Mumps Antibody Research Articles

Susceptibility in USAF recruits to vaccine-preventable diseases

Because of increasing incidence of mumps in a cohort of underimmunized young adults and the concern about the impact of this disease on the USAF recruit population, two studies were undertaken. These studies took a retrospective look at mumps in the active duty population, a cost analysis of immunizing all or only susceptible individuals, the actual antibody response in a group of 276 recruits in basic training, the demographic patterns of susceptibility and the types of previous immunization documentation. The conclusions were that the numbers of new mumps cases per year did not justify immunizing all recruits or screening for mumps antibodies and only immunizing known susceptibles.

Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Beijing, China.

A study in Beijing, China of 112 pathologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 224 age-matched community controls enabled evaluation of risk in relation to reproductive, medical, familial, and selected lifestyle factors. An inverse relationship was observed between the number of full-term pregnancies and ovarian cancer risk. Compared to nulliparous women, subjects with one, two, or three full-term pregnancies were at 50%, 70%, or 90% reduced risks, respectively (P for trend less than 0.01). A positive correlation was found between the number of ovulatory years and risk, with a 2.6-fold increased risk for women with 30 or more compared to less than 10 ovulatory years (P for trend less than 0.01). Infertility, as estimated in various ways, was also found to be an important risk factor. When parity was taken into account, age at first pregnancy was not related to ovarian cancer risk. No protective effect was associated with mumps virus infection. In contrast, risk increased significantly as serum mumps virus antibody titres increased (P for trend less than 0.01). An elevated risk was found in women with a history of long-term (greater than 3 months) application of talc-containing dusting powder to the lower abdomen and perineum (Relative risk 3.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.9-10.63). These findings suggest that Chinese women have risk factors similar to those of occidental women.

Viral antibody titers, immunogenetic markers, and their interrelations in multiple sclerosis patients and controls

Our purpose was to investigate possible interrelations between antibody titers against seven viruses (measles, rubella, herpes simplex, mumps, varicella-zoster, coronavirus, cytomegalovirus), HLA-class II antigens, and immunoglobulin Gm allotypes in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied 57 MS patients and 59 controls with similar age and sex distributions. In MS patients, we found the classical increased frequency of HLA-DR2, HLA-DQw1 and also an excess of Gm (3; ±23; 5 *). Mumps antibody levels were higher in MS patients than in controls; elevation was not significant for measles antibodies. Analysis suggests that an association between HLA-DQwl and antibody titers against various viruses exists in controls but is absent in MS patients. In particular, we found that mumps antibody titers were higher in DQwl-positive than in DQwl-negative controls, while there was no significant difference among MS cases. Accordingly, we found that the overall difference between patients and controls was due to the fact that DQwl-positive patients had higher titers than controls, while DQwl-negative cases had similar titers as controls. These findings suggest that biological and molecular characteristics of DQwl might differ in MS patients.

Methods for screening the naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity to the mumps virus

Since the introduction of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Sweden in 1982, a yearly evaluation of the immunity pattern and seroconversion rate of 12-year-old children has been carried out. To be able to realize large-scale, follow-up studies, techniques have to be used which are not too labour-intensive and time-consuming but are sensitive enough to detect past immunity and post-vaccination titres. We report tests with haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) technique and an enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared with neutralization (NT) for the detection of mumps antibodies. This study comprises 226 paired serum samples obtained between 1985 and 1989. One hundred and forty-one of the paired samples had been selected because they had given negative or borderline readings, using HIG technique. The remaining samples were consecutive pre- and post-vaccination sera obtained in 1989 from 85 vaccinees from one area in Sweden. HIG technique gave both false positive and false negative readings, compared with NT as also the false positive sera were detected. Non-inactivated sera could not be used in the NT test against mumps virus, owing to unspecific NT reactions. No differences between non-inactivated and inactivated sera by NT were seen, as against other paramyxoviruses. Cross-reactivity between mumps and parainfluenzae in NT tests was not demonstrated. The ELISA test proved more reliable and specific than HIG and was more sensitive than NT. Some post-vaccination sera from vaccinees who failed to seroconvert by NT contained high levels of mumps antibody detectable by the ELISA. Late post-vaccination sera which were negative by the NT also showed high levels of mumps-specific antibody detectable by the ELISA. Using ELISA test it was demonstrated that sera from children naturally immunized with mumps virus had significantly higher ELISA values than post-vaccination sera from children earlier vaccinated ( P < 0.001). A significantly higher booster effect after vaccination was also seen by the ELISA compared with the NT test.

