Mungbean Varieties Research Articles

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) as Functional Food, Agronomic Importance and Breeding Approach for Development of Climate Resilience: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is highly nutritive food, important feed and fodder crop throughout the world. It is an excellent source of nutrients, minerals and vitamins. Seeds and sprouts of mungbean are commonly used in form of healthy diet. This crop is of particular interest for the countries suffering from low protein diet and mal nutrition. Unfortunately, it is highly sensitive towards climate variability and environmental stress factors. Salinity stress is highly prevailing factor at global level which drastically limiting mungbean production. Huge proportion of arable land has been converted into saline and is continuously increasing every year. Besides this, large population size, deprived availability of nutritious food and lack of improved mungbean varieties against salinity raises serious concern towards food and nutrition security. Small genome size, narrow genetic base and poor exploration of available germplasm for valuable traits further restricts genetic improvement of this crop. In present scenario, the introduction of useful genes from exotic into the cultivated environment through hybridization is more promising to develop climate resilient crops. Presence of bioactive compounds in mungbean providing various health benefits has increased the scientific interest in this crop.

품종이 다른 녹두 분말과 전분으로 제조한 젤의 품질 특성

품종이 다른 녹두 분말과 전분으로 제조한 젤의 품질 특성

Management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. in storage on different mungbean varieties of Bangladesh

Management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. in storage on different mungbean varieties of Bangladesh

TIME-DEPENDENT DETERMINATIVE BIOCHEMICAL TRAITS FOR SALT TOLERANCE MECHANISM IN MUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata (L.) R. WILCZEK)

Mungbean is one of the commercially valuable pulse crops. Time-dependent biochemical modulations in the mungbean varieties PKV AKM 12-28 and VBN (Gg)3 exposed to 75, 100, and 125 mM NaCl were estimated, and the results were concluded through multivariate modeling. The cluster analysis gave two fairly distinct clusters that had similar biochemical responses. Results on the principal component analysis suggested that protein content (PC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, proline content (PRC), total free amino acid (TFAA) content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were dominant traits in the shoot as compared to the root. These can be taken as the primary indicators to assess the effect of salt stress on mungbean varieties. The discriminant analysis had identified TFC, MDA, and total sugar content (TSC) as discriminating variables between the roots and shoots. Further, MDA and TFC were identified as discriminating variables under different salt concentrations, and TSC was identified as a discriminating variable at different exposure durations. Discriminant partial least squares analysis further identified optimum biochemical modulations in the shoots of PKV AKM 12-28 and 75 mM NaCl. The salt treatment produced a strong biochemical modulation after 30 and 45 days, which helped plants survive under salt stress. The multivariate approaches efficiently interpreted time-dependent biochemical modulations in shoots and roots of mungbean varieties under salt stress.

Responses of Mungbean to Water Deficit, Water use Efficiency and Drought Resistance

Backround: Legumes are the second important agricultural crop of great prominence to humans. Among 20000 legume species the mungbean is one of the most important grain cultivated in India. Drought is a major environmental stress that affects mungbean in the sub-humid, dry and intermediate zones of India. The present study records the response of mung bean varieties to water stress during its growth stage.Methods: The impact of drought stress imposed on the crop was evaluated by measuring the water relation parameters and the biochemical progresses like osmolyte accumulation, nitrate assimilation and antioxidant system in Mung bean during 2017-2018 in Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore.Result: Drought stress altered the water status of the crop by reducing the RWC, which was enhanced in drought susceptible varieties. Increased amount of proline denotes the osmoregulatory mechanism in the crop to bring about resistance and the elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes shows the protective mechanism in the crop at cellular level.

