Pirated Research Articles

Tracking any audio content streamed or played anywhere to its origin or piracy

Background: The unauthorized distribution and consumption of audio content have been on the rise in recent years, posing a significant threat to content creators and streaming partners. In this research, we proposed a revolutionary method that enables the tracking of audio content to its source of piracy by employing cryptographically invisibly fingerprinted technology. Methods: Our approach utilizes advanced cryptographic techniques to embed inaudible fingerprints within audio frames. These fingerprints serve as unique identifiers that can be traced back to the source of piracy. Our specialized software employs sophisticated algorithms to detect and extract these cryptographic fingerprints from the pirated audio content. The software then compares the extracted fingerprints with a database of authorized sources to determine the origin of the piracy event. Results: Through extensive testing and analysis, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method in accurately tracking audio content to its source of piracy. Our software consistently detects and reports the source, location, and time of the piracy incidents within a matter of minutes. Conclusions: The research presented in this paper introduces a novel method for tracking audio content streamed or played over the internet to its source of piracy. By employing cryptographically invisibly fingerprinted technology, we can accurately detect and report piracy incidents within minutes, providing content creators and streaming partners with actionable information to combat piracy effectively.

Identifying the source of movie piracy: cryptographic fingerprinting for tracking movie content

Background: The unauthorized distribution of movies through piracy has become a widespread issue affecting both movie studios and OTT streaming partners. This research introduces a novel method utilizing cryptographic fingerprinting to track movie content, with the goal of identifying the precise source of piracy. Methods: The developed specialized software that utilizes the cryptographic fingerprinting algorithm to analyze pirated movie content obtained from various online piracy platforms. The software employs computer vision techniques to identify the source of piracy, including the specific theatre, showtime, and recording location within the theatre. Results: Our experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed cryptographic fingerprinting approach. The software successfully detected and analyzed pirated movie content from a wide range of online piracy platforms. Conclusions: The cryptographic fingerprinting technique allows for the identification of the source of piracy, including the specific theatre, showtime, and recording location within the theatre. By swiftly reporting these details, our software aims to aid in the prevention of future piracy incidents, ultimately eliminating the source of piracy.

The Driving Forces for the Involvement of Higher Learning Institution’s Students in Cybercrime Acts. A Case of Selected Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania

This study investigates the extent and driving forces of cybercrime acts among students in higher learning institutions. The research digs into common cybercrime involvement and explores potential motives driving students' engagement in such illicit activities. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, involving online surveys and interviews with 308 samples size from a population of 1500 participants from selected higher learning institutions in Tanzania. Institutions involved in this study included Collage of Business Education (CBE), Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT), Institute of Finance Management (IFM) and Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA). The findings revealed that digital piracy, hacking, computer viruses, spam mailing, computer-related forgery, and cyberbullying were prevalent forms of cybercrime among the participants. Significant associations were identified between cybercrime involvement and factors such as social-economic status, technological changes, peer influence, lack of awareness of cybercrime, individual traits, and internet usage contributing to students' involvement in cybercrime. In light of these findings, the study recommends implementing comprehensive educational programs, strengthening institutional cybersecurity, promoting positive peer influence, enhancing collaboration with law enforcement, and integrating ethical training into the curriculum. These efforts will foster a safe and responsible digital environment within higher learning institutions, protecting students from cybercrime risks and promoting ethical digital citizenship.

Digital Innovation Piracy in Online Entertainment Media in Indonesia: Determinants of Individual Planned Behavior

Aims: The study aims to identify factors that influence individual planned behavior and digital piracy intentions, specifically related to entertainment platform piracy in Indonesia, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach to better understand piracy practices. This research was conducted in Indonesia, without being limited by geographical area.
 Place and Duration of Research: This research was conducted in Indonesia between January and March 2023.
 Methodology: The data in the research was obtained from an online survey of 200 respondents. In practice, this research uses a convenience sampling technique that will be applied to respondents via Google form using the SEM analysis type used in this research is Partial Least Square or PLS-SEM.
 Results: The results showed that the Theory of Planned Behavior factors in this study (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, perceived risk and moral obligation) have a positive and significant influence on digital piracy intention. The outcome expectation related to the expectancy-value model based on a belief, an attitude, an opinion, or an expectation could be positive of negative from an individual perspective according to the theory of planned behavior. The perceived benefits or the effectiveness of the individual planned behavior should be highlighted with reference to the reduction of negative outcomes or adverse externalities or consequences that can result from the enactment of the behavior. Decision-makers involved in digital piracy on entertainment platforms may consider the overall responsibility as an organisation and their responsibility towards individual behavior while “planning” or “engaging” in a policy of both “taking advantages of digital piracy” and favoring individual planned behavior.