Effect of monovalent measles and trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccines at various ages and concurrent administration with hepatitis B vaccine

To determine the most suitable vaccination schedule in developing countries, a study was conducted to reevaluate the immunogenicity of monovalent measles vaccine and trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at different ages. The success rate of measles vaccination was 84% at 9 months, 88% at 12 months and 100% at 15 months of age. Vaccination with measles vaccines at 9 and 15 months of age was also 96% immunogenic. Most vaccinees (16 of 17) not responding to the first measles vaccine before 1 year of age developed measles antibody with another shot of vaccine after 15 months of age. Trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine worked well in children ages 14 to 18 months. Administering trivalent vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine concurrently at 1 year of age, rubella and mumps antibodies developed in more than 95% of vaccinees, while measles antibody was detected in 88%. Responses to hepatitis B vaccine in this situation were good; 89% of vaccinees developed antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (greater than or equal to 10 mIU/ml) and the geometric mean titer was 362.49 mIU/ml. In summary vaccination twice at 9 and 15 months is effective and is a useful regimen in developing countries where measles is still endemic. Trivalent vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine will not interfere with each other when given together at 1 year of age.

Optimal age for measles and mumps vaccination in Australia

Trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine has recently replaced measles-mumps vaccine in Australia and is recommended as a single dose at the age of 12 to 15 months, with the exception of Aboriginal children in central Australia who are vaccinated at 9 months. The timing of measles vaccination has been controversial not only in Australia but also in the United States, where measles outbreaks continue to occur. This study aimed to determine seroconversion rates for measles-mumps vaccine in children aged 12 to 18 months and to make a recommendation for the timing of vaccination based on seroconversion rates and attack rates. The parents of 425 children aged 12 to 18 months gave consent for their children to have serum collected at the time of measles-mumps vaccination and three months later. The mean age at vaccination of the children who had two serum samples for measles and mumps antibody estimations was 13.9 months (mode, 13.1). The seroconversion rate for measles was 95% (314/329) (95% confidence interval (CI), 92.5% to 97.3%) and for mumps 97% (309/320) (95% CI, 93.8% to 98.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of seroconversion for measles or mumps related to age in months at the time of vaccination or in post-vaccination measles antibody titres related to age at vaccination. Post-vaccination mumps antibody titres tended to be lower in older vaccinees. None of the children who presented for vaccination had serological evidence of prior measles infection but five had evidence suggestive of prior mumps. As the seroconversion rates for measles and mumps vaccines were very high in these children it was concluded that no advantage resulted from delaying vaccination until 15 months and that the current National Health and Medical Research Council recommendations for vaccination at age 12 to 15 months should remain.

Risk factors in multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control study in Hautes-Pyrénées, France.

ABSTRACT‐ A population‐based study of the prevalence and risk factors of multiple sclerosis (MS) was conducted in the Hautes‐Pyrénées, the southwestern region of France. The prevalence rate per 100,000 was equal to 40. Data on the past medical history of 63 MS patients and matched controls were collected. The frequency and age at occurrence of common childhood infections were similar for both the MS cases and controls. There was no difference between the frequency of vaccination for MS patients and for controls. However, the age at which MS patients were immunized against poliomyelitis was significantly higher than the corresponding age for controls (15.8 years versus 8.9 years, P < 0.01). Antibody titers for various viruses were measured. The mumps antibody titer was significantly higher in the MS patients than in the controls. Also, MS patients tended to have higher titers for measles antibodies.