The Effect of Bacterial R. liguminosarum and Fungal T. harzinum Inoculation and Organic Manure on Root Nodes, Growth, and Yield of Mung Bean, Vigna radiate

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the bacterial inoculum R. liguminosarum, T. harzinum, levels of organic fertilizer (0, 5, and 10) t ha−1, and their overlap the root nodes (number of root nodes and weight of root nodes) and the growth and yield of a local variety of mung bean ( Dry weight of root mass, leaf chlorophyll content and grain yield). A field experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2020 in one of the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate / Al-Daghara county. The experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R. C. B. D) with three replications. The results of the statistical analysis of the least significant difference (L. S. D.) present that the overlapping treatment (bacterial inoculum, fungal inoculum, and five t ha−1 organic fertilizer) resulted in the highest means: number of root nodes, root nodule weight, dry weight of root total, chlorophyll content in leaves and grain yield, (72.33) Knots.plants−1, (463) gm Plants−1, (1, 547) gm Plants−1, (59.14) SPAD, and (3, 531) t ha−1, respectively, by comparison with comparison treatment.

Physiological attributes of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) influenced by different sources of nutrients (NPK) in Madhupur tract region of Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University farm from April to June 2017 in Kharif season to evaluate the performance of two mungbean varieties under different NPK fertilizers doses in field conditions. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), comprising six treatments with three replications. In the experiment, varieties used were BARI mung-6 and BARI mung-5 and the combination of the treatment were T0 = (control), T1 (10-40-25 NPK kg ha-1), T2 (10-60-45 NPK kg ha-1), T3 (20-50-35 NPK kg ha-1), T4 (30-40-25 NPK kg ha-1) and T5 (30-40-45 NPK kg ha-1), respectively. Mungbean cultivars responded noticeably to the supplementary NPK fertilizers as the crop characters were significantly influenced by different levels of NPK fertilizers. Data were recorded on plant height, leaves plant-1, branches plant-1, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight, seed, and straw yield at different days after sowing. Of the two varieties, BARI mung-6 gave the highest seed yield (1.72 t ha-1) next to the higher plant growth and straw yield On the contrary, BARI mung-5 cultivar produced the lowest seed yield (1.57t ha-1), plant growth, and straw yield. The results showed that T3 (20-50-35 NPK kg ha-1) treatment was the best treatment as regards plant growth and yield parameters. The highest seed yield was produced by treated plot T3 (20-50-35 NPK kg ha-1) over the untreated control plot, T1, T2, T4, and T5, respectively. As for the combined effect, V1T3 (BARI mung-6 and T3 = 20kg N + 50kg P + 35kg K ha-1) performed the best results in all growth and development characters. Therefore, the combined application of 20-50-35 kg NPK ha-1 might be considered to be found optimal to get a considerable seed yield of mungbean variety BARI mung-6.

PREVALENCE ON THE INFESTATION OF FLEA BEETLE (Phyllotreta nigripes) AGAINST DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MUNGBEAN

Mungbean is one of the important pulse crops in Bangladesh. More than 12 species of insect pests infest mungbean, among them flea beetle cause significant yield loss due to attack from seedling to vegetative stages. The experiment was conducted to find out tolerant and susceptible varieties of mungbean against flea beetle at the farmer’s field of Patuakhali, Bangladesh from January to April 2016. Results revealed that BARI Mung-4 had the lowest abundance of flea beetle while BINA Moog-7 and BARI Mung-6 had the highest flea beetle abundance. Among the tested all varieties, significantly the lowest number (1.33) of infested plant by flea beetle was recorded in BARI Mung-4 followed by BINA Moog-4 (1.51) and the highest number (2.54) of infested plant by flea beetle was in BARI Mung-6 followed by (2.42) BINA Moog-7. The lowest percentage of leaf area damaged was on BARI Mung-4 (5.37%) while the highest on BARI Mung-6 (11.33%). Population of flea beetle showed a positive correlation (R2= 0.019) with temperature and a negative correlation (R2= -0.01) with relative humidity. BARI Mung-6 produced highest yield while Patuakhali local Mung produced the lowest followed by BARI Mung-4. Among tested varieties BARI Mung-4 showed comparatively more tolerant against flea beetle and BARI Mung-6 produced maximum yield in spite of being susceptile to flea beetle.

