood group, history of splenectomy, age at first transfusion and lifelong cumulative number of blood units transfused, were retrieved from patients' files and from the blood bank database.RESULTS: Twenty one (52.5%) patients were males, 19 (47.5%) were females, the mean ±SD (range) age was 31.8 ± 6.9 (20-47) years, 29 patients (72.5%) were of Muslim Arab origin, 11 (27.5%) were Jewish. Thirty (75.0%) of the patients were splenectomized (SPX). The median (mean) ±SD (range) age at first transfusion was 0.71 (1.07) ± 0.93 (0.25-4.0) years, and the mean ±SD (range) of lifelong cumulative number of blood units transfused was 828.5 ± 239.3 (439-1363).Alloimmunization was demonstrated in 17 (42.5%) patients; 10 of 21 (47.6%) males and 7 of 19 (36.8%) females; 11 of 29 (37.9%) of Muslim Arab origin, 6 of 11 (54.5%) of Jewish origin; 11 (64.7%) had >1 alloantibody. Among female patients, alloimmunization was demonstrated in 4 (31.0%) of 13 with no history of pregnancy and in 3 (50.0%) of 6 with history of pregnancy. Twelve (40.0%) of 30 SPX patients had alloantibodies, compared to 5 (50.0%) of 10 patients with intact spleen.Anti-Rh antibodies were the most prevalent, detected in 10/17 (58.8%) patients having 12 alloantibodies (8 anti-E, 2 anti-D, 1 anti-C and 1 anti-Cw), followed by Anti-Kell antibodies detected in 7/17 (41.2%) patients having 8 alloantibodies (6 anti-K, 2 anti-Kpa). One patient had anti-Jkb, and 3 patients had alloantibodies against low frequency antigens. Autoimmunization was demonstrated in 2 (5.0%) patients (Figure 1).Significant inverse correlation was found between age at first transfusion and rate of alloimmunization. Thirty (75.0%) patients started blood transfusions before 1 year; 9 (30.0%) of them had alloantibodies. Ten (25.0%) patients started blood transfusions after the first year; 8 (80.0%) of them had alloantibodies (p=0.009).There was no significant association between alloimmunization and patients' age, gender, ethnicity, history of pregnancies, blood group, splenectomy status, and lifelong cumulative number of blood units transfused (p >0.05).CONCLUSIONS: We have found a high rate (42.5%) of alloimmunization in adult TD TM patients, which might be attributed to multi transfusions over many years without RBC antigen matching beyond ABO and Rh. Alloimmunization rate was lower in those who began transfusions before 1 year of age, similar to previous studies, supporting the concept of immune tolerance developing in young children who begin transfusions before 1 year of age. Based on our study results, transfusion policies, especially extended antigen matching for Rh and K, should be considered in order to reduce alloimmunization. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Filozofia arabska, islamska czy muzułmańska? Kilka uwag terminologicznych

There is no agreement among the students of the works of Al-Fārābī, Avicenna and Averroes on how their philosophy should be named. The following terms are most frequently used: Muslim philosophy, Arab philosophy, and Islamic philosophy. A closer look at the arguments of the supporters of each of these choices shows that the reason for those terminological discrepancies depends on the postulated relation between religion and philosophy, or more broadly, between religion and science. We emphasize either the ethnic aspect (Arab) or the dominant culture-forming factor (Islam) depending on the terminology chosen. This article aims to present and analyze the arguments of the supporters of each of the terms. The author focuses on philosophers living in the Middle Ages. The question of which of the aforementioned terms best represents the phenomenon in focus will be seen when we study those terms by putting them together in two pairs: the first, Arab philosophy – Muslim philosophy, and the second, Muslim philosophy – Islamic philosophy.

Depression and social anxiety mediate the relationship between parenting styles and risk of eating disorders: A study among Arab adolescents.

In multicultural Israel, the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs), a common chronic disorder among Western adolescents (especially females), has risen for Arab adolescents, who belong to an Eastern collectivist society. The study examines family and psychological factors that may increase the risk of EDs among Muslim Arab adolescents. We expected social anxiety and depressive symptoms to mediate the association between parenting styles and risk of EDs, with possible gender differences in the mediation model. Participants were 613 Muslim adolescents (394 females and 219 males); mean age=15.4 ± 1.6; range=12-19. The analyses revealed that the severity of depressive symptoms and especially social anxiety mediate the relationship between authoritarian parenting style and risk of EDs. Females reported higher levels of risk of EDs, social anxiety, depression and authoritative parenting style than males; no differences appeared for authoritarian or permissive parenting styles. The research sheds new light on risk factors for EDs and the likelihood of authoritarian parenting style and social anxiety being involved in the aetiology of EDs among Arab adolescents. The outcomes meaningfully add to understanding of specific psychological processes that may be associated with the risk of EDs in this population.

An exploration of experiences and beliefs about low back pain with Arab Muslim patients

Purpose Pain has psychological, social, physical and spiritual dimensions and therefore this experience is influenced by culture. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences and beliefs of Arab Muslim patients with low back pain (LBP) in Bahrain. Methods We recruited Arab Muslim patients attending physiotherapy with LBP ≥3 months, and ≥18 years of age. Socio-demographic information and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for pain intensity were collected. Focus groups were conducted between 2013–2014, using pre-determined semi-structured interview questions. Qualitative content analysis was applied with single counting and inclusion of negative instances. Results 18 participants attended three focus groups (14 females and 4 males) with a mean VAS(SD) = 5.28(±1.97). Five themes were identified; (1) loss of independence, (2)change in identity causes distress, (3) beliefs and attitudes towards low back pain, (4)trying to cope with LBP, and (5)experiences within the healthcare system. Conclusions Religious and cultural beliefs influenced pain-related beliefs, fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing. We recommend addressing cultural gender roles and using “active” forms of religious coping to inform treatment. Participants’ experiences within and experiences of the healthcare system were similar to Western cultures. This encourages the application of Western findings into practice to facilitate the management of these patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION A qualitative exploration was undertaken to explore the experiences of Muslim and/or Arab patients with LBP. Our findings show that females have prioritised family needs over their own, primarily due to perceived gender roles. Contrary to previous findings labelling religious coping as a passive strategy, our findings suggest that religious coping strategies can be both positive and active strategies; such as participation in religious occasions and frequenting mosques. We support recommendations from Western literature to manage LBP; such as prioritising patient education and joint decision-making.

