Murraya Koenigii Leaf Research Articles

In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii, Aegle marmelos and Laurus nobilis

This study investigates the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf), Aegle marmelos (bael) and Laurus nobilis (bay leaf) using in vitro assays. The plants have been traditionally used in Indian medicinal systems for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of Murraya koenigii, fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos and leaves of Laurus nobilis were prepared. The total phenolic content and total flavanoid content was also determined in these aqueous extracts. They were tested for their ability to scavange free radicals by DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay which are elevated during various metabolic disorders. The results suggest that all the three plants exhibited significant antioxidant activities. But strongest antioxidant properties were exhibited by Murraya koenigii leaf extract followed by the pulp of Aegle marmelos and lowest antioxidant activity was exhibited by Laurus nobilis extract, supporting their use in traditional medicine and potential development into therapeutic agents. So, this research suggested that these medicinal plants possess a significant antioxidant potential and are important source of natural antioxidants and can be effectively used in treating oxidative stress disorders. As a result, the study's significant findings demonstrate that it is a step towards evidence-based phytomedicine.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii Leaf Extract and its Thrombolytic Activity.

Plants have been used for ages in traditional medicine, and it is exciting to perceive how recent research has recognized the bioactive compounds liable for their beneficial effects. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a hastily emergent research area in nanotechnology. This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii leaf extract and its thrombolytic activity. The aim of the study was to determine the clot lysis activity of Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii synthesized silver nanoparticles. Leaves of Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii were collected. Methanolic extraction of the plant sample was done through a Soxhlet extractor. The methanolic extract obtained from both the leaves was subjected to GC-MS analysis. The synthesized NPs from leaf extracts were monitored for analysis, where the typical X-ray diffraction pattern and its diffraction peaks were identified. 3D image of the NPs was analysed by Atomic Force Microscopy. The surface charge of nanoparticles was identified by Zeta potential. The Clot lysis activity of Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii synthesized silver nanoparticles were analysed by the modified Holmstorm method. The thrombolytic property of the methanolic extract of plants Coriandrum sativum showed clot lysis activity at 2.5 mg/mL with 45.99% activity, and Murraya koenigii extract with 66.56% activity. The nanoparticles (Nps) from Coriandrum sativum showed clot lysis activity at 2.5 mg/mL with 58.29% activity, and NPs from Murraya koenigii with 54.04% activity. Coriandrum sativum in GC-MS exhibited 3 peaks, whereas Murraya koenigii extract showed five peaks with notable bioactive compounds. These NPs were further used for biomedical applications after being fixed by an organic encapsulation agent. The present research reveals the usefulness of Coriandrum sativum and Murraya koenigii for the environmentally friendly manufacture of silver nanoparticles.

Facile green synthesis of Zn doped MoO3 nanoparticles and its photocatalytic and photoluminescence studies

In the field of nanoscience, the use of plant components for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is currently gaining popularity and has several advantages over physicochemical methods. Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf powder was used as the green fuel in the effective synthesis of the Zinc-doped molybdenum trioxide (Zn-MoO3) NPs by the green combustion method. The green synthesized NPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, UV–Vis and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy techniques. The XRD pattern revealed the presence of an orthorhombic phase. The Tauc relation was used to calculate the energy band gap value of the samples found to be between 2.9 and 3.1 eV. The prepared NPs emit cyan light. Latent fingerprint analysis has revealed more distinct patterns in the near UV region (365 nm) and is useful in forensic investigations. The Rose Bengal (RB) dye degradation experiments are carried out under UV light exposure. Zn-MoO3 NPs have greater degradation efficiency than pure MoO3 NPs. Up to 99 % dye degradation is achieved in 150 min. After 3 photocatalysis cycles, the recycling test detects only an 8% decrease in photocatalyst efficiency. The obtained results proved that Zn-doped MoO3 NPs are the most suitable photocatalyst for RB degradation.

Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extracts Against Pathogenic Bacterial Strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Contaminated Water

Aim: Murraya koenigii is a widely used plant both as a potential medicinal agent and also for common cooking purposes. Aim of this present study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 
 Study Design: Screening and isolation of pathogenic bacterial strains from contaminated water. Preparation of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts using petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate by using serial extraction method with Soxhlet apparatus.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of microbiology, Agro biotec research centre Ltd, Poovanthuruthu, Kottayam, Kerala, India, between 2014 January to 2014 May.
 Methodology: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the bacterial strains used in this study. Morphological and biochemical analysis of microorganisms were conducted to identify the strains. Leaf extracts (petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate) of Murraya koenigii were screened using MHA disc diffusion methods.
 Results: Various concentration of plant extracts were used to check its activity against isolated pathogens. Acetone extract of curry leaves exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and petroleum ether extracts shown maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli.

Biogenic synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of cerium nanoparticles for treatment of dyes contaminated water

In this study, Murraya Koenigii leaf extract mediated cerium oxide nanoparticles (Ce-NPs) were synthesized using an eco-friendly approach. The surface morphology, elemental composition, surface functional groups, crystal structure and thermal stability of the synthesized Ce-NPs were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The synthesized Ce-NPs were evaluated for their photocatalytic activity with respect to degradation of methylene blue dye (MBD) and acid orange-7 dye (AO7D) aqueous solution in the presence of sunlight. The dye degradation activity of the developed Ce-NPs was analyzed by the analysis of absorbance in treated and untreated aqueous dyes solution using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The result of the study inferred that Ce-NPs have promising photocatalytic degradation ability (>98 %) for both AO7D and MBD (concentration = 10 mg L−1 of each dye) within 100 min exposure to sunlight.

Evaluation of Synergistic Hypolipidemic Activity of Murraya koenigii and Atorvastatin suspension in Hyperlipidemic rats

The purpose of this study is to assess the hypolipidemic potential of formulated suspensions of atorvastatin, alcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii and their combination on hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in all groups except negative control group, using High Fat Diet (HFD). Formulated suspensions of Murayya koenigii leaf extract, atorvastatin and its combination were administered to HFD fed rats for 28 days. Treatment related changes in body weights were recorded. Extraction of Murraya koenigii was carried out by maceration. After completion of treatments, blood samples were collected immediately and serum separated was used for the estimation of lipid profile and glucose levels. Treatment with all the formulated suspensions shows significant normalization of body weight compared with positive control group (62.5±3.14) in HFD fed animals. The effect of combined suspension was more pronounced (40.08±4.86) and shows significant reduction in body weight gain, P<0.01 than that of Murraya koenigii leaf extract (57.94 ±4.36) or atorvastatin suspensions (45.97± 4.48) alone. Combined suspension also exhibits significant reduction, P<0.001 in serum TC, TG, LDL and VLDL. It also enhanced the cardio protective lipid HDL after 28 days of treatment. A significant reduction in serum glucose levels were noted with suspension of Murraya koenigii leaf extract alone, P<0.05 compared with positive control. It is possible to draw the conclusion from the current study that combining atorvastatin and Murraya koenigii leaf extract in a suspension may have had a synergistic effect on lowering body weight and hypolipidemic activity.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii leaf extract with efficient catalytic, antimicrobial, and sensing properties towards heavy metal ions

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii leaf extract with efficient catalytic, antimicrobial, and sensing properties towards heavy metal ions

Green synthesis and characterization of mixed-phase Fe2O3 nanorods as a novel magnetically recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for Biginelli synthesis