Acute pancreatitis in six non-transplanted uraemic children

Ten clinical episodes of acute pancreatitis (AP) occurred in six patients (mean age 10 years, range 3-15 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) during a 9-year period (1977-1986). The underlying cause of CRF was vesicoureteral reflux (2); urethral valves (1); ureterohydronephrosis (1); nephronopthisis (1) and a haemolytic uraemic syndrome which occurred 12 years before (1). In all patients a diagnosis of AP was established both on clinical grounds and with a serum amylase level of greater than 600 IU/l. In 3 patients laparotomy was performed because of suspected appendicitis. All patients required exclusive parenteral feeding (mean duration 25 days) and 2 patients had a partial pancreatectomy. No patient developed pancreatic pseudocysts, 2 patients experienced one relapse (3 and 21 months later) and 1 patient had two relapses and died. Mean duration of follow up was 3 years (range 1-10 years). Possible aetiological factors were: choledochal cyst (1); parotitis without a rise in mumps antibodies (1); familial dyslipidaemia but without AP in other family members (1), and aluminium intoxication with hypercalcaemia and convulsive encephalopathy treated with valproic acid in 1 patient. Severe hyperparathyroidism with radiological signs was absent in all patients. Transplantation had been performed either before AP in 2 patients (1 and 3 years before AP) or had followed AP in 1 patient (7 years after) without occurrence or relapse of AP.

Detection of specific immunoglobulin M to mumps virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with acute mumps infection, using an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay.

An immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody-capture immunoassay using peroxidase-labelled mumps antibodies is described and its suitability for the practical diagnosis of acute mumps infection is evaluated. All 45 patients with confirmed mumps infection showed specific mumps IgM antibodies in their sera. Similarly, mumps IgM antibodies were detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples and sera from 12 patients with meningitis. Among these patients 8 had positive mumps virus isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid and 4 had not. Conversely, mumps IgM antibodies were detected neither in 418 serum samples from adult patients expected to be negative for mumps IgM, nor in 184 cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with various central nervous system symptoms, nor in sera from 10 patients with high levels of IgM-rheumatoid factor. Among 20 patients with respiratory illness caused by parainfluenza type-1 virus none showed an IgM mumps antibody response. In 99% of cases with acute mumps infection the IgM-ELISA gave a positive result in the first available serum samples most of which were negative for CF and mumps IgG antibodies. The virus proteins which take part in the IgM-ELISA test immune reaction are mainly the nucleoprotein and to a lesser extent the membrane protein. The IgM-ELISA method, which can be performed in 6 hours, offers a reliable, sensitive and rapid alternative to routine methods for the diagnosis of acute mumps infection.

Vaccination of Children during Treatment for Leukemia

Forty-one children receiving maintenance treatment for leukemia were vaccinated with inactivated mumps virus, meningococcal polysaccharide groups A and C and polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Antibodies against pneumococcal types 3, 18C, 19F and 23F and against meningococcal groups A and C were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mumps antibodies were determined by complement fixation, hemolysis-in-gel and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antibody responses tended to be lower than those of healthy age-matched controls. The individual responses were unpredictable; the magnitude of the response correlated neither with the age nor sex of the patient, duration of the chemotherapy nor with the prevaccination antibody concentration. Nevertheless, most patients achieved and even exceeded the geometric mean of the antibody concentrations of the healthy children, considered protective against infection.

Determination of vaccine-induced and naturally acquired class-specific mumps antibodies by two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Paired sera from 46 vaccinees and 22 patients with clinically typical or atypical parotitis were tested for class-specific mumps antibodies by two different indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures. Both ELISAs appeared suitable, specific and more sensitive than neutralization (NT) and complement-fixation (CF). However, the macro-ELISA (M-ELISA) method, using beads as antigen-coated solid phase, showed a higher sensitivity than micro-ELISA (m-ELISA), performed on microplates. Diagnostic rises in mumps IgG antibodies and mumps IgA antibodies were detected more frequently by M-ELISA, mostly in post-vaccination sera. In addition, higher mean OD values of mumps IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies were generally found by M-ELISA. Nevertheless, m-ELISA appeared more convenient for evaluating class-specific mumps antibodies in large-scale studies, since the procedure is simpler, more rapid and less expensive than that of M-ELISA. Conversely, M-ELISA may be considered the test of choice for detecting low class-specific antibody levels. However, the determination of class-specific mumps antibodies appeared as an essential tool for evaluating vaccine-induced or naturally acquired mumps immunity.

