Mushroom Strains Research Articles

Assessment of different marker systems for diversity analysis in monokaryotic lines of button mushroom strains using RAPDs, ISSRs, IRAPs and REMAPs

Assessment of different marker systems for diversity analysis in monokaryotic lines of button mushroom strains using RAPDs, ISSRs, IRAPs and REMAPs

STABILITY OF THE STRAINS OF BASIDIOMYCETES DURING STORAGE IN THE COLLECTION

Basidial macromycetes may be a material for the development of new biotechnologies, medical preparations, components of dietary nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary for the highest level of quality for maintenance and identification of mushroom strains in the collection. An important parameter, in this case, is a stability of isolated and described collection strains of basidiomycetes. Stability is one of the key issues of long-term preservation of pure culture collections. For the collection of medicinal basidiomycetes of ONU I.I. Mechnikov, which preserves by the method of periodic reseeding of colonies the strain stability had not been studied yet. The goal of this research is to study the stability of this collection by a growth rate of mushroom colonies and electrophoretic spectra of carboxylesterases after different times of storage of cultures on malt agar. In this research the strains of three age categories (1, 2 and 3 years) of storage on malt-agar medium at temperature 4 ° С for were tested. The radial growth rate of their vegetative mycelium and the spectra of multiple molecular forms of carboxylesterases by the method of vertical electrophoresis in 7% of polyacrylamide gel were investigated. It was established that the stability of the radial growth rate of A. auricula-judae, F. velutipes, G. lucidum the vegetative mycelium after different storage periods is high according to the values of variation coefficients. At the same time, the expression of molecular forms of carboxylesterase showed sufficient variability. Partially conservative molecular forms were detected in some age groups of strains, as well as for individual strains. Thus the growth rate of colonies is a stable indicator and the molecular forms of carboxylesterases of different ages strains are variable.

The effect of em preparations on the formation of the yield of different fungal strains of oyster mushrooms

The effect of em preparations on the formation of the yield of different fungal strains of oyster mushrooms

Quantification of Mushroom-Derived Soluble β-1,6-Glucan Using the Function-Modified Recombinant β-1,6-Glucanase.

Mushroom is one of the major sources of β-glucan used in medical applications and traditional therapies. Thus, structure analysis and quantification of β-glucan content is crucial to evaluate medicinal mushrooms. Most studies concerning mushroom-derived β-glucan have been focused on β-1,3-glucans. However, recent investigations suggest that β-1,6 glucans have important roles for immunomodulating activity. Therefore, to elucidate the fine structure of various mushroom-derived β-glucans, we recently developed a novel β-1,6 glucan detection system using the function-modified recombinant β-1,6-glucanase. In this study, we performed an ELISA-like assay using modified β-1,6-glucanase and soluble dectin-1-Fc as the probes for β-1,6-glucan and β-1,3-glucan, respectively. Reactivity of ELISA to crude hot water extracts of edible mushrooms (Grifola frondosa, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus tuoliensis, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, Hypsizygus marmoreus, and Lentinus edodes) was compared and L. edodes showed the strongest reactivity among them. An additional 19 different products of fresh L. edodes (shiitake mushroom) commercially available in Japan were also analyzed. This revealed limited differences in amounts of β-1,6-glucan and β-1,3-glucan in each shiitake mushroom. Furthermore, structural analysis of some purified β-glucans derived from medicinal mushrooms was performed, and their action for inducing tumor necrosis factor-α production from the murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated. We found relation between reactivity to modified β-1,6-glucanase and its cytokine inducing activity. This assay could be useful for evaluating the strains of edible or medicinal mushrooms, which may be used as alternative medicines.

Growth Assessment of Six Wild Syrian Oyster Mushroom Strains (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Three Nutrient Media

Growth Assessment of Six Wild Syrian Oyster Mushroom Strains (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Three Nutrient Media

Screening of Georgian Medicinal Mushrooms for Their Antibacterial Activity and Optimization of Cultivation Conditions for the Split Gill Medicinal Mushroom, Schizophyllum commune BCC64 (Agaricomycetes).

