Municipal Waste Generation Research Articles

SEKTOR BARU PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA, KABUPATEN SLEMAN DAN BANTUL)

The rate of municipal waste generation increases along with the increase in population, infrastructure and supporting activities in it. But in developing countries, the amount of waste is not comparable with the government's performance in handling it. The role of the government in waste management, in this study is referred to as the formal sector. Various limitations arise in this formal sector, such as minimal funding, human resources and the availability of infrastructure. In addition to the formal sector, there are also informal activities that play a role, but the motives for their activities are not environmental issue, but economic motives for individuals and groups, so that their large role is not considered in municipal solidwaste management and planning. The Indonesian government presents other sectors in the Solidwaste Bank and TPS 3R programs, this sector is referred to as the semi-formal sector, because of the government's involvement but operated by the community. The motive is also integrated between environment and economy as a step of empowerment. This study aims to present the semi-formal sector, whose task is to assist in the handling and reduction of waste at both at the source and the larger scale (comunal), as a new sector in the solidwaste management system in Indonesia. Keywords : Semi-formal sector, Solidwaste Bank, Solidwaste management , TPS3R

The study of problems affecting the pace of implementation of the «trash reform» in the Russian Federation

The article deals with the issues of waste management in the public sector during the Soviet Union and in Russia. The author analyzes the accumulated problems with the landfills formed during the Soviet Union and landfills operating in the Russian Federation. The positive aspects of the use of waste as secondary resources that existed in the USSR are given. The article deals with the radical changes in state regulation in the field of production and consumption waste management in the Russian Federation, started in 2014, examines the problems that hinder the implementation of the changes adopted by the government of the Federal law № 458-FZ, government resolutions and other regulations in terms of production and consumption waste management. The author provides data on the dynamics of municipal waste generation in the Russian Federation in recent years, data on the number of waste processing plants, waste sorting complexes and incinerators, describes the situation that has arisen in the regions of the Russian Federation at the choice of a regional operator and the development of territorial schemes for waste management, in accordance with the new provisions of Russian legislation. The article examines the problems that have arisen in the Moscow region on the implementation of the project of collection of dry and mixed municipal waste on a two-container system, provides examples of a particular city and the problems that have arisen in it to collect municipal waste on the new system. The author not only studies the problems hindering the implementation of the «garbage reform» in the Russian Federation, but also proposes a number of measures to be taken to accelerate the process of improving the proposed by the government of the Russian Federation new system for waste management.

Time-lagged effects of weekly climatic and socio-economic factors on ANN municipal yard waste prediction models

Efficient and effective solid waste management requires sufficient ability to predict the operational capacity of a system correctly. Waste prediction models have been widely studied and these models are always being challenged to perform more accurately. Unlike waste prediction models for mixed wastes, variables for yard waste are time sensitive and the effects of lag must be explicitly considered. This study is the first to specifically look at lag times relating to variables that attempt to predict municipal yard waste generation using machine learning approaches. Weekly averaged climatic and socio-economic variables are screened through correlation analysis and the significant variables are then used to develop yard waste models. These models then utilize artificial neural networks (ANN) where the variables are time lagged for a different number of weeks. This helps to realize a reduction in the error of the predicted weekly yard waste generation. Optimal lag times for each model varied from 1 to 11 weeks. The best model used both the ambient air temperature and population variables, in an ANN model with 3 layers, 11 neurons in the hidden layer, and an optimal lag time of 1 week. A mean absolute percentage error of 18.72% was obtained during the testing stage. One model saw a 55.4% decrease in the mean squared error at training, showing the value of lag time on the accuracy of weekly yard waste prediction models.

