Multivessel Lesions Research Articles

Особенности течения ишемической болезни сердца в постковидном периоде

Introduction. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been going on for more than two years and is significantly affecting routine clinical practice. Despite the numerous publications on heart damage in the acute phase of COVID-19, there is not enough data regarding the dynamics of cardiovascular system condition in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients after the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The influence of the long-term consequences of the disease on cardiovascular system condition of patients who have had infection requires careful study. Aim. To assess the clinical and laboratory picture and coronary lesion nature in CAD patients with mild or moderate course of COVID-19 infection after at least 12 weeks. Materials and methods. The analysis of clinical, laboratory parameters and coronary angiography of 118 CAD patients aged 46–67 years (mean age 60.2 ± 6.1 years) after a serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at the lapse of 12 weeks was carried out. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 60 patients with a mild COVID-19, group 2 included 58 patients with a moderate COVID-19 course. Results. CAD patients with a moderate course of COVID-19 in the acute period had higher values of office blood pressure, higher incidence of uncontrolled arterial hypertension, major multivessel lesions of coronary arteries and lesions of the main vessels than CAD patients with mild COVID-19. When comparing echocardiographic parameters in patients with moderate COVID-19, the lower parameters of the left ventricular ejection fraction were found which is quite consistent with the higher NT-proBNP values in these patients. Conclusion. CAD patients, who have had moderate COVID-19 in the acute phase of infectious process, constitute a special risk group for a subsequent more severe course of the underlying disease.

Comparative Analysis of Early Postoperative Period in Patients with Total Arterial Revascularization and Conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

The use of total arterial myocardial revascularization in patients with multivessel lesions of the coronary arteries has a number of advantages, namely the duration of functioning or patency of the grafts. The level of total arterial myocardial revascularization implementation in developed and developing countries remains quite low.
 The aim. Based on the analysis of our own experience, to determine the influence of the technique of total arterial revascularization on the frequency of complications in the early postoperative period.
 Materials and methods. From February 22, 2016 to December 24, 2020, 390 consecutive patients were operated at the Ukrainian Children’s Cardiac Center. The patients were divided into two groups: participants of the group I underwent total arterial myocardial revascularization, and those includedin the group II underwent conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The inclusion criteria were: ischemic heart disease, stable angina or exertional angina, multivascular coronary artery disease, absence of valvular pathology.
 Results. There was zero 30-day mortality in both groups. The frequency of postoperative bleeding was higher in group II and amounted to 1.6%. Surgical wound complications (infection) were also more common in the group II: 1.2% versus 0.69% (p=0.906) in the group I. Similarly, laboratory parameters such as the level of creatine kinase-MB were almost identical.
 Conclusions. Total arterial myocardial revascularization is a safe method with good immediate results. The frequency of complications in total arterial myocardial revascularizationdoes not differ from that in conventional CABG. For a wider application of the total arterial myocardial revascularization,it is necessary to continue toconduct studies of the remote postoperative period.

Clinical phenotypes of patients with ischemic heart disease and borderline coronary artery stenoses

Background. Ischemic heart disease, despite ongoing therapeutic and preventive measures, remains the leading cause of disability and mortality in people of working age.
 Aim. Study of cardiovascular risk factors and assessment of the clinical and angiographic picture in patients with stable coronary heart disease and borderline coronary artery stenoses of various clinical phenotypes.
 Material and methods. 236 patients with functional class IIII stable angina pectoris aged 4959 years with borderline (4070%) coronary artery stenoses were examined. All patients underwent a general clinical examination, cardiac ultrasound and coronary angiography. The nonparametric MannWhitney U-test was used to compare indicators between groups. To compare binary and categorical indicators, Fisher's exact two-tailed test was used. Differences in the compared parameters were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.
 Results. The predominance of the following clinical phenotypes, which determined the further distribution into groups, was revealed: coronary heart disease without myocardial infarction the first group; coronary heart disease with myocardial infarction more than 6 months old the second group; coronary heart disease with a metabolically unhealthy phenotype of obesity without diabetes mellitus the third group, coronary heart disease with diabetes mellitus the fourth group. In the third and fourth groups, there was no significant difference in the frequency of myocardial infarction in the past, and patients in the third group with a history of myocardial infarction suffered it at the earliest age (44.3 [41; 50] years, p 0.01). Despite the presence of arterial hypertension in 97.5% of groups of patients with different phenotypes, the fourth group showed the highest values of the left ventricular myocardium mass index (240.6 [146.3; 286.3], p 0.01). In the same group, multivessel coronary artery lesions were more frequently recorded during angiographic examination in 25 patients (47.2 [33.4; 52.3]%, p 0.01).
 Conclusion. Despite the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, patients with stable coronary heart disease and borderline coronary artery stenoses are at risk of cardiovascular complications due to the presence of arterial hypertension in the vast majority, a significant incidence of obesity, dyslipidemia, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Analysis of the incidence and influencing factors associated with binary restenosis of target lesions after drug-coated balloon angioplasty for patients with in-stent restenosis