For the first time, mixed-phase (Hematite and Maghemite) magnetic Fe2O3 nanorods were successfully biosynthesis by sol-gel auto-combustion method using the 1:1 mixture of Eucalyptus citriodora and Murraya koenigii leaf extract as a capping agent, and its catalytic effect on synthesis of 6-(chloromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone (THPMs) derivatives were investigated. Further, the phase formation, surface topography, and crystallinity of biosynthesized Fe2O3 nanorods (NRs) were explored using powder XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), UVDRS (UV–Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray), and VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometry). Furthermore, the catalytic activity of biosynthesized Fe2O3 NRs (C1, C2, and C3) was examined for one-pot synthesis of ethyl 6-(chloromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-oxo-4-arylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate via Biginelli reaction. To achieve high yields (93–99 %) of 6-(chloromethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone derivatives, this heterogeneous catalytic method is used with a wide range of aromatic aldehydes within a minimum reaction time, simple reaction work-up, and easily recoverable catalyst by an external magnet. The recovered catalyst is then employed for five successive cycles without non-noticeable loss of catalytic activity. We believe that this protocol presents a broad scope for Biginelli reaction through greenly produced and magnetically separable heterogeneous catalysts.

Photocatalytic Organic Contaminant Degradation of Green Synthesized ZrO2 NPs and Their Antibacterial Activities

The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is an efficient, simple, and chemical-free method of producing nanoparticles. The present work reports the synthesis of Murraya koenigii-mediated ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) and their applications as a photocatalyst and antibacterial agent. Capping and stabilization of metal oxide nanoparticles were achieved by using Murraya koenigii leaf extract. The optical, structural, and morphological valance of the ZrO2 NPs were characterized using UV-DRS, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM with EDX, TEM, and XPS. An XRD analysis determined that ZrO2 NPs have a monoclinic structure and a crystallite size of 24 nm. TEM and FESEM morphological images confirm the spherical nature of ZrO2 NPs, and their distributions on surfaces show lower agglomerations. ZrO2 NPs showed high optical absorbance in the UV region and a wide bandgap indicating surface oxygen vacancies and charge carriers. The presence of Zr and O elements and their O=Zr=O bonds was categorized using EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. The plant molecules’ interface, bonding, binding energy, and their existence on the surface of ZrO2 NPs were established from XPS analysis. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZrO2 NPs was examined under visible light irradiation. The 94% degradation of toxic MB dye was achieved within 20 min. The antibacterial inhibition of ZrO2 NPs was tested against S. aureus and E. coli pathogens. Applications of bio-synthesized ZrO2 NPs including organic substance removal, pathogenic inhibitor development, catalysis, optical, and biomedical development were explored.

Antihyperlipidemic property of Murraya koenigii ethanolic leaf extract on lipid profile of rats fed with cholesterol-enriched diets.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of orally administered ethanolic leaf extract of Murraya koenigii on lipid profile of rats fed with cholesterol-enriched diets for 14 days. The study was carried out on 20 male wistar rats divided into 4 groups (n=5). All animals were given ad libitum access to drinking water. Group A was the control group and received normal rat chow, group B received cholesterol-enriched diet (CED); while group C and D received cholesterol-enriched diet and were treated with 200mg and 400mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Murraya koenigii leaf respectively. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture on the last day of the experiment for biochemical analysis. Lipid profile was determined by Colorimetric method. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences in means were compared using ANOVA and Students T-test, P-values ≤ 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in Total cholesterol (TC) level (117.4 ± 4.6) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level (50.1 ± 4.7) of group B rats when compared to other groups. The MK (400 mg/kg) treated rats, showed a significant reduction in TC and LDL-c levels, and a significant increase in HDL-c level when compared to CED group. However, there were no significant changes in all the lipid parameters of the treated groups when compared to the control. This study shows that cholesterol-enriched diet causes dyslipidemia and Murraya koenigii exhibited significant hypolipidemic effect on serum TC and LDL-c and increases HDL-c. Hence, Murraya koenigii exhibit antihyperlipidemic properties. Keywords: Murraya Koenigii, hyperlipidemia, Lipid profile, Cholesterol-enriched diet.