Monthly and seasonal modeling of municipal waste generation using radial basis function neural network

Accurate modeling of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is vital as a reliable support for decision‐making processes ensuring the success of the future development and management of wastes. The present study aims to forecast monthly and seasonal MSW generation using radial basis function (RBF) neural network and assess the effect of the gender of educated people with a combination of meteorological, socioeconomic, and demographic variables on waste generation. The study was implemented on data obtained from a megacity for the period of 1991–2013. Cross validation technique was employed to evaluate modeling performance. Performance of the RBF model were also compared with adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The results proved that the number of educated women was highly associated with MSW generation while the number of educated men was not a significant factor. Modeling outputs demonstrated that the RBF neural network model could successfully predict both monthly and seasonal variations of MSW generation. Compared to ANFIS and ANN, RBF was the best‐performing model for monthly and seasonal forecasting of MSW generation. The results suggested that soft computing methods like RBF improve the estimate of MSW generation in metropolises. Hence, RBF network can be applied for forecasting and modeling MSW generation on a national scale. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13033, 2019

Effectiveness of solid waste policies in developing countries: A case study in Brazil

Waste management policy effectiveness evaluation is important to understand whether the results achieved correspond to the policy goals, as well as to identify obstacles and outline strategies for its implementation. Although this type of study has been done in developed countries, little research on has been done on this topic in developing countries, mainly due to lack of data. This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of the Brazilian solid waste policy (PNRS). A case study methodology has been applied to Brazil in which a solid waste policy was implanted and a database is available. An empirical statistical analysis over panel data was carried out to evaluate whether the municipal waste management key performance indicators improved or not. The findings suggest that the PNRS has not accomplished the desired changes in municipal waste management, particularly no significant upgrading was observed in the indicators studied: municipal waste generation, frequency of waste collection, rate of recyclable waste recovered, and proportion of sanitary landfills. Furthermore, the paper concludes with lessons learnt and supports the identification of constraints and strategies that can be extrapolated to other developing countries.

Socio-demographic determinants of municipal waste generation: case study of the Czech Republic

Increasing pressure of the European Union on diverting municipal waste from landfills requires an active role of households and commands a radical change of their behavior. Knowledge of behavioral patterns enables an effective design of municipal waste management systems. Based on several factors influencing environmental behavior, this paper aims at analyzing differences in municipal waste generation among Czech municipalities using socio-demographic factors. A set of 12 characteristics for 5445 Czech municipalities was investigated. Using ordinary least squares regression, we developed a model with eight indicators describing household size, gender, completed education level and diverse housing characteristics. Even though the model explains only 5.1% of waste generation variability among Czech municipalities, it is statistically significant. Other factors such as age or population density do not improve the model significantly. The resulting model will be used as a basis for further spatial analysis.

Using machine learning and small area estimation to predict building-level municipal solid waste generation in cities

Municipal solid waste management represents an increasingly significant environmental, fiscal, and social challenge for cities. Understanding patterns of municipal waste generation behavior at the household and building scales is a critical component of efficient collection routing and the design of incentives to encourage recycling and composting. However, high spatial resolution estimates of building refuse and recycling have been constrained by the lack of granular data for individual properties. This paper presents a new analytical approach, which combines machine learning and small area estimation techniques, to predict weekly and daily waste generation at the building scale. Using daily collection data from 609 New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) sub-sections over ten years, together with detailed data on individual building attributes, neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics, weather, and selected route-level collection data, we apply gradient boosting regression trees and neural network models to estimate daily and weekly refuse and recycling tonnages for each of the more than 750,000 residential properties in the City. Following cross-validation and a two-stage spatial validation, our results indicate that our method is capable of predicting building-level waste generation with a high degree of accuracy. Our methodology has the potential to support collection truck route optimization based on expected building-level waste generation rates, and to facilitate new equitable solid waste management policies to shift behavior and divert waste from landfills based on benchmarking and peer performance comparisons.

Seasonal characterization and quantification of municipal solid waste: Energy content and statistical analysis

Determining the seasonal and annual quantities and compositions of the municipal solid waste and assessing the present management conditions of three urban communities in the northwest of Iran were the core objectives of this study. Our findings revealed that the average daily per capita of municipal waste generation was 0.489–0.841 kg/cap-day. Organic and food waste comprised the largest part (56.46%) of the total generated waste in the studied cities, whereas paper and cardboard, plastics, metals, rubber, textiles, glass, woods, and other waste constituted 5.99, 12.62, 1.05, 0.95, 7.71, 1.63, 1.23, and 12.36%, respectively. More than 21% of the total generated waste was directly recyclable. Bulk density of the waste was determined as 182.53 kg/m3. In addition, the moisture content and the chemical characteristics (food and organic fraction) of the generated waste including the amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, ash, and C/N ratio were 67.44, 50.86, 1.67, 0.41, 34.91, and 30.61%, respectively. Waste composition in different seasons followed a variable pattern. In the present conditions, all the three studied cities were sending their waste to the municipal waste landfill sites that were actually used as a dump for waste. Hence, great concerns were raised from the public health and environmental viewpoints such as ground water, soil, and air pollution at the final disposal sites in the area. Implementation of source reduction, separation and recycling program, closing dump sites, and investing for new landfill sites according to the scientific and environmental approaches, were proposed.