ムンプスの既往のない幼児の一側感音難聴のムンプス抗体検査結果

ムンプスの既往のない幼児の一側感音難聴のムンプス抗体検査結果

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mumps IgM antibody: Comparison of IgM capture and indirect IgM assay

We have established two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of mumps IgM antibody, i.e., indirect IgM ELISA and IgM capture ELISA, for serodiagnosis of recent mumps infection. In the latter method, peroxidase-conjugated monoclonal antibody to mumps virus was employed. Both methods detected mumps antibody of IgM class only in serum fractions separated by centrifugation through a sucrose density gradient. Optical density values given by both ELISAs were correlated for most sera examined. Indirect IgM ELISA, however, gave a false positive reaction for sera containing both rheumatoid factor and mumps IgG antibody, while giving a false negative reaction for sera containing high titers of mumps IgG antibody. This technique was, therefore, less reliable than IgM capture ELISA. IgM antibody detectable by IgM capture ELISA was present in all patients with mumps by the fifth day of illness and persisted for up to 3 mth in most and up to 5 mth in same cases.

Proportions of Ig Classes and Subclasses in Mumps Antibodies

Mumps antibodies of 34 human beings were studied, 12 patients with natural mumps infection, 15 subjects vaccinated with a live mumps vaccine, and seven subjects vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. Small amounts of antibodies reacting with mumps antigen were found in the prevaccination sera. An immunization with either the live or the killed vaccine caused an increase in the mumps antibodies (range, from 1.1-fold to more than 50-fold; geometric mean, approximately sevenfold). IgG1 was the major isotype in all post-vaccination sera; the average share was 61%. Next came IgM (28%), followed by IgA (9%), and IgG3 (2% of total). The patient samples had 10 (acute phase) or 20 times (convalescent phase) more mumps antibodies than the prevaccination samples. IgG1 was the predominant isotype in the acute phase sera (average 42% of all antibodies). Next came IgM (41%) followed by IgA (13%), and IgG3 (4%). In convalescent sera IgG1 was also the predominant isotype (average 67%), followed by IgM (19%). The minor isotypes in the second samples were IgA (12%) and IgG3 (3%). Small amounts of IgG2 antibodies were found in 1 patient and 1 vaccine. IgG4 antibodies were not detected.

A survey of serum antibodies to eight common viruses in psychiatric patients.

Serum antibody titres to eight neurotropic viruses were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 450 psychiatric in-patients and 143 controls. A seasonal variation in schizophrenic births was observed, with a peak incidence between March and April. Both herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus antibody titres correlated with age and, when this was controlled for, no significant differences emerged between any patient group and the controls. Mumps antibody titres were significantly lower in patients with mental subnormal and neurosis or personality disorder; measles and rubella antibody titres were lower in male but not female mentally handicapped patients; males had lower antibody titres to mumps, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus than females in all groups. A decrease in mumps antibody titres was also found in schizophrenics if the medication factor was excluded. These low antibody titres may indicate an impaired immune response. Thus perinatal or childhood subclinical viral infections of the central nervous system, particularly of mumps, might lead to a range of possible psychiatric outcomes in later life.

Chronic mumps virus encephalitis: Mumps antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid

To study the outcome of mumps virus encephalitis 47 patients were contacted 1-15 years after the acute encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection. Twenty-three patients experienced clinical sequelae such as difficulties in memory and learning, focal motor or sensory signs, and loss of hearing and visual acuity. Lumbar puncture was performed on 8 patients. Antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 6 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using enzyme immunoassay and in 3 patients an abnormal serum/CSF antibody ratio was observed 11, 26 and 58 (controls greater than 85); 14.3, 1.4 and 6.1 years after the acute encephalitis, respectively. Antibodies to other microbes were either undetectable in the CSF or the serum/CSF ratios were normal. The clinical sequelae in about half of the patients and the signs of intrathecal mumps antibody production are suggestive of a chronic process in the central nervous system after encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection.