Growth and reproduction of earthworm eudrilus eugeniae in murraya koenigii leaf litter

Reproduction potential of vermicomposting earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae using Murraya koenigii leaf litter with cow dung and garden soil used as the mixed substrates. The growth and reproductive potential of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and the number of juveniles, cocoons and adults were higher in experimental setup T1 (100% cow dung alone). In curry leaf Murraya koenigii were suppressed the growth and reproduction of earthworm, it might be due to the higher concentration of chemical compounds Alpha-caryophyllene, 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxamide, Phenanthrene in the leaf and the physico chemical parameters were observed on the initial substrate, 45th day substrate and vermiwash. Compared to all experimental treatments the growth and reproduction potential of adult (21.82±2.17), juvenile (12.88±1.30) and cocoon (5.66±0.78) production increased in the T1 setup.

Synergism effect of Murraya koneigii and Piper betle leaves extracts on antibacterial activity against Gram Positive bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance has become the major threat to the health worldwide. It has lead to the ineffective impact of the ability of the substance or antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Therefore,there is a need to find a new alternative to overcome the problem by using natural products. In this study Piper betle (P. betle) and Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) leaf extracts were used to measure their synergism effect towards antimicrobial treatments. Previous study has shown that both plants has shown their ability in inhibiting the growth of bacteria separately. Three different concentration ratios of the synergised leaf extracts were used with 1:1(P.betle:M. koenigii) ratios, 2:1 (P.betle:M. koenigii) ratios and 1:2 (P.betle:M.koenigii) ratios.The synergised leaf extracts was at the highest inhibition zone with combination of 2:1 ratio of P.betle and M. koenigii with 22.6mm. However, it does not have the greater inhibition ability as compared to the P.betle leaf extract with 28.1mm . Therefore, from the study, antagonism effect was discovered when both plant extracts were combined.

Murraya koenigii mediated synthesis of cobalt doped NiO nanoparticles: Evaluation of structural, optical properties and anti-bacterial activity

Recently, the synthesis of nanoparticles using phytoextracts has been focused worldwide due to their reduced chemical toxicity. We prepared NiO and Co-doped NiO nanoparticles using Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts to replace synthetic bactericides. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, and EDAX analytical techniques. According to XRD analysis, the green synthesised NiO and Co-doped NiO nanoparticles have a crystalline cubic structure. NiO and Co-doped NiO nanoparticles showed a characteristic absorption peak at 348 nm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the functional groups of biomolecules present in the synthesised materials. The size of the prepared nanoparticles was found to be 80–250 nm as observed through SEM analysis. Enhanced antibacterial activity was observed for Co doped NiO against gram negative (Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae ), gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus , and Bacillus) bacterial strains. • Murraya Koenigii leaf extracts assisted green synthesis was adopted to prepare NiO and Co doped NiO nanoparticles. • The effect of Co doping on structural, optical and morphological properties of NiO nanoparticles were analysed. • The excellent antimicrobial activity of pure and doped NiO nanoparticles were reported.

Biology of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Curry Leaf, Murraya koenigii

Biology of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) was evaluated on curry leaf Murraya koenigii. The study revealed that D. citri is an important pest of ‘curry leaf’ in homestead gardens, farmer’s fields and forest areas in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The hatching percentage of the eggs was 80.25±3.47%, while the viability of the nymphal instars was 65.2±2.49%. The total nymphal period was 13.40±1.23 days. Adults emerged after 4-5 (4.4±0.50) days from fifth instar nymphs that took 35-40 minutes to emerge. The males lived for 24.94±0.65 days, with a total developmental period of 37.058±2.20 days, whereas the females survived for 39.81±0.53 days, having a total developmental period of 42.94±3.21 days. Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods lasted for 2.75 ± 0.71, 22.6 ±5.18 and 3.35±1.03 days, respectively. Female fecundity was recorded to be 550-800 (692.90 ± 99.34) eggs per female.

