Municipal Water Demand Research Articles

Canadian Water Resources Journal Theme Issue on "Managing the Demand for Municipal and Industrial Water"

Canadian Water Resources Journal Theme Issue on "Managing the Demand for Municipal and Industrial Water"

The Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Land Reclamation Project

As a result of the increasing industrial, municipal and agricultural water demand in the Nakdong River Basin, the available amount of fresh river water to repulse salinity intrusion into the lower reaches of the river rapidly decreases during the dry season. Hence the continuity of fresh water supply to the city of Busan, is endangered. The most appropriate solution, both technically and economically is a barrage and enclosure dam in the river estuary. A study was carried out on the interaction between the barrage construction and the estuary and river environment. This study comprised ecological, water quality and morphological aspects. The results were incorporated into the technical design and proposed management of the barrage. This approach resulted in a solution, where the primary objective of the barrage, salinity repulsion, was achieved with a minimised impact on the environment.

A research agenda for municipal water demand forecasting

Long‐range forecasting of the demand for water is of fundamental importance when investment decisions depend on accurate predictions. Short‐range forecasts are less commonly used but are needed for operational planning and budgeting. Improvements in the accuracy of forecasting models for both purposes are needed, and the water industry needs to use existing techniques more fully.

DISCUSSION by Rodney L. Clouser and Dorothy A. Comer1“A Monthly Time series Model of Municipal Water Demand”2

JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources AssociationVolume 18, Issue 6 p. 1049-1052 DISCUSSION by Rodney L. Clouser and Dorothy A. Comer1“A Monthly Time series Model of Municipal Water Demand”2 Roger D. Hansen, Roger D. HansenSearch for more papers by this authorRangesan Narayanan, Rangesan Narayanan Respectively, Civil Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Utah Projects office, P.O. Box 1338, Provo, Utah 84603; and Research Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Utah State University, Logan. Utah 84322.Search for more papers by this author Roger D. Hansen, Roger D. HansenSearch for more papers by this authorRangesan Narayanan, Rangesan Narayanan Respectively, Civil Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Utah Projects office, P.O. Box 1338, Provo, Utah 84603; and Research Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Utah State University, Logan. Utah 84322.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00115.x 1 Discussion No. 82207D of the Water Resources Bulletin 18(6):1045–1047. 2 Paper No. 80153 of the Water Resources Bulletin 17(4):578–585. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume18, Issue6December 1982Pages 1049-1052 RelatedInformation

Municipal and Industrial Water Demands of Western U.S.

Municipal water requirements are directly related to population whereas industrial demands are related to the level and type of industrial activity. The emphasis on domestic energy production will exert a strong influence on future industrial water demands. The most critical water using regions for mining will be the western regions. Anticipated conservation measures will have a significant impact on water savings in the industrial sector where much conservation can be expected through process changes, recirculation, and several emerging technologies. Water utility planners who forecast the raw water storage volume need to consider the combined effects of anticipated population rise, industrial mix and its likely growth, and the probable savings due to conservation. The material presents some guidelines together with regional tables in an attempt to provide a framework to aid in the estimation of the present and future municipal and industrial water requirements in the western United States.

A MONTHLY TIME SERIES MODEL OF MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND1

ABSTRACTA multivariate time series model is formulated to study monthly variations in municipal water demand. The left hand side variable in the multivariate regression model is municipal water demand (gallons per connection per day) and the right hand side contains (explanatory) variables which include price (constant dollars), average temperature, total precipitation, and percentage of daylight hours. The application of the regression model to Salt Lake City Water Department data produced a high multiple correlation coefficient and F‐statistic. The regression coefficients for the right hand side variables all have the appropriate sign. In an ex post forecast, the model accurately predicts monthly variations in municipal water demand. The proposed monthly multivariate model is not only found useful for forecasting water demand, but also useful for predicting and studying the impact of nonstructural management decisions such as the effect of price changes, peak load pricing methods, and other water conservation programs.