BackgroundDrug-coated balloon (DCB) is a novel and effective device for coronary artery disease patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, the incidence and possible influencing factors associated with binary restenosis have not yet been adequately assessed.MethodsThe data are extracted from a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. A total of 211 patients with ISR were enrolled at 13 centers from August 2017 to October 2018 and treated with DCB. At the 9-month coronary angiographic follow-up, patients were divided into restenosis and non-restenosis groups, and demographic data, lesion features, and laboratory tests were retrospectively reviewed. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was used to identify possible influencing factors.ResultsAll patients successfully underwent treatment, and 166 patients with 190 lesions took part in angiography follow-ups at 9 months. Of these, 41 patients with 44 target lesions developed restenosis following treatment, and the incidence of ISR was 24.7%. There were significant differences in the average length of target lesions and the number of multivessel lesions and fasting plasma glucose (FBG) between the two groups (p < 0.05). Demographic data, cardiac risk factors, left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF), blood routine tests, biochemical tests, and other features of devices and lesions showed no difference. Logistic regression analyses showed that FBG > 6.1 mmol/L (OR: 7.185 95% CI: 2.939–17.567 P < 0.001) and length of lesion (OR:1.046 95% CI: 1.001–1.093 P = 0.046) were associated risk factors.ConclusionsThe longer length of lesions, more target lesions and FBG > 6.1 mmol/L per individual may be characteristics of patients showing ISR following treatment. Studies with larger sample size, and more complete follow-up data are needed in the future to expend on these findings.Trial registrationNo.: NCT04213378, first posted date (30/12/2019).

Novel grading system for ischemia‒reperfusion injury manifestations in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

To establish a simple myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury (MIRI) manifestation grading system based on clinical manifestations and coronary angiography during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). All STEMI patients treated with PPCI from June 2018 to November 2019 were included. According to the MIRI manifestation grade, patients were divided into four grades (I–IV). Laboratory and clinical indicators of the patients and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) within one year of follow-up were analyzed. A total of 300 patients were included. The higher the MIRI manifestation grade, the lower was the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); the higher were the C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein(a) [LP(a)], and peak levels of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), creatine kinase (CK-MB), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP); and the higher were the proportions of right coronary artery (RCA) and multivessel lesions (P < 0.05). The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and E/e′ values of patients with higher grades were significantly increased, while the LVEF, left ventricular short-axis functional shortening (LVFS) and E/A values were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The one-year cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients with grade I–IV disease was 7.7% vs. 26.9% vs. 48.4% vs. 93.3%, respectively, P < 0.05. The higher the MIRI manifestation grade, the more obvious is the impact on diastolic and systolic function and the higher is the cumulative incidence of MACEs within one year, especially in patients with multivessel disease, low HDL-C, high CRP, high LP(a) levels, and the RCA as the infarction-related artery.

Study to relate of the coronary collareral circulation with major adverse cardiac events after percutatnenous coronary invervention in st-elevation myocardial infarction

Background: The presence of good coronary collateral circulation (CCC) can protect and preserve myocardium from ischemia, increase myocardial contractility, and reduce adverse clinical events. However, its impact on mortality is still a topic of debate, particularly in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CCC with cardiac risk factors and in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of ACS.&#x0D; Methods: The study population included 200 patients with ST – elevation myocardial infrarction who underwent coronary angiography and were found to have TIMI flow coronary 0 or 1. The CCC was graded according to the Rentrop classification. The patients were classified into a poor CCC group (Rentrop grades 0-1, n=161) or a good CCC group (Rentrop grades 2-3, n=39). Following of major adverse cardiac events about 30day after PCI.&#x0D; RESULTS: Patients with good CCC had time onset chest pains (p = 0,001), higher rate of Killip class of at least 2 at admission (p = 0,031), peak troponin T (p = 0,037), lacticemia lower (p = 0,03), multivessel lesion upper (p = 0,03) with the patients with poor CCC. MACE of patients with good CCC nosignificant with the patient with poor CCC (OR=3,9, 95%CI[0,5- to 30,5], mortality (HR 2,5, 95%CI[0,31-19,2], p=0,45), unplanned target vessel revascularisation (TVR) (HR 28,8 (0.006 to 1.4), p=0.44), comelack in-hospital by cardiovascular causes (HR 1,06, 95%CI[0,29 to 3,7]. P=0,93). Increase left ventricular ejection fraction after 30day in patients with good CCC upper patients with poor CCC (p=0,004).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies, our study did not confirm a beneficial role of good CCC in patients with ST – elevation myocardial infarction. The presence of good CCC was even independently associated NYHA grades, Killip grades, peak troponin T, lacticemia and left ventricular ejection fraction.