Захист комп’ютерного програмного забезпечення в системі авторського права

Software development in recent decades has demonstrated a pace of change not seen since the Industrial Revolution. Software affects almost every aspect of human life in all parts of the world. From an intellectual property rights perspective, discourse and debate focus not only on how software should be protected, but also on a host of issues that reflect the many aspects that software plays in the digital distribution of creative content. A further issue concerning the concept of “computer program” is whether the images generated on screens as a result of the operation of a program (for example, in the case of video games) may or should be regarded as parts of a “computer program”. It is possible to find certain views according to which an affirmative answer should be given to this question, and such views have been accepted exceptionally even at the level of national legislation, but the dominant opinion, as well as the dominant position under national laws, is that the images generated by a computer program in the form of screen display go beyond the concept of computer programs proper. The concept of “computer program” under Article 4 of the WCT also does not extend to the images generated by computer programs on screens. Until recently, unauthorized copying of software required the physical exchange of floppy disks, CDs, or other hard media. But software piracy has become much easier with the spread of the Internet, becoming faster and cheaper. The Internet allows products to move from computer to computer without transactions on hard media and with little risk of detection. Some piracy schemes may even involve computers without the owner's knowledge. Piracy that once required understanding complex computer codes can now be done with the click of a mouse on peer-to-peer networks, through mail-order and auction sites, newsgroups, or even as simple email attachments. Strong action at the local, national and international levels is needed to counter these dangerous trends.

Digital piracy and counterfeiting in the conditions of digital transformation: analysis of the situation, trends, defense mechanisms

In the work, based on the analysis of statistical data, the study of international sources, the economic and legal problems of digital piracy and counterfeiting in the world, the EU and Ukraine in the conditions of digital transformation are investigated:state and dynamics, impact on business and economy, causes and main factors, problematic issues that arise in connection with this phenomenon, the practice and the organizational and economic mechanism of countermeasures in this area. The sale of counterfeit goods causes millions of jobs and lost profits and is currently the world's largest criminal enterprise. It is expected that by 2024, in the US alone, the volume of sales of counterfeit goods in electronic commerce will increase to 6 trillion dollars. The rating of the most active pirate countries is given, Ukraine is the place. Criminal networks take advantage of the lack of law enforcement in some states and adapt the distribution of their products using new means of communication (Internet, social networks, etc.), distribution channels (transit, free zones, small parcels) and consumer requests. In addition, the return on investment is high, and the imposed fines are low and do not have a deterrent effect on counterfeiters and sellers. It is concluded that counterfeiting and piracy are global problems that know no borders. They are too big to be solved by individual companies, sectors of the economy or governments. Therefore, it is important to develop and strengthen cooperation between these subjects. To ensure a successful fight against digital piracy, counterfeiting and money laundering, coordination between governments at the international, national and regional levels is essential. The private and public sectors should join forces in the fight against the trade in counterfeit and pirated products by organizing special cooperation units that will be responsible for collecting information on the movement of funds obtained from criminal activities and for exchanging information in the field of combating money laundering. The protection of IP rights in the conditions of martial law is extremely important, as these are Ukraine's international obligations regarding EU accession and the vital need to protect Ukraine's economic interests.

Sci-Hub Project, its Legality, and its Impact on Access to Scientific Journals in Pakistan

Sci-Hub is a project that uses stolen log-in credentials to access pay-walled scientific articles and journals, and then makes them available for free on its website. It has had a significant impact on medical journals. The HEC Digital Library does not cover all research areas. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) has acknowledged that Sci-Hub could fill a gap in the availability of research materials for Pakistani researchers but cautioned that the use of Sci-Hub is illegal and could have negative consequences for the scientific community. Sci-Hub has faced legal challenges in some countries but has generally been able to operate without interference. The legality of Sci-Hub is complex, with legal challenges varying by country. There are legal ways to access scientific manuscripts. The Sci-Hub project has significantly impacted research in Pakistan, but the HEC does not condone the use of Sci-Hub, and it could have negative consequences for the scientific community. KEYWORDS: Sci-hub; Software Piracy; Legal issues; Higher Education.