Comparison of Solid Waste Management Performances of Turkey and EU countries associated with Malmquist Index

In this study, it's aimed to determine the solid waste management performances of Turkey and EU countries with DEA. Waste and environmental data of the countries has been evaluated in this study for a period of seven years and performance changes of the countries has been examined by years through Malmquist Total Factor Productivity by establishing two different models. In first model, performance of the countries has been examined in terms of environment. Benefiting from the variables of waste management according to the waste categories (domestic and industrial) of the countries, waste generation excluding the important mineral wastes and municipal waste generation, it’s aimed to achieve maximum of municipal waste recycle ratio, packaging wastes recycle ratio and packaging waste recovery ratios. In the second model, performance of the countries has been examined in economic terms. Benefiting from the public sector environmental investment amount (as GDP percentage) and environmental protection expenditures (million Euros) variables, it’s aimed to achieve maximum of municipal waste recycle ratio, packaging wastes recycle ratio and packaging waste recovery ratios.

Impact of Changing Lifestyle on Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Residential Areas: Case Study of Qatar

Qatar currently has one of the highest per capita municipal waste generation in the world. The continuous increase in household wastes, and overfilled landfills threaten available spaces for urban development programmes in the country. Consequently, this study examined the lifestyle factors that have led to high municipal solid waste generation in the country. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Considering the sociocultural factors in the country, the convenience sampling technique was adopted. Thus, questionnaires were administered via online survey. At the end of the survey, 68 responses were received, and utilized for the study. The analysis of Data used the descriptive and inferential statistical tools via the SPSS 24 software. Descriptive tools used are frequency tables, bar-diagrams, line graphs, pie charts, averages, and relative importance index while Pearson Correlation was used to make inferences. The study observed a direct relationship between the increasing population in Qatar and the high municipal solid waste generation; and that 50% of the respondents have household sizes of between 4-7 persons. Over 90% of the respondents have university education. The RII result of 3.514 out of 5 showed that kitchen waste accounts for over 70% of the household wastes in Qatar. This is followed in rank by nylon wastes while plastic wastes ranked third. Other waste components are paper and cardboard, glass, and wood and furniture. The calculated average daily waste generated per capita is 1.135 kg. The study gathered that the municipalities, at no cost to the residents, mostly collect household wastes and most of the respondents do not sort their household wastes before disposal. With a Pearson Correlation coefficient value of 0.305 at 0.05 significant level, the study indicated a moderate positive relationship between household size and waste generated from the households. Other socio-economic lifestyle variables such as income level, education factor, and age did not prove to have such significant relationship with municipal solid waste in the area. The study recommended that in addition to coordinated sensitization programmes of waste sorting from the source, the government should set a weight limit of 7kg/household per day. Any household whose wastes exceed this set level should be charged for per kilogram on the extra weight at the end of each month.

Eco-education as an element of municipal waste management systems in Poland

The generation of municipal waste is inextricably linked to human functioning. In Poland since 1 July 2011, as a result of legislative changes, the approach to municipal waste has changed. Since then, municipalities have been the owners of waste and are responsible for achieving the appropriate levels of indicators imposed by European legislation. These changes necessitate the need for solutions that will teach residents of individual municipalities to segregate waste and the use of specific discipline imposed observance of the waste collection schedules. Different municipalities use different methods of educating residents to separate waste. In most cases, the greatest emphasis is placed on school age education. The knowledge passed on to children is also addressed to adults. The article presents examples of the use of eco-education used in the management of waste management systems in Poland.