Efficacy of Some Plants as Insecticide Against Callosobruchus maculatus Reared on Black Gram Seeds

: Plant extracts/powders have potential to employ as promising and encouraged alternatives to synthetic insecticides in controlling stored grain pest. During present study, trials were carried out with five plants leaves powders [Grewia optiva leaf powder (GOLP), Morus alba leaf powder (MALP), Murraya koenigii leaf powder (MKLP), Ficus carica leaf powder (FCLP) and Ricinus communis leaf powder (RCLP)]. Highest insecticidal efficacy against oviposition and emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus were recorded after treatment with Ricinus communis leaf powder (RCLP). RCLP also offered maximum protection of black gram seeds applied at the dose of 20 g/kg seeds of black gram. Within seven days pest mortality percentile was maximum (86.67 %) as compared to other leaf powders. Whereas in untreated control, zero mortality was recorded. The lowest fecundity (186.6±3.91), pest emergence (95.4±2.89), seed damage (18.00%), and weight loss (5.28%) were noted with RCLP at the dose of 10.0 g/kg. In ovicidal treatment, RCLP inhibited the entire tested population emergence at 10 and 20 g/kg black gram seeds. The complete inhibition was also observed in 1st and 2nd instar larvae. Treatment of 3rd and 4th instar larvae with RCLP showed inhibition.

A BUCOLIC REMEDY OF FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL HAIR OIL

Objective: The birth of cosmetics forms an incessant narrative throughout the past of man as they developed. The present study aimed to formulate polyherbal hair oil using various efficient herbs. Methods: Hair oil formulation of Cocos nucifera (oil), Ricinus communis (oil), Brassica juncea (oil), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Seeds), Murraya koenigii (Leaf), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Flowers), Nigella sativa (seeds), and Cinnamomum camphora in the form of polyherbal oil using boiling method. These ingredients are rich in various phytochemicals, vitamins, proteins, antioxidants, and so many other constituents which are important for the growth and rejuvenation of the hair cycle. Evaluation of hair oil carries out by various parameters such as sensitivity test, acid value, saponification value, phytochemical screening, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, and irritation test. Results: All the values of evaluation are within the acceptable limit. As compared to market formulations, this herbal oil having minimal or zero adverse effects. Conclusion: It is concluded that formulated hair oil boost hair growth, decrease hair fall, dandruff, gray hair, and gives lustrous and shiny hairs.

Efficacy of some indigenous products against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch

An experiment was conducted in field during 2017-18 for efficiency evaluation of seven indigenous products along with a check (imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 20g a.i /ha) to manage Aphis craccivora Koch on cowpea. In the bio-efficacy study, leaf extract of Polygonum hydropiper at 5% was found to be most effective and efficient in aphid population reduction (up to 77.48%), followed by neem oil at 1% (74.11%), Ocimum sanctum leaf extract at 5% (74.00%), Murraya koenigii leaf extract at 5% (70.96%), ash at 10 kg/ha (68.04%), river sand + neem leaf powder at 10 kg/ha (3:1 ratio) (44.48%) and ash + river sand at 10 kg/ha (5:1 ratio) (42.53%) after 7 days of spraying.

Catalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye and Antibacterial study of silver nanoparticles obtained using Murraya Koenigii leaf Extract