Examining the Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors Associated with Adolescent Engagement in Multiple Types of Cyberdeviance: Results from an Australian Study

Research has shown that psychosocial and behavioral factors are associated with engagement in a range of deviant behaviors across offline settings. To date, however, very little research has explored the impact of these factors in online contexts. This article addresses this gap by examining the psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with common types of adolescent cyberdeviance. This is accomplished through an empirical study of 327 adolescents enrolled in a high school located in a large Australian city. The study assesses various aspects of psychosocial and behavioral functioning using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (total difficulties, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, prosocial behavior), as well as numerous types of cyberdeviance relevant to young people, including cyberfraud, cyberhate, cyberviolence, sexting, digital piracy, hacking, and cyberbullying. A series of multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate the association between psychosocial and behavioral difficulties and various types of cyberdeviance, independent of gender, school grade, socioeconomic status, and engagement in offline delinquency. Results indicate that total difficulties, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems were significantly associated with greater likelihood of engagement in most types of cyberdeviance examined in this study, whereas prosocial behavior was associated with a lower likelihood of engagement in digital piracy only. A discussion of the findings highlights the importance of understanding these factors in a digital context, as well as demonstrating the need to account for them when designing targeted interventions.

Hybrid dual-channel convolution neural network (DCCNN) with spider monkey optimization (SMO) for cyber security threats detection in internet of things

Applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) have been employed in a broad range of industries, including smart homes, healthcare, smart energy, and Industrial 4.0. IoT offers many advantages, such as ease and efficiency, but it also adds a lot of new risks. The problem is often made worse by the potential number of linked IoT devices and the ad hoc nature of such networks. IoT management now faces substantial difficulties related to safety and confidentiality. Current research has shown that deep learning algorithms are quite effective and have numerous benefits over previous approaches for doing security assessments of IoT devices. An integrated deep learning approach is created in this work to identify files containing malware and pirated software through the Internet of Things network The Hybrid Dual-Channel Convolution Neural Network (DCCNN) with Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) is called DCCNN-SMO advocated leveraging stolen reference code to detect software piracy. For the purpose of examining software piracy, the dataset was gathered via Google Code Jam (GCJ). To research the suggested strategy, collected 100 input data for internet users from GCJ. In addition, the DCCNN-SMO is utilized to visualize colored images to identify harmful intrusions in IoT networks. From the Leopard Mobile database, malware samples were taken for testing. The actual results demonstrate that the recommended method for calculating the cyber security risks in IoT performs categorization more over current approaches. The proposed DCCNN-SMO + SVM approach provides better resultant value of 98.55% whereas the other existing approaches like GIST + SVM is 86.1%, CLGM + SVM is 92.06% and DNN + SVM is 97.46%, LBP + SVM is 78.05%.

Research on the Relevant Methods and Technologies of Digital Watermarking

With the diversification of recording equipment and the rapid development of Internet technology, it is easier to steal and spread movies, which makes the copyright protection of movies face great challenges. The technology of tracing the origin of movie piracy in cinemas provides strong technical support for film digital copyright protection by extracting the watermark information hidden in the film carrier, tracking and locating the playback server where the piracy flows out and the theater where the piracy occurs. In addition, the emergence of digital technology has led to the rapid spread and growth of electronic resources, such as photos, music and movies. It is convenient to access online information, but it also poses a challenge to the technical protection of intellectual property. Image watermarking, including watermark embedding and extraction, is a typical technology of copyright protection and ownership identification. In addition, because many software (such as modern browsers and video players) can easily display all these contents, adding image watermarks on the screen and avoiding information leakage in screenshots or screen recording has become an important application scenario of image watermarking. In this paper, we propose and discuss digital watermarking pipeline with some.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Intention and Behavior of Piracy on Digital Entertainment Platforms in Indonesia

Aims: This study aims to identify the factors that influence individual intentions and behavior to pirate digital entertainment platforms by using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Indonesia between January and March 2023.
 Methodology: The data in this study were obtained through an online questionnaire using the Google Form which was distributed to 200 respondents who had accessed websites (such as IndXXI, LK21 and others) or entertainment platforms (such as Spotify, Joox, Netflix, Viu, Maxstream and others) illegally. The results will be presented through a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the respondents and PLS-SEM analysis.
 Results: The results show that influencing factors such as attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and moral obligation have a positive and significant influence on digital piracy intentions. These results are also supported by the presence of a positive and significant influence on digital piracy intentions on digital piracy behavior.