Response of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] Varieties to Plant Spacing under Irrigation at Gewane, Northeastern Ethiopia

Production of mungbean has been increasing in Ethiopia because of its high importance as a source of protein and foreign exchange earnings. Determination of appropriate plant density for the varieties of mungbean can increase its productivity. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inter and intra row spacing on growth, yield components and yield of mung bean varieties under irrigation. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three inter row spacing (30, 40, and 50 cm), three-intra row spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm) and two mungbean varieties (N-26 and MH-97) laid out in randomized complete block design with three Replications. The main effect of varieties, inter row spacing and intra row spacing was highly significant and significant on plant height, secondary branch and where the longest plant height (41.71 cm) was for variety MH-97 and from 5 cm intra row spacing, respectively and maximum number of secondary branch was recorded for variety MH-97 (8.91) and from 15cm intra row and 50cm inter row spacing, respectively. The interaction effect of the variety, inter and intra row spacing was highly significant on number of primary branch per plant, number of pod per plant and crop stand count percentage where the highest number of primary branches (7.00) was recorded from variety MH-97 at 50 cm inter row spacing and highest number pods per plant (30.15) were recorded for variety MH-97 at 40 cm inter row and (31.34) at 15cm intra row spacing. Where the highest crop stand count at harvest were recorded from variety MH-97 (97.00%) at 40 cm inter row spacing .The main effect of inter row spacing and intra row spacing were highly significant and significant on above ground dry biomass and the highest above ground dry biomass at inter row spacing of 30 cm ( 5968.8 kg ha-1) and intra row spacing 5cm 6145.9 kg ha-1).The main effect of variety, inter-row and intra-row spacing were highly significant on harvest index and grain yield where the highest harvest index was from variety MH-97 (20.91%), inter row spacing of 40 cm which give (21.18%) and intra row spacing 10 cm which give (20.30%) and the highest grain yield from Variety MH-97 (1117.94 kg ha-1), inter row spacing 40 cm (1213.75 kg ha-1) and intra row spacing 10 cm which give (1151.67 kg ha-1) However, this tentative generalization based one season at one location requires further studies over years and locations to give a valid recommendation.

High Yielding Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Variety “NIFA Mung-2017”

National yield of mungbean is low as compared to other countries, mainly due to shortage of commercial mungbean varieties. To address this issue, an exotic Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) susceptible accession VC 1973A and a local MYMV resistant genotype NM 92 were crossed (VC 1973A x NM 92) at the experimental field of the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar during kharif 2004. Selection for best recombinant lines based on high yield (more pods per plant), resistance to MYMV, semi erect plant type in early segregating populations, and genetic stability in F2 - F5 generations for the desired traits was carried-out from 2005 to 2010. The high yielding recombinant “NFM-6-5” along with other advanced lines and local standard variety “Ramzan” were screened for MYMV resistance, and tested for seed yield and other related components in various yield trials i.e. preliminary, advanced, multi-locations and National Uniform Yield trials from 2011-2015. Results revealed that recombinant “NFM-6-5” produced up to 2283 kg ha-1 seed yield in replicated yield trials with 25-30% higher seed yield compared to the check variety “Ramzan” in various yield trials. More number of pods per plant and large seed size are the main primary yield contributing components in NIFA Mung-2017 (recombinant “NFM-6-5”). NIFA Mung - 2017 is a promising variety with different genetic background from earlier mungbean varieties. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Seed Council approved the recombinant “NFM-6-5” as a commercial variety with name “NIFA Mung-2017” for general cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) on 19th September 2017. Keywords: Disease resistance; Mungbean; NIFA Mung-2017; Seed yield; Variety; Yield components http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90278