An Early Christian Reaction to Islam: Isu'yahb III and the Muslim Arabs. By Iskandar Beheiry. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies 57. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias, 2019. xiii + 191 pp. $80.67 cloth.

An Early Christian Reaction to Islam: Isu'yahb III and the Muslim Arabs. By Iskandar Beheiry. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies 57. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias, 2019. xiii + 191 pp. $80.67 cloth. - Volume 90 Issue 2

The considered factors of the policy of rule in the Maghreb in the era of conquest and governors (the factors of leadership, administrative and religious competence as a model)

The policy of rule differed with the different regimes that existed in the Maghreb. When the Muslim Arabs liberated Morocco, many leaders and governors came to take over its affairs, the way they took over. The workers and employees. As the people of Morocco appoint those in whom they find the competence to lead them until the caliphate sends them a ruler to manage their affairs, just as tribal fanaticism played its role by appointing some governors, employees, workers and army commanders in Morocco, and accordingly the factors considered for the policy of rule in the countries of the Maghreb varied according to the different circumstances that led to the selection of Whoever is entrusted with the task of guardianship and leadership, as there must be one or more factors that can distinguish who is chosen to be at the head of the state that he is charged with managing its affairs, and for the succession to be reassuring to the ruler. His role in managing its conditions and preserving the authority of the caliphate .

تطابق الفعل مع فاعله فی العدد بین الفصحى والعامیة المصریة دراسة تقابلیه

تطابق الفعل مع فاعله فی العدد بین الفصحى والعامیة المصریة دراسة تقابلیه

Differences in the Factor Structure of the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) in Different Cultures in Israel: Jews, Muslims, and Christians.

Background: In recent years, there has been a shift in the clinical presentation and, hence, diagnostic definitions of eating disorders (EDs), reflected in a dramatic change in the diagnostic criteria of EDs in the DSM-5. The Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) is currently considered an accepted instrument for community studies of EDs, although it features an inconsistent factorial structure in different cultures. Therefore, it is essential to investigate whether the EAT-26 can still be considered an adequate instrument for identifying the risk of developing EDs in different cultures. The aim of the present study was to examine the construct validity and internal consistency of the EAT-26. Method: The study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) among different cultural populations in Israel. Results: Findings indicated different factors in different ethnic groups, most of which do not correspond with the original EAT-26 three-factor structure. Results: The analysis yielded two main factors among Israeli Jews, four main factors among Israeli Muslim Arabs, and three main factors among Israeli Christian Arabs. Conclusion: These findings shed light on cultural factors affecting perceptions of the EAT-26 items. This calls for a reconsideration of the generalization of the original three-factor structure of the questionnaire in different cultures.

Arab Muslim social workers between the Sharia and Western interventions and their coping mechanisms

ABSTRACT This exploratory study of 34 religious, traditional, and secular Arab Muslim social workers in Israel traces the dilemmas caused by potential clashes between their professional and religious values. The findings suggest that although all the interviewees were aware of such clashes, only the religious ones adopted coping strategies to address them. The traditional workers regarded the conflicts in universal moral terms, and the secular workers distanced themselves from their religion. None of the respondents were familiar with the Islamization of social work in the Arab world that might have helped them resolve their dilemmas.

Orthodox Christian Bulgarians Coping with Natural Disasters in the Pre-Modern Ottoman Balkans

Premodern Ottoman society consisted of four major religious communities—Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, and Jews; the Muslim and Christian communities also included various ethnic groups, as did Muslim Arabs and Turks, Orthodox Christian Bulgarians, Greeks, and Serbs who identified, in the first place, with their religious community and considered ethnic identity of secondary importance. Having lived together, albeit segregated within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, for centuries, Bulgarians and Turks to a large extent shared the same world view and moral value system and tended to react in a like manner to various events. The Bulgarian attitudes to natural disasters, on which this contribution focuses, apparently did not differ essentially from that of their Turkish neighbors. Both proceeded from the basic idea of God’s providence lying behind these disasters. In spite of the (overwhelmingly Western) perception of Muslims being passive and fatalistic, the problem whether it was permitted to attempt to escape “God’s wrath” was coped with in a similar way as well. However, in addition to a comparable religious mental make-up, social circumstances and administrative measures determining equally the life conditions of both religious communities seem to provide a more plausible explanation for these similarities than cross-cultural influences.

The Authority between The State of Law and The Chaos of The Conflict (A comparative study)

In this comparative study, warning signals to the Arab Muslim community on the chaos of the political approach pursued and directed by a global hegemonic political force, the peoples have stood before it, losing power and will ... and in it an explanation of how the Western political approach developed two centuries of time after chaos prevailed between the interests of the authority and the goals of the church ... and democratically the concepts of power crystallized in this current profession, which is in line with the Western peoples .... On the other hand, how did the style of power among Arab Muslims descend to below over the past hundred years of political chaos we do not lose sight of that global hegemony that has been the reason for its manufacture and formulation over the years and with a long, discreet and thoughtful spirit through leaders who create chaos and reach the desired goal .