Sustained municipal waste management models in Russian megapolicies through utilizing waste-to-energy technologies

St. Petersburg, as the second most important Russian city in Russia is facing with waste related problems which requires taking immediate actions. The excessive diurnal volume of municipal waste generation and insufficient waste management system ring the bells to warn the decision makers. Focusing on problems, insufficiencies and opportunities of the waste management system, the paper goes through the evaluation of details of the dominant situation in St. Petersburg and two models are introduced to improve the system. At the end, an estimation of biofuel, heat and electricity generation will be provided for four incineration facility installments with design capacity of each 315,000 tons of waste per day. It will be shown that the contributing share of bioconversion processes is significant and an acceptable portion of 8% of annual electricity consumption can be supplied via those processes as well as production of 477 million liters of ethanol.

Electric power generation from municipal solid waste: A techno-economical assessment under different scenarios in Iran

Due to the increasing rate of municipal waste generation, Waste-to-Energy technologies for waste management have been noticed in the last two decades. The objective of the present study was to investigate and review the sensitivity analysis of different scenarios for choosing an effective and efficient technology using a gasification or incineration system from municipal solid waste in Iran. The challenge was to find the best suitable scenario according to economic aspects. For this purpose, factors of the costs of waste disposal (gate fee) and electricity power purchase agreement in the economic recovery plan for the two technologies (waste gasification and incineration) were evaluated. The investigation data analysis showed significant difference between gasification and incineration technologies. Due to the higher efficiency of gasification technology compared to incineration technology, scenarios of energy recovery from waste by gasification technology, taking into account the effect of gate fee or electricity power purchase agreement (scenario 5 and 6) were the best scenario among the evaluated scenarios. The calculation indicates that the most appropriate of payback periods for gasification technology 4.17 and 4.06 years in the gate fee of US$ 0.126 and electricity power purchase agreement of US$ 0.276, respectively.

An Assessment of Impact of Income Inequality on Sustainable Economic Growth in the Context of Saving

Income inequality can possess a different impact on economic growth as it can both stimulate and slow down economic growth. The stimulating effect of income inequality reveals via saving. Wealthier people dispose the capability save more and devote a larger portion of their saving to investments and technological developments. However, environmental and social perspectives shall be also taken into consideration when aiming for a sustainable development. Therefore, relatively more wealthy people shall invest into environmental friendly projects and R&D. This paper considers the effects of income inequality on sustainable economic growth in the context of saving for the EU-25 countries during the period of 2005 – 2013. In the empirical research countries have been divided into 4 clusters. Impact of interaction between income inequality, savings, economic growth, spending on social security to domestic material consumption, renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, municipal waste generation, municipal waste recycling, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions was estimated to be insignificant in all four country cluster groups. Interaction between income inequality, savings, economic growth, spending on social security was estimated to increase emission of sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides, but reduced amount of gross domestic energy consumption. The interaction is estimated to increase emission of nitrogen oxides in the country cluster groups with relatively low income level and different relationship between income and economic growth levels.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.28.3.17438

Exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a municipal waste-to-energy steam reheat power plant for Port Harcourt city

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a proposed steam reheat power plant powered by the municipal waste of Port Harcourt city in Nigeria, latitude 4°45′ N and longitude 7°00′ E. The projected municipal waste generation of the city for the year 2020 was employed for this work to ascertain the amount of power obtainable via a waste incineration plant, taking into consideration the cost effectiveness of the plant. The thermodynamic analysis of the plant showed that 117 MW could be generated from the projected waste, with plant's first and second law efficiencies of 36.91% and 31.36%, respectively. The plant equipment cost was calculated to be US$326,460,000 with a payback period of about six years. The exergy and exergoeconomic analysis was used to estimate the plant’s unit cost of electricity and evaluate the exergy destruction and cost rates, with respect to the prevalent ambient temperature.

Seasonal Changes of Municipal Waste Generation and Content

The scientific objective of this study is to develope a methodology for the investigation of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Lithuania. Investigations have been performed in Kaunas, which is the second large city of Lithuania. The obtained results are a contribution to assess, evaluate, and predict possible development scenarios of the municipal waste management sector in east European countries. Possible scenarios consider improved separate collection systems in combination with landfilling, mechanical-biological treatment and/or incineration. Further the results provide scientific knowledge which is necessary to understand waste generation and composition. This information is crutial to avoid future emissions to the environment resulting from current waste treatment practice. A further aim is to better understand the interplay of natural, social and economic factors influencing the quality and quantity of MSW in Eastern Europe. In this paper we present the preliminary results of consecutive MSW analysis at the waste collection and transfer station in Kaunas City over a period of two years.