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity (ABA) of new mushroom strains collected from the mountain and plain forests of Georgia and belonging to different taxonomic groups. Of 30 Basidiomycetes strains tested on agar plates, Schizophyllum commune BCC64 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the diameter of inhibition zones (17 ± 1 mm and 19 ± 1 mm, respectively). Moreover, this mushroom showed strong activity against Staphylococcus enteritidis (11 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm), and Salmonella epidermitidis (12 mm). In the submerged cultivation in synthetic medium, xylose and glucose ensured the highest ABA toward S. aureus (70% inhibition in microplate rider tests) and E. coli (60%), respectively. Among lignocellulosic materials tested in the submerged and solid-state fermentation, mandarin marc was found to be an excellent growth substrate for ABA accumulation by Sch. commune 64. Of six nitrogen sources, KNO3 favored the mushroom ABA increase against both bacteria. The suitability of the developed nutrient medium has been proven in 7 L fermenter. After fermentation, ethyl acetate extract obtained from culture liquid and ethanol extract obtained from mycelial biomass of Sch. commune 64 showed the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli (0.5 and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively) and S. aureus (1 mg/mL for both extracts).

Comparison of Anti-oxidant Activity of Five Elected Wild Commercial Mushrooms in Four Different Solvents as an Alternative Oxidative Stress Reliever

Mushroom also known as a lit source of nutritional and therapeutical component so in order toevaluate the usefulness of the Pakistani wild mushroom strains as the possible nutracueticals, adetailedstudy entailing several tests for the determination of anti-oxidant potential was carried out on the electedmushrooms in four different solvents. Strains of Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella volvacea,Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum were extracted for this particular purpose in the water, n- butanol,n-hexane and choloroform solvents. Test models including Total Phenolic Content assay, Total FlavonoidContent assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Scavenging Activity assay and Reducing Powerassay were utilized for carrying out the comparative analysis among the selected mushrooms. The acquiredresults indicated that the extract of Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus eryngii possess copacetic anti-oxidantpotential and can be utilized as oxidative stress reliever in humans. Furthermore, extraction studies alsoindicated that water is the most suitable solvent for anti-oxidants extraction for these mushrooms. Finding ofthe anti-oxidant potential for elected wild mushrooms contra indicate that these mushrooms can be safelyexploited as a amended natural anti-oxidant in comparison to its synthetic counterpart.

Morphological Characteristics, Yield Performance, and Medicinal Value of Some Lingzhi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Strains Cultivated in Tam Dao, Vietnam

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological efficiency and main bioactive components of three G. lucidum strains, viz. GA1, GA2, and GA3, cultivated in Tam Dao town. The results demonstrated that all strains were capable of growing well on PDA medium supplemented with rice bran. The time required for complete colonization was 9 days. All tested strains of G. lucidum were able to adapt to climate conditions and produce fruiting bodies with satisfactory yield (13-17%), and therefore, they could be considered suitable candidates for commercial cultivation of G. lucidum in Tam Dao. No significant differences in polysaccharide content were observed among all strains. High concentrations of lucidenic N acid (0.33 mg g-1) and ganoderic acid (2.38 mg g-1) were determined in strain GA3. However, the highest ganodermanontriol content was detected in the strain GA1 with 0.3 mg g-1.

Yield Evaluation of Different Strains of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella Spp.)

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is an edible mushroom, which has a high demand in Angul district of Odisha due to its taste, aroma and nutritive value. Two species namely OSM-11 and OSM-12 were experimentally evaluated on treated paddy straw with 2 % lime solution. OSM-11 was observed to perform best with highest productivity in total production in number (51) and weight of (1052.03g). In the present study both OSM-11and OSM-12 were performed better as compared to the farmers practised paddy straw mushroom. With respect to pin head formation and fructification both the species shows 2-3 days delay than Volvariella volvacea and also delayed harvesting of 1-2 days indicating no significant delay in the duration of the crop raising. The lowest biological and economical yields were found in Volvariella volvaceae (700.45g). The above findings reveal an opportunity for commercial implication of paddy straw mushroom especially for utilization of different strains of paddy straw mushroom.

Study of Waste Products as Supplements in the Production and Quality of Pleurotus ostreatus var. Florida.