Introduction: The development of eco-friendly, cost-effective green protocol for the synthesis of nanomaterials is a significant feature of nanobiotechnology connecting synthesis of nanomaterials using microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi as well as plant and animal based products (1). There is much room of more development in the synthesis of nanoparticles using different biological resources as the source of reducing and stabilizing agents and their potential applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of great interests owing to their optical, electrical, catalytic, and antibacterial properties (1). For waste-water treatment, nanoparticles can exhibit effectiveness in catalytic dye degradation due to the characteristic catalytic properties of nanoparticles (2). In this paper, we have demonstrated an eco-friendly green approach for the room temperature synthesis of biocompatible AgNPs by the reduction of aqueous silver ions using Murraya koenigii (Mk) leaf extract. Methods: The aqueous plant extract was prepared by taking 10 g of pulverized Mk leaves in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 60 mL of Milli-Q water and refluxed it for 15 min with constant stirring using magnetic stirrer (2). 9 mL (0.625%) NH3 solution was added to 2 L of 10-3 M aqueous AgNO3 solution followed by the addition of 90 mL of aqueous Mk leaf extract at controlled pH = 7 and homogenized by using a magnetic stirrer. Then the reaction mixture was kept for 5 h at room temperature followed by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 30 min. The envisaged color change from transparent yellow to dark brownish indicates the formation of AgNPs (2). Results & Discussions: Synthesized AgNPs were well characterized by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, DLS, HRTEM and EDX studies. AgNPs would exhibit SPR band at 402 nm. FTIR studies confirmed the presence of different biomolecules responsible for the stabilization as well as formation of AgNPs. Surface morphologies and size distribution of synthesized AgNPs were determined by HRTEM and DLS techniques, respectively. The average particle size was found 20 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline lattice of AgNPs. EDX studies confirmed the presence of elemental silver (Ag). AgNPs can act as photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) used as a model cationic dye. AgNPs were nontoxic in nature as concluded from cytotoxicity studies and also exhibited substantial antibacterial activities towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: In the present study, stable AgNPs were successfully prepared by a green route using aqueous Murraya koenigii leaf extract in simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly way using less hazardous reagents and solvents, and thereby non-toxic towards both human health and the environment. AgNPs were almost spherical in shape, crystalline in nature, with an average diameter of 20 nm. AgNPs showed catalytic activity for the degradation of a cationic dye MB. AgNPs were nontoxic in nature and can exhibit considerable antibacterial activity towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: Biosynthesis, AgNPs, photocatalysis, methylene blue, antibacterial activity Acknowledgment: UKS would like to acknowledge financial support from the projects funded by the DHESTBT (Department of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Biotechnology), Government of West Bengal (Memo no. 161(sanc)/ST/P/S&T/9G-50/2017.

Variation in biosynthesis of an effective anticancer secondary metabolite, mahanine in Murraya koenigii, conditional on soil physicochemistry and weather suitability

Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf being a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites has received inordinate attention in drug development research. Formation of secondary plant metabolite(s) in medicinal plants depends on several factors and in this study the cause of variation in bioavailability and content of a vital bioactive phytochemical, mahanine in the MK leaves from different geographical locations of varying soil properties and weather parameters was determined. Accordingly, MK leaves and soil samples around the plant base in quintuplicate from each site across five states of India at similar time point were collected. Mahanine content was determined and compared among samples from different regions. The quantitative analysis data comprised that MK-leaves of southern part of India contains highest amount of mahanine, which is 16.9 times higher than that of MK-leaves of north-eastern part of India (which measured as the lowest). The results suggested that pH, conductivity and bacterial populations of the soil samples were positively correlated with mahanine content in the MK-leaves. For examples, the average soil pH of the southern India sites was in basic range (8.8 ± 0.6); whereas that of the north-east India sites was in slightly acidic ranges (6.1 ± 0.5) and mean soil conductivity value for the north east India soils was 78.3 ± 16.3 µS/cm against mean value of 432.4 ± 204.5 µs/cm for south India soils. In conclusion, this study proclaims that higher level of bioactive phytochemical, mahanine in MK leaves depending upon geographical location, weather suitability and soil’s physiochemical and microbial parameters of its cultivation sites.

Evaluation of Toxicity and Antiangiogenic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extracts in Zebrafish

Abstract Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and the antiangiogenic activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. koenigii leaves were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antiangiogenic activity of the M. koenigii leaf extracts was evaluated in a transgenic zebrafish (Tg [fli1: GFP]) that express GFP under the control of fli1, a transcription factor involved in vasculogenesis. Results The LC50 value of the aqueous extract of M. koenigii leaves was much larger (2,450 ppm) compared with that of ethanol extract (9.85 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. The antiangiogenic activity was evident only in aqueous extract, with significant effects in formation of intersegmental vessels and subintestinal veins in treated Tg (fli1: GFP) zebrafish embryos. Conclusion This study demonstrated the biological activity of M. koenigii leaf extracts as angiogenesis suppressor, suggesting its therapeutic potential as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Identification of active components from natural sources with potent antiangiogenic activity could lead to the development of anticancer agents.