Strong watermark numbers encoded as reducible permutation graphs against edge modification attacks

Software watermarking is a defense technique used to prevent or discourage software piracy by embedding a signature in the code. In (Discrete Applied Mathematics 250 (2018) 145–164), a software watermarking system is presented which encodes an integer number w (i.e., a watermark) as a reducible permutation flow-graph F [ π ∗ ] embeddable in the code through the use of a self-inverting permutation π ∗ . In this work, we theoretically investigate this watermarking system and exploit structural properties of the self-inverting permutation π ∗ encoding the watermark in order to prove its resilience to edge-modification attacks on the flow-graph F [ π ∗ ]. Based on the minimum number of edge modifications needed to be applied on F [ π ∗ ] so that a different watermark can be extracted from the resulting graph, we give a characterization of the watermarks as strong, intermediate or weak and provide good recommendations for the choices of watermark.

Collecting Society in the Administration of Copyright Law in Nigeria: An Appraisal

Infringement on copyright works has been on the increase in Nigeria, particularly, book, music, and film piracy. This has greatly militated against the rights of copyright owners depriving them of benefiting from the fruits of their labor and nothing to show in terms of return on investments. Consequently, there is the need to have a solid collective management structure in place as provided in S.39 of the copyright Act 2004. The establishment of collecting society also known as Collective Management Organization is very important and useful to right owners for the collection and sharing of royalties, granting of licenses, monitoring of users and taking steps to enforce rights where necessary. Having gone through textbooks, case laws, statutes, and internet materials, it is clear that collecting society is necessary in the administration of Copyright. Many collecting societies should be established for fair competition, effective and efficient management of the rights of Copyright owners. This will prevent the risk of monopoly to a collecting society.

Which Enemy to Dance with? A New Role of Software Piracy in Influencing Antipiracy Strategies

This paper studies how software firms should determine their antipiracy efforts and product prices. There are two unique aspects of our model. First, antipiracy efforts have both a direct effect and a cross effect on software piracy. Second, we capture two types of competitions when piracy exists: one between a legitimate product and its pirated counterpart, and the other between two pirated products. We show that due to pirated products’ buffer effect not studied before, eliminating piracy does not necessarily mean higher profit for firms. This reveals an unexplored advantage of desktop software comparing with Software as a Service that can eliminate piracy. Direct and cross effects have different impacts on firms’ decisions and profits. Opposite to what one might expect, when a firm’s antipiracy effort becomes more effective in increasing the cost of pirating its own product but not its competitor’s product, the firm becomes worse off under certain conditions. By contrast, if the effort’s cross effect is higher, therefore increasing the cost of pirating its competitor’s product, a firm will always be better off. The managerial implication is that if a firm ignores the cross effect, it could under-invest in anti-piracy effort, causing its profit to suffer.

Audio-visual piracy on Telegram: a perspective on monetization models, pirate strategies and industrial pathways

ABSTRACT Telegram, an encrypted digital messaging application, is an emerging hotbed for digital piracy. It has several features that make it attractive for pirates, including the ability to share large files at scale, coupled with an emphasis on privacy and security that allows for such sharing to be carried out largely anonymously. Telegram gained prominence in academic literature as a safe haven for activities in the digital realm that have increasingly found themselves subject to institutional censure. However, while most studies have delved into the matter of online video piracy on Telegram, perspectives on the economic models and revenues relied on by Telegram pirates in India remain largely unexplored. This paper proposes to discuss Telegram’s ascent as a significant medium in the Audio-Visual piracy market in India and will more specifically analyse the mechanisms of piracy monetization (payment services, and ad-revenue generators) which represent an important stake in pirates’ strategies. Finally, the paper argues that the analysis in terms of economic models represents a valuable contribution to current debates on copyright enforcement. The methodology relies on both primary and secondary sources complemented with semi-structured interviews with pirates and an entertainment industry professional.

Digital piracy: the issue of knowledge of the institution of copyright law

Motivation: The motivation for considering the familiarity of Polish people with copyright law came from previous studies signalling that familiarity to possibly be low. If this conjecture proves true, it will affect the correct interpretation of what digital piracy is by Poles. This, in turn, can lead to problems in designing surveys to measure digital piracy.Aim: The article adopted two research objectives. The first is factual, the second methodical. The first objective is to try to confirm the claim of low knowledge of the institution of copyright law among Poles. The second objective is to try to establish the usefulness of the heuristic Importance Index and the method of clustering similar averages for determining significant differences in the distributions of the evaluations of illegality regarding the forms of copying due to demographic characteristics.Results: As a result, the survey showed that the claim that Poles demonstrate low level of knowledge regarding the copyright law is valid. While not all situations involving the copying of information goods are interpreted incorrectly, the public is overwhelmingly unable to determine whether particular forms of copying are legal or illegal. The study also found that the social group that most harshly labels particular forms of copying as illegal are those with a university education. At the same time, their harsh judgment does not mean that they correctly interpreted the forms of copying in question as illegal.