Among the cultivated mushroom, the genus Pleurotus is the second largest produced worldwide and the most produced in Brazil. The application of agricultural by-products (wastes) as substrate supplement is an effective approach to generate quality food while promoting a circular economy in agriculture. The manuscript evaluates the three key aspects of this practice: (1) the response of different mushroom strains to supplementation, (2) the use of agricultural by-products with different N content, and (3) the efficacy of certain preliminary treatments applied to the supplements. To this end, production and nutritional quality of the mushroom were tested along the crop cycle. Compared to the control substrate, the yield increased by 11, 26, 30 and 42% in the first flush and by 86 and 31% in the second flush. Supplementation resulted in an increment of the fiber and protein content of mushroom and a decline of carbohydrate and lipid content of mushroom.

Protective roles of trehalose in Pleurotus pulmonarius during heat stress response

High temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit edible mushroom growth and development. The understanding of physiological alterations in response to heat stress and the corresponding mechanisms involved is vital for the breeding of heat-resistant edible mushroom strains. Although trehalose functions as a protectant against abiotic stresses in fungi, the putative role of trehalose in thermotolerance remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found heat stress inhibited the growth of two Pleurotus pulmonarius strains, heat-sensitive and less-sensitive, and the inhibition was more significant for the sensitive strain. Heat stress leads to the increase of lipid peroxidation and intracellular trehalose accumulation, with a higher level in the heat-sensitive strain, and this effect is independent of exogenous trehalose application. In addition, a lower concentration of exogenous trehalose application in sensitive strain than in less-sensitive strain was found to alleviate the inhibition of mycelium growth and further increase the intracellular trehalose concentration by heat stress. Thus, the protective effects of trehalose were more remarkable in the sensitive strain. The activities of intracellular trehalose metabolic enzymes, i.e., trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, trehalose phosphorylase and neutral trehalase, were determined, and our data indicated that the changes of these enzymes activities in the sensitive strain were more beneficial to accumulate trehalose than that in the less-sensitive strain.

Monokariotic fruiting body and clamp cell formation in Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Bunaharitake)

Abstract The ability to produce monokaryotic fruiting bodies and clamp cells in culture was examined in monokaryotic strain isolated from several dikaryotic parental strains of the edible mushroom, Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Bunaharitake). We describe a single dikaryotic M. aitchisonii strain, TUFC50005, and 20 monokaryons derived from it, which exhibited a wide spectrum of monokaryotic fruiting types. Most strains formed primordia, or young fruiting body-like structures, but only one of the monokaryons, strain TUFC50005-4, formed a fruiting body, even though it had only one nucleus and produced only two spores after meiosis. We demonstrated that dikariotization was not required for clamp cell formation, fruiting body formation, or meiosis, in this mushroom.

Comparison of Mono- and Dikaryotic Medicinal Mushrooms Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activity.

Mono- and dikaryotic medicinal mushroom strains isolated from four wood-rotting basidiomycete fruiting bodies were comparatively evaluated for laccase, manganese peroxidase, cellulase, and xylanase activities in submerged cultivation in glucose or mandarin peel-containing media. Mandarin peels appeared to be the preferred growth substrate for laccase production by both mono- and dikaryotic Trametes multicolor 511 and T. versicolor 5 while glucose favored laccase activity secretion by Pleurotus ostreatus 2175. Lignocellulose-deconstructing enzyme profiles were highly variable between the studied monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains. A distinctive superiority of enzyme activity of the dikaryotic Trametes versicolor 5 and P. ostreatus 2175 over the same species monokaryotic isolates was revealed. By contrast, laccase, cellulase, and xylanase activities of the monokaryotic strain of T. multicolor 511 were rather higher than those in the dikaryotic culture. At the same time, hydrolases activity of Schizophyllum commune 632 was practically independent of the origin of the fungal culture. The results suggest that the monokaryotic isolates derived from the basidiomycetes fruiting bodies inherit parental properties but the capacity of individual monokaryotic cultures to produce lignocellulose-deconstructing enzymes can vary considerably.

Biodiversity of Bacteria Associated with Eight Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) P. Kumm. Strains from Poland, Japan and the USA.