Zinc application improves growth, yield and grain zinc concentration of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Minerals’ deficiency, including iodine (I), vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is a widespread threat to mankind. Around 2 billion people (children, women, and people of middle age group) across the globe suffer from mineral deficiencies. The productivity of mung bean is very low in arid and semi-arid regions due to little or no application of fertilizers. Majority of mung bean growing regions of Pakistan have low Zn concentration in soils. This study evaluated the impact of different Zn sources and their application methods on allometry, yield and grain biofortification of mung bean. Mung bean variety “Azri 2006” was used as experimental material. Three different Zn sources, i.e., zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), Zn-EDDHA and 50 % ZnSO4 + 50% Zn EDDHA. Application method included in the study was basal application, foliar application and 50% basal + 50% foliar application. The results indicated that Zn application improved allometric traits and productivity of mungbean. The ZnSO4 source of Zn with basal application resulted in the highest chlorophyll contents, leaf area index, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, and number of pods per plant, 1000-seeds weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control treatment. In conclusion, 10 kg ha-1 Zn application as basal application method seemed a viable option to improve mung bean productivity along with higher grain Zn biofortification.

Identification and characterization of native rhizobia from three mungbean varieties

Identification and characterization of native rhizobia from three mungbean varieties

Water-saving irrigation management for mung bean in acid soil

Indonesia’s dry agricultural lands development requires support of appropriate water-saving irrigation technology to cope water shortages. Especially for mung bean, irrigation based on crop-water requirement is needed due to the short vegetation phase that water shortages could increase the risk of yield lost. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation level on the growth and yield of mung bean. This research conducted in acid soil through two factors of completely randomized design in a greenhouse. The first factor was irrigation volume, i.e., 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the crop water requirement, the second factor was mung bean varieties, i.e., Merak and Vima 1, with three replicates respectively. The results showed that drip irrigation increased water use efficiency. Moreover, water requirement for mung bean during the growth period was 320.72 mm, with tolerable water stress just reached up to 80% of the standard water requirement. The response of irrigation water to crop height was shown at 30 Day After Planting (DAP). This research also identified that Vima 1 was significantly responsive and adaptive to water stress, so it has a very good opportunity to be developed on dry land acid soil in Indonesia.

Elucidating the distinct interactive impact of cadmium and nickel on growth, photosynthesis, metal-homeostasis, and yield responses of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties.

Contamination of soils with heavy metals (HMs) caused serious problems because plants tend to absorb HMs from the soil. In view of HM hazards to plants as well as agro-ecosystems, we executed this study to assess metal toxicity to mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants cultivated in soil with six treatment levels of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) and to find metal tolerant variety, i.e., M-93 (V1) and M-1(V2) with multifarious plant biochemical and physiological attributes. Increasing doses of Cd and Ni inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis and both varieties showed highly significant differences in the morpho-physiological attributes. V2 showed sensitivity to Cd and Ni treatments alone or in combination. Tolerance indices for attributes presented a declined growth of Vigna plants under HM stress accompanied by highly significant suppression in gas exchange characteristics. Of single element applications, the adverse effects on mung bean were more pronounced in Cd treatments. V1 showed much reduction in photosynthesis attributes except sub-stomatal CO2 concentration in all treatments compared to V2. The yield attributes, i.e., seed yield/plant and 100-seed weight, were progressively reduced in T5 for both varieties. In combination, we have observed increased mobility of Cd and Ni in both varieties. The results showed that water use efficiency (WUE) generally increased in all the treatments for both varieties compared to control. V2 exhibited less soluble sugars and free amino acids compared to V1 in all the treatments. Similarly, we recorded an enhanced total free amino acid contents in both varieties among all the metal treatments against control plants. We conclude that combinatorial treatment proved much lethal for Vigna plants, but V1 performed better than V2 in counteracting the adverse effects of Cd and Ni.