The relationship between mean platelet volume lymphocyte ratio and collateral circulation in patients with chronic total coronary occlusion.

To correlate mean platelet volume lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO). A total of 643 patients who were hospitalized at a single large academic medical center from January 2020 to October 2021 and had CTO lesions in at least one major coronary artery confirmed by coronary angiography were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided according to the Rentrop criteria into poorly formed CCC (Rentrop grade 0-1, n = 235) and well-formed CCC (Rentrop grade 2-3, n = 408) groups. Mean platelet volume lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) was calculated from routine laboratory data (MPV divided by lymphocyte count). The clinical data of the two groups were compared, and relationships between MPVLR and CCC formation were analyzed. The MPVLR of patients with poorly formed CCC was significantly higher than that of patients with well-formed CCC (7.82 ± 3.80 vs. 4.84 ± 1.42, P < 0.01). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the poor CCC group than in the good CCC group (P < 0.01), while the proportions of patients with CTO or multivessel lesions in the right coronary artery were significantly lower in the poor CCC group than in the good CCC group (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified MPVLR (OR: 2.101, 95% CI: 1.840-2.399, P < 0.01), C-reactive protein level (OR: 1.036, 95% CI: 1.008-1.064, P < 0.05), a history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.355, 95% CI: 1.532-3.621, P < 0.01), and right coronary CTO ratio (OR: 0.313, 95% CI: 0.202-0.485, P < 0.01) as independent risk factors for CCC formation. The area under the ROC curve of MPVLR for predicting poorly formed CCC was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.784-0.855, P < 0.01), the best cut-off point was 6.02 and the sensitivity and specificity of MPVLR for predicting poorly formed CCC were 72.3 and 82.4%, respectively. In patients with coronary CTO, MPVLR was negatively correlated with CCC and a high MPVLR level was an independent predictor of poorly formed CCC.

Endovascular Treatment of a Patient with Multivessel Deсease Combined with Chronic Occlusion of the Right Coronary Artery

Introduction. Coronary hagiography revealed 70%-prevalence of multivessel coronary lesions. Chronic coronary occlusion (CCO) occurs in approximately 20 % of patients with coronary heart disease. Endovascular recanalization of CCO is associated with technical difficulties and the risk of complications. In this regard, patients with CCO rarely undergo revascularization, which leads to incomplete myocardial revascularization.Materials and methods. Patient M., male, 64, was hospitalized at the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine in February 2020 with a diagnosis of CHD. Stable angina, FC III, multivessel coronary lesions. The recanalization of chronic occlusion of the right coronary artery was performed at the first stage. During the next stage of revascularization of the left main coronary artery, an acute occlusion of the circumflex artery occurred. Despite the acute occlusion, no ischemic dynamics wasm reported on the electrocardiogram, there were no complaints, hemodynamics was stable. Ischemic events did not occur due to the formed network of collaterals out of the system of the right coronary artery. This allowed the complication to be corrected without consequences for the patient. Results and discussion. Thanks to the accumulated experience and advanced technologies, the success rate of recanalization has reached 90–95 %, and complications are not more common than in cases of stenting of non-occlusive lesions. The conducted studies have proved that successful recanalization of CCO improves the patient’s clinical and functional status, intracardiac hemodynamics and quality of life.Conclusion. The clinical case given above clearly demonstrates the need for endovascular revascularization of CCO. The formed collateral network ensured blood flow in the area of acute occlusion and prevented the development of ischemia and myocardial infarction.

Layer specific strain analysis and QTc interval in patients with STEMI and TIMI 3 early after percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background Heart rate-corrected (QTc) interval may increase in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) even after complete reperfusion of the infarct-related artery. The remaining ischemia affects ventricular repolarization and may be associated with an increased susceptibility for malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is an angle-independent technique for evaluating myocardial function. The study aimed to analyze the layers specific strain using STE