Few publications report the occurrence of bacteria associated with fungal cells. The presence of bacteria associated with one strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) P. Kumm. was described in the literature. We describe the biodiversity of bacteria associated with eight oyster mushroom strains from Japan, Poland, and the USA. The presence of microorganisms associated with all tested P. ostreatus strains was confirmed using fluorescent microscopy. Among 307 sequences, 233 of clones representing 34 genera and 74 sequences were identified as Bacteria. Most of the bacteria associated with the strain PUSAS were related to E. coli and two clones were related to Cupriavidus genus. The biodiversity of clones isolated from fungal strains originating from Japan and Poland ranged from 15 to 32 different bacterial clones. The most often the bacteria related to genus Curvibacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas, and Propionibacterium were associated with the strains of fungi mentioned above. Laccase-like (LMCO) genes were identified in whole bacterial DNA isolated from the associated bacteria but β-glucosidase and β-xylanase genes were not detected.

Effect of Sesbania sesban on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Basidiomycota, and properties of spent mushroom compost outcome

AbstractBecause wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p<0.05) effect on the size of button mushroom fruits. WHS1 compost exhibited the best diameter of pileus at 5.28 cm while WCS1 compost showed the lowest diameter reaching 4.68 cm. A. bisporus C9 had the longest stipe while A. bisporus F599 has the greatest cap diameter.A. bisporus F599 showed a larger ratio of the diameter of pileus to the length of stipe (DP/ LS ratio) (1.14) compared with C9 (1.07). C:N ratios of compost decreased significantly (p<0.05) after cultivation of mushrooms because of the high increase of nitrogen content in spent mushroom compost (SMC). Finally, the straw of S. sesban is suitable as a supplement for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

Cadmium-Resistant Oyster Mushrooms from North China for Mycoremediation

Macrofungi have been advocated to be a promising remediation material for heavy metal pollution. This study aimed to screen for cadmium (Cd)-tolerant oyster mushroom strains which may be used as biomaterials for Cd remediation in North China. To this end, 43 oyster mushroom strains were collected across North China and subject to Cd inhibition test. Phylogenetic affiliation of the tolerant strains was identified using molecular fingerprinting, and representative Cd-tolerant strains were characterized in terms of their Cd sorption capacity. Two strains, JINONG21 and SUYIN6 affiliated with Pleurotus ostreatus, were found to be highly tolerant to Cd, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 4 mg L−1 Cd and a maximal tolerant concentration of 80 mg L−1 Cd under the test conditions. Meanwhile, JINONG21 and SUYIN6 were able to absorb up to 676 mg kg−1 and 970 mg kg−1 Cd in their mycelia in the culture medium with 20 mg L−1 Cd, respectively. In conclusion, the P. ostreatus strains identified in this study presented an outstanding capacity of Cd tolerance and sorption and could be promising biomaterials for Cd remediation in North China.

INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON MYCELIAL GROWTH OF THREE OYSTER MUSHROOM STRAINS

The mycelial growth rate of three oyster mushroom strains namely Pleurotus erengii, P. ostreatus and P. florida was examined on six different agar media (malt extract, Potato dextrose, rose bengal, corn meal, czapek’s dox and waksman’s glucose agar media) to select the most suitable one. Effect of pH was also examined at different values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the selected medium. Results indicated that Malt extract agar medium was the most suitable one for mycelium growth of all the tested mushroom strains, being the highest (9 cm ) for P. erengii and P. ostreatus at pH 7 and 9 cm at pH 6 -6.5 for P. florida after 6 days of incubation. The mycelia growth of the tested oyster mushroom strains was also examined at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35oC) and different levels of relative humidity (50, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 100 %) on malt extract agar medium. The highest mycelial growth rate was obtained at 25°C and relative humidity of 65% after 6 days of incubation for the three tested oyster mushrooms.