Mungbean in Southeast Asia and East Africa: varieties, practices and constraints

BackgroundImproving the productivity of grain legumes is important to address global challenges of food security and soil degradation. This study’s objective was to quantify the adoption of improved mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties and agricultural practices and to identify production constraints for six countries in Southeast Asia and three countries in East Africa.MethodsA Delphi method using expert elicitation was applied at subnational levels and then aggregated to national levels. Each panel employed repetitive and independent questioning of experts. The study organized 31 expert panels involving 387 experts across 9 countries.ResultsThe share of improved varieties in the planted area, as estimated by the expert panels, was 92% for the Philippines, 91% for Vietnam, 99% for Thailand, 84% for Cambodia, 60% for Indonesia, 35% for Laos, 91% for Kenya, 30% for Uganda and 25% for Tanzania. The average age of improved varieties was 19 years in Asia and 12 years in East Africa. Of the mungbean area in Southeast Asia, 61% was planted to varieties developed by the World Vegetable Center, but this was only 2% in East Africa. Production constraints generally included insect pests and plant diseases, unstable markets with low price and low market demand, and the lack of quality seed of suitable varieties.ConclusionsThere are ample opportunities to improve mungbean productivity through wider use of improved varieties and practices, which is important to meet the contemporary challenges of improving human nutrition and agricultural sustainability.

Responses of Water and Pigments Status, Dry Matter Partitioning, Seed Production, and Traits of Yield and Quality to Foliar Application of GA3 in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

This study evaluated the role of gibberellic acid [GA3; (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm)] in modulation of the growth, physiology, yield, and quality traits in two varieties (BARI Mung-6 and BARI Mung-8) of mungbean (Vigna radiataL.). Irrespective of the two varieties (BARI Mung-6 and BARI Mung-8), 100, 200, and 300 ppm of GA3differentially modulated the tested parameters (relative water content, RWC; photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids; growth parameters: fresh and dry weights of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots; yield contributing traits such as plant height, number of pods plant−1, number of grains pod−1, pod length, and 100-grain weight; quality traits such as grain nitrogen and protein). However, compared to the lowest GA3(100 ppm) and the highest GA3(300 ppm), the moderate concentration of GA3(200 ppm) led to highest values of leaf-RWC, where this parameter exhibited 16.1 and 13.4% increase in BARI Mung-8 and BARI Mung-6, respectively. Similarly, the tested herein growth parameters and the yield traits significantly increased up to the foliar application of the moderate GA3concentration (200 ppm), and thereafter these traits decreased with 300 ppm GA3. The 200 ppm-led changes in the growth and yield traits were significantly higher in BARI Mung-8 when compared to BARI Mung-6. Considering the quality traits, GA3positively influenced the nitrogen and protein content in grains, where 200 ppm of GA3led to increases of 25.2% in N, and 17.7% in protein over control in BARI Mung-6; whereas, BARI Mung-8 exhibited 28.3% in N, and 18.3% in protein with 200 ppm GA3over control. Overall, BARI Mung-8 significantly responded to the foliar supply of 200 ppm GA3when compared to BARI Mung-6. Hence, in order to high yield and grain protein content, the application of 200 ppm GA3may be applied inV. radiatabefore and during flowering. The major mechanisms underlying the responses of the water relation, growth, and yield traits to the GA3concentrations need to be explored.

Varying amylose contents affect the structural and physicochemical characteristics of starch in mung bean