Comment on ‘Price elasticity of demand for municipal water: A case study of Tucson, Arizona’ by Robert A. Young

Results of a time series study of demand for water in Tucson, Arizona, are recalculated, resulting in more inelastic price elasticities than previously estimated. These recalculations support the hypothesis that time series elasticity estimates are likely to be more inelastic than cross‐sectional elasticity estimates.

Reuse of waste water: impact on water supply planning / Remploi de l'eau résiduaire: influence sur la planification des systèmes de distribution des eaux

Abstract As the urban population of the world increases and demand on easily developable water supplies are exceeded, cities have recourse to a range of management alternatives to balance municipal water supply and demand. These alternatives range from doing nothing to modifying either the supply or the demand variable in the supply-demand relationship. The reuse or recycling of urban waste water in many circumstances may be an economically attractive and effective management strategy for extending existing supplies of developed water, for providing additional water where no developable supplies exist and for meeting water quality effluent discharge standards. The relationship among municipal, industrial and agricultural water use and the treatment links which may be required to modify the quality of a municipal waste effluent for either recycling or reuse purposes is described. A procedure is described for analysing water reuse alternatives within a framework of regional water supply and waste water disp...

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF WATER QUALITY CONTROLS IN URBANIZING RIVER BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Urbanizing river basins in the west are encountering serious water quality degradation resulting from the expanded water utilization. In order to avoid aggravating such conditions, water quality controls need to be implemented. The important questions are, therefore, where and how to impose such constraints on the urban and agricultural sectors to achieve the desired level of pollution control. An application of the model developed to address such questions is made in the Utah Lake drainage area of Central Utah as a test of the model's utility. The region is subdivided into five major sub‐basins containing both municipal and agricultural water demands. A submodel of each sub‐basin is developed which optimizes the water quality control strategies by linking the urban to the agricultural uses and then evaluating the levels of control for each sector. From these results, a cost‐effectiveness function for each sub‐basin is generated. By jointly considering the cost‐effectiveness relationship for each sub‐basin, an optimum policy for the entire basin is determined.

WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS AND PROJECTION CORRESPONDING WITH REGIONAL GROWTH, SEATTLE REGION1

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type ‐ residential, commercial, industrial and public ‐with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single‐family residential lot size, distribution of population between single‐ and multi‐family units, per capita water use by multi‐family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single‐family residential water use.

ON THE ESTIMATE OF PER CAPITA WATER USE IN A MUNICIPALITY

Per capita waer use is one of the most important variables in the evaluation of amounts of water consumption and in the planning of water supply systems. The estimating procedures, that have hitherto been adopted in the past Japanese studies dealing with municiplities, are far from being justifiable. This paper discusses problems on the estimate of per capita water use, based on a case study of IchiharaShi, Chiba Prefecture. In conclusion, the follwings are emphasized for the detailed estimate of per capita water use: municipal water demands depend on the two sorts of water users, that is, residential users and users who consume a large quantity of water such as public baths, hotels, big stores and industries. These two should clearly be differentiated from each other in studies on municipal water demands. It is of importance that per capita water use is estimated on the basis of amounts of water used for just residential purposes.

Price elasticity of demand for municipal water: A case study of Tucson, Arizona

Estimates of the price elasticity of demand (the proportional response of consumption to price change) for municipal water in Tucson, Arizona, were derived by statistical regression procedures. A significant shift in demand was found to have occurred subsequent to 1964. The price elasticity was estimated at about −0.63 during 1946–1964 and −0.41 during 1965–1971. These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies of urban water demand in the arid parts of the western United States. The data subjected to statistical analysis were annual observations of consumption, price, and other factors for one community in contrast to the more typical approach using cross‐sectional observations of a number of communities during a specific time period.

The Place of Multipurpose Reservoirs in Water Supply Planning

This article discusses the Water Supply Act of 1958 that made possible the inclusion of storage in multipurpose reservoirs, planned or constructed by the Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation, for anticipated municipal and industrial water demands. Pitfalls in the planning of multipurpose reservoirs are discussed, along with the importance of the consideration of the scope of the project.