Effect of ultraviolet C irradiation on growth and antibacterial activity of Fomitopsis betulina (Bull.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han and Y.C. Dai

The using of ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation is nowadays one of the effective ways of obtaining a new mutant mushroom species with higher yield and synthesis of biologically active metabolites. Of particular interest is the acquisition by mutant mushrooms the new therapeutic properties. Effect of UVC irradiation on the mycelium growth and antibacterial activity of Fomitopsis betulina culture liquid has been studied. The cultures of F. betulina grown in glucose-peptone-yeast agar culture medium (GPY) three and ten days were exposed to UVC radiation (λ=254 nm) with durations from five to sixty minutes at distance of 0.3 m and twelve-days-old cultures were subcultured on GPY for further study of biomass production and inhibition of bacteria growth. F. betulina mycelium growth increased after 15 min of UVC exposure but not significantly changed by among all treatments, as well as color and odor. This duration of UVC radiation exposure with dose of radiation 0.85 kJ/sm2 caused a stimulating effect of biomass production irrespective of the growth phase of irradiated culture (at the beginning of growth or at actively growing period). Antibacterial activity of F. betulina culture liquid against Bacillus subtilis decreased with increase in the time of exposure. The highest action against Staphylococcus aureus recorded after 5 min of UVC exposure (0.28 kJ/sm2 radiation dose), and then also decreased. Antibacterial ability of F. betulina culture liquid against Escherichia coli increased significantly compared to the control and the highest action was found after UVC irradiation for 15 min (0.85 kJ/sm2 radiation dose). The obtained knowledge can be applied to obtain new mushroom strains with better therapeutic properties.

Molecular identification of some wild Nigerian mushrooms using internal transcribed spacer: polymerase chain reaction

Identification of fungal species based on morphological characteristics is tedious, complex, prone to errors, and thus cannot be completely relied upon. In this study, internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 4)—polymerase chain reaction was employed to amplify DNA of 19 mushroom isolates collected at Environmental Pollution Science and Technology farm, Ilesa, Southwest Nigeria. The PCR amplification of ITS1 and 4 of the mushrooms isolates yielded approximately 850 bp. Amplicons obtained were sequenced and identified using BLASTn in the NCBI. The BLASTn results revealed that Termitomyces aurantiacus (3), Tricholoma matsutake (8), Tricholoma robustum (2), P. ostreatus (4), Schizophyllum commune (1) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (1) were fully represented. Only Tricholoma matsutake (KT273371), Pleurotus pulmonarius (KY962469) and Tricholoma matsutake (AF438605) had 100% similarity with reference strain. However, the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed low genetic relatedness with reference strains. This study revealed the novelty of the mushroom strains and thus advocating the need for strict conservation measures and further investigations on their potential benefits to mankind.

Biochemical characterization and efficacy of Pleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma parent and hybrid mushroom strains as biofertilizers of attapulgite for wheat and tomato growth

Pleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma are mushrooms which have various properties and should be explored as bioresources for various uses such as biofertilizers for sustainable intensification of agriculture. Pleurotus, Lentinus and Ganoderma species and intra- and inter-specific/generic hybrids produced with the dual culture technique were evaluated for chitinase and esterase activities, phosphate solubilization ability, siderophore production, mycelia growth, and efficacy as biofertilizers using semi-quantitative assays. All parent and selected hybrid strains were assessed as biofertilizers in attapulgite for wheat and tomato cultivation. Correlations between biochemical characteristics, plant root and shoot biomass, and microbial loads and ergosterol content of tomato cultivation substrate post-harvest were determined. Biochemical characteristics studied were mushroom strain-specific, independent on mycelia growth rate and were altered in hybrids. Esterase production was strain-dependent and precipitates produced differed in size. This is the first report of siderophore production by P. tuber-regium, L. squarrosulus and Ganoderma sp. from Ghana as well as alteration of siderophore production by intra-species/generic and inter-generic hybrid strains. Biofertilizer efficacy of parent strains and intra- and inter-specific/generic hybrids was mushroom strain- and plant species-specific. L. squarrosulus strain SqW and P. sajor-caju strain PScW were most efficacious strains for wheat and tomato cultivation respectively. Fungal (3.65–5.40 cfu g−1) and bacterial (0–6.43 cfu g−1) colony counts after tomato cultivation varied among treatments. Ergosterol concentration in all treatments (0.07–0.96 µg g−1) were higher than in control treatment (0.05 µg g−1). Chitinase activity and siderophore production of mushroom strains positively correlated with both wheat and tomato growth. Utilization of mushrooms as biofertilizers will enhance food security.