ABSTRACT Mung bean starches are widely used for producing transparent, good-quality noodles in the food industry. This study isolated starches from eight mung bean varieties and investigated how the amylose contents (19.1–32.9%) of the beans affected the structures, physicochemical properties, and resistant starch (RS) fractions of these starches. The starches were classified into three groups according to their amylose content: low-amylose starches with <25% amylose content (TN182, DXVN7, and DX208 varieties), intermediate-amylose starches with 25%-30% amylose contents (DX14, KPS1, and V123 varieties), and high-amylose starches with >30% amylose contents (T135 and DX044 varieties). The amylose content of mung bean starches negatively correlated with the average degree of polymerization () of the starch, whereas the mung bean variety dictated the average chain length (, degree of order, and short-range molecular order of the starch. All mung bean starches were found to have an A-type crystalline structure with a relative crystallinity of 25.8–34.7%. The starches with higher amylose contents exhibited higher peaks, final viscosities, and setbacks than the other starches. The contents of the RS fraction were in the range of 3.6–13.0%; the starches of the DX14, T135, and DX044 varieties had higher contents of the RS fractions (9.0%, 9.9%, and 13.0%, respectively) than the starches from the other mung bean varieties. Abbreviations: MB1, starch isolated from TN182 variety; MB2, starch isolated from DXVN7 variety; MB3, starch isolated from DX208 variety; MB4, starch isolated from DX14 variety; MB5, starch isolated from KPS1 variety; MB6, starch isolated from V123 variety; MB7, starch isolated from T135 variety; MB8, starch isolated from DX044 variety.

Effect of EMS on seed germination and seedling vigour in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)

The pure, healthy and dry seeds of four mungbean varieties i.e., Meha, K 851, GM 3 and GM 4 were treated with different concentrations of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (0.00 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M and 0.04 M) for study the effect on seed germination and seedling vigour such as germination per cent, shoot length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g). For LD50 recorded near to the 0.04 M EMS as per survival per cent in the all four mungbean varieties. The present results clearly indicated that different concentrations of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate can be effectively utilized to create variability for different quantitative characters.

Evaluation of different varieties of stored mungbean against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis

A total of ten varieties of mung bean viz., Sattaya, Basanti, MH 421, MH 318, IPM 023, Pusa Ratna, Pusa Vishal, SML 668, IPM 4103 and RMG 492 were evaluated against C. chinensis. It was found that none of the mung bean varieties was free from infestation of C. chinensis. However, varieties MH 318, RMG 492 and Sattaya were found moderately preferred followed by IPM 023, MH 421 and IPM 4103. Variety SML 668 was observed to be most preferred for the ovipositional preference (109.33 and 93.33 eggs/50 grains in choice and no choice conditions, respectively), population growth (414.50 adults), grain loss and weight loss (49.04% and 30.52%, respectively) followed by Pusa Vishal. Pusa Ratna was observed to be least preferred as the ovipositional preference (60.66 and 35.33 eggs/50 grains in choice and no choice conditions, respectively), population growth (251.83 adults), grain loss and weight loss (34.82% and 15.31%, respectively) followed by Basanti.

Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Agronomic Traits and Photosynthetic Performance of Mung Bean

This study is based on the early discovery that DCPTA has important regulation function to prevent mung bean flower and pod abscission, Spraying DCPTA at the initial flowering stage of mung bean has better effect than other commonly used plant growth regulators on reducing abscission of mung bean flowers and pods. It is further proved that it is an effective strategy to improve the yield of mung bean. Through the combination of pot experiment and field experiment, Spraying different plant growth regulators (PGRs) at the initial flowering stage of mung bean, study the effects of different plant growth regulators on agronomic traits, physiological and biochemical indexes and photosynthetic performance of mung bean, Lvfeng 2 and Lvfeng 5 mung bean varieties were used as materials, and spraying water at the initial flowering stage of mung bean was used as control. DCPTA and α-NAA were sprayed on the leaves. The morphological indexes of plant height were recorded, and determination of dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic indexes in different parts. The results showed that DCPTA could improve the plant height, main stem node number and leaf area of Lvfeng 5, and the fresh and dry weight of Lvfeng 5 could be significantly improved by DCPTA treatment. However, Taking “Lvfeng 2” as experimental material, the effect of different plant growth regulators on improving fresh and dry weight was not obvious. In terms of photosynthetic performance, each treatment of Lvfeng 5 can improve the photosynthetic performance related indicators, the comprehensive effect of DCPTA > α-NAA.