Effect of Surgical Repair of Cryptorchidism on Endocrine Testicular Function

on Infectious Diseases, ed 19. Evanston, IL, 1982, The Academy, p 20. 11. Evans HE, Akpata SO, Glass L: Serum immunoglobulin levels in premature and full-term infants. Am J Clin Pathol 56:416, 1971. 12. Balfour HH, Amren DP: Rubella, measles and mumps antibodies following vaccination of children. Am J Dis Child 132:573, 1978. 13. Pabst HF, Kreth HW: Ontogeny of the immune response as a basis of childhood disease. J PED[ATR 97:519, 1980. 14. Feldman R, Holguin A, Gelfand H: Oral potiovirus vaccination in children: A study suggesting enterovirus interference. Pediatrics 33:526, 1964.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of mumps antibody for evaluation of immune status before and after vaccination.

Legend. ODs of ELISA of mumps IgG antibodies in sera of recipients of measles-rubella-mumps combined live vaccine. ODs of postvaccination sera are shown as a function of those of prevaccination sera. Vaccines, consisting of (1) measles: AIK-C 557 (Kitasato Laboratory); (2) rubella: TO 336 (Takeda Chemical Industries); and (3) mumps: Torii strain (Takeda Chemical Industries), were injected into 104 children from one to five years of age who had no history of mumps infection. Serum samples were taken at the time of vaccination and six weeks after vaccination. A microtitration plate (IMMULON(R); Dynatech Laboratories, Alexandria, Va) was pretreated with 10070 fetal calf serum in PBS (pH 7.3) for 1 hr and then washed three times in PBS. Purified mumps antigen (supplied by the Takeda Chemical Industries) diluted with 0.05 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) was applied. The plate was incubated overnight at 4 C and washed three times. Subsequent steps of tile further procedure were the same as those described previously [1]. Variations between plates were corrected using internal standards (i.e., three different dilutions of mumps hyperimmune IgG). Since the coefficient of variation of this method was 10%, increases of OD >30% were considered to be significant. Summary

IMMUNITY OF YOUNG ADULTS TO CHILDHOOD DISEASES

Epidemics of measles and rubella on college campuses stimulated us to study the immune status of similar age individuals. Plasma collected for routine laboratory studies at entrance to nursing or dental school were tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for varicella (V), measles and mumps (MM) antibody. To define the seronegative range, tests were standardized for MM Measles 3/235 (1.3%); and Varicella 6/235 (2.5%). On the day sera were obtained, 99 students were given MMR on the basis of historical data. Five seronegative for mumps and 2 for measles were not immunized; the latter had physician documented measles. Thus, half the students needing protection against MMR were not immunized, while many others not requiring vaccine received it. Inexpensive serologic screening performed on blood obtained for other routine laboratory tests can identify the few students requiring vaccine including those who, on the basis of current historical criteria, would not have been immunized.

Effect of surgical repair of cryptorchidism on endocrine testicular function

on Infectious Diseases, ed 19. Evanston, IL, 1982, The Academy, p 20. 11. Evans HE, Akpata SO, Glass L: Serum immunoglobulin levels in premature and full-term infants. Am J Clin Pathol 56:416, 1971. 12. Balfour HH, Amren DP: Rubella, measles and mumps antibodies following vaccination of children. Am J Dis Child 132:573, 1978. 13. Pabst HF, Kreth HW: Ontogeny of the immune response as a basis of childhood disease. J PED[ATR 97:519, 1980. 14. Feldman R, Holguin A, Gelfand H: Oral potiovirus vaccination in children: A study suggesting enterovirus interference. Pediatrics 33:526, 1964.