Perlindungan Hak Cipta Terhadap Pembajakan Film Nasional

Introduction: Exclusive rights related to economic rights and moral rights that will be attached automatically to a work created without having to register.Purposes of the Research: Analyze the form of legal protection for national film copyright holders and the process of preventing film piracy that occurs in Indonesia. Methods of the Research: The research method used in writing this thesis is normative legal research or library research, namely, legal research conducted by examining primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials.Results of the Research: The form of legal protection for national film copyright holders is guaranteed by the existence of a set of laws and regulations that function as a government tool in carrying out preventive and repressive efforts, especially for film copyright violators. The process of preventing film piracy is by registering copyright in order to obtain legal protection / legal certainty for the rights of his creations. This is an effort of Preventive Legal Protection. and can also File a lawsuit to the Commercial Court which is a Repressive Legal Protection.

Pirate and chill: The effect of netflix on illegal streaming

Over 188 million people in the United States use a subscription video streaming service, yet digital piracy remains prevalent and costs the U.S. economy an estimated $29.2 billion annually. This paper investigates the relationship between a movie's availability on Netflix, the largest video subscription service, and intent to illegally stream the movie. We leverage a contract dispute that caused Epix (a cable network company) to move all its movies from Netflix to Hulu, representing a substantial decrease in the legal streaming availability of these movies. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that reducing legal streaming access via the removal of Epix movies from Netflix results in a 20% increase in piracy intent relative to movies that remained on Netflix, as measured by Google search volume. This study contributes to the understanding of the substitution between legal streaming services and movie piracy and has implications for content owners deciding what platform to offer their movie on.

Економічні аспекти посилення захисту прав інтелектуальної власності

The present stage of development of the world economy is characterized by a spread of innovation, a rapid development of global and national protection systems and, especially, the protection of intellectual property. The dynamism of interstate relations is accompanied by an increase of various violations of intellectual property rights, including counterfeiting, falsification, piracy, and plagiarism. The purpose of the study is to generalize the global trends in the violation of intellectual property rights, identify the main problems in the protection of intellectual property rights in Ukraine within the context of strengthening the fight against violation of copyright and industrial property rights by the world's leading countries. Violations of intellectual property rights, including patent theft, trademark counterfeiting, copyright piracy, and trade secret theft, cause considerable material and financial damage to the rights holders. The problem of counterfeiting is currently spreading on a global scale and occurs in the production, transshipment and in the sale of large quantities of counterfeit goods. Counterfeit goods, especially foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals, bear risks to the health and safety of consumers. Online sales have become the newest channel for trading fraudulent and counterfeited goods. The bulk of counterfeited produce originate from a small group of economies, among which China, Hong Kong (province of China), Turkey, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates are in the lead. Escalated violations of intellectual property rights lead to a stronger protection of intellectual property rights in the USA and EU countries, and the appearance of special reports based on the results of monitoring and supervision of violations in trading partner countries. In recent years, Ukraine has been included in the US Priority Watch List of countries that do not ensure a proper protection of intellectual property rights and are monitored by the Office of the US Trade Representative. Besides, this country is in the second category of the European Commission’s Counterfeit and Piracy Watch List, which includes countries with the most serious problems in intellectual property protection. The status of a candidate country for EU membership requires Ukraine to harmonize its national legislation with the EU legislation in the field of intellectual property protection.

The Determinants of Digital Piracy Behaviour in Malaysia

The advancement of technology has facilitated sustainable and significant development in supporting digitalisation of business operations, including but not limited to electronic commerce, but also resulting in a significant increase in digital crimes, particularly online piracy. Many consumers seek out pirated content and the majority of them do not perceive it as something that could eventually harm the creative industry or perceive it as a wrong practice. Therefore, the problem of online piracy becomes rampant. This research investigates the direct and indirect relationships between deviant peer associations, perceived benefits, attitude towards digital piracy, subjective norms, self-efficacy, digital piracy intention and actual digital piracy behaviour. A total of 450 samples were gathered via an online self-administered questionnaire survey. The data was evaluated by structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). According to the statistical findings, all of the direct and indirect relationships among the seven variables are significantly supported. This study provides theoretical and managerial implications by demonstrating that digital piracy intention has a significant relationship on actual digital piracy behaviour as well as deviant peer associations have a significant relationship on an individual’s attitude towards digital piracy. This study concludes with some limitations and recommendations for the future digital piracy research.