Analysis of municipal waste generation rate in Poland compared to selected European countries

The generated municipal waste rates provided in the planning documents are a tool for forecasting the mass of waste generated in individual waste management regions. An important issue is the decisive separation of two concepts: waste generated and waste collected. The study includes analysis of the generation rate for Poland with division into urban and rural areas. The estimated and projected rate of municipal waste generation for Poland provided in subsequent editions of National Waste Management Plans (KPGO) changed since 2000 within wide range from about 300 to more than 500 kg per capita in an individual year (kg/pc/year). Currently, the National Waste Management Plan for the years 2017-2022 estimates municipal waste generation rate at approx. 270 kg/per capita/year with a projected increase to 330 kg/per capita/year in 2030. Most European countries adopt higher municipal waste generation rate, often exceeding 600 kg/per capita/year. The objective of the paper is therefore to analyze the causes of this difference in the declared values. The morphological composition of municipal waste stream in Poland and in selected European countries (e.g. France, Belgium, Switzerland) was analyzed. At present it is not possible to balance the value of the generation rate with the rate of waste collection in Poland. The conducted analyzes allow for determining a number of reasons for variation of the rate value in particular countries, mostly morphological composition of municipal waste, inclusion of household-like waste from infrastructure facilities or not and amount of waste collected in rural areas. The differences in the generation rates and provided possible reasons indicate the need to harmonize the methodology for estimating rates of municipal waste generation in various countries, including Poland.

Review of the potential of biogas generation in India and a comparative study of various biogas upgrading techniques

In India, daily human activities generate large quantities of biodegradable waste. The quantities of solid and liquid organic waste produced every year amounts to 30 million tons and 4,400 cubic metres, respectively. The average municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is 0.45 kg/person/day. This easily accessible waste can be utilised as a source of energy by direct conversion into biogas that will partially offset the dependency of the country on the energy imports. The paper reviews the existing biogas potential in India and presents a comparative study of various biogas upgrading techniques. Various techniques have been rated based on different parameters like energy consumption, percentage removal of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) losses, operating range of pressure and temperature, pumping system required, desulphurisation and possibility of regeneration. The study suggests that selection of an upgrading technique does not depend on the tropical conditions or climate of a country but more on the application, capital investment and the process parameters.

Reduction of environmental impact of solid domestic landfills of residential area due to their recycling

In the research it was considered dynamics of growth of municipal solid waste landfill in a city of Tyumen for six years Shows the distribution of waste by placing objects, calculated amounts of solid household and industrial wastes placed on landfill south of the Tyumen region. Comparison of components suitable for generating methane for household waste and scum of wastewater. Formation of methane and carbon dioxide at various stages of fermentation of municipal solid waste. Specific generation of municipal waste per 1 inhabitant is calculated. The concept of co-utilization of municipal waste of apartment buildings. Comparative estimate of various options for fermentation of waste. It is established that the amount of methane produced is sufficient to compensate for the communal needs of apartment buildings. Reducing the anthropogenic burden on landfill is possible upon conditions of the implementation of biogas recovery and its reuse on the site of waste generation that is conducive to development of productions based on using secondary energy resources on the cheap raw materials basis.

Decomposition analyses of the municipal waste generation and management in Croatian and Slovenian regions

The purpose of this study is to analyse how much waste generation activity influenced the amounts of waste which were sent for recovery or landfilling in Croatian and Slovenian regions for the period 2010–2014. The analyses were conducted by applying two variations of logarithmic mean Divisia index analysis model: (1) one covering the economic activity which generates waste (household consumption) and (2) the second one covering the waste generation activity itself. By applying a novelty approach the results of these two models were combined to present the information more clearly. The municipal waste streams analysed were: paper, plastics, metal, glass, bulky waste, textile, bio-waste and mixed municipal waste. The results for both countries show that the waste generation as an activity did not have the dominant effect on the amounts of waste sent for recovery in all of the observed periods. In the case of waste sent for landfilling the results for Slovenia are the same; however, the results for Croatia show that the activity which generates waste had the dominant influence in most of the periods analysed caused by the fact that in average 93% of the municipal waste generated per year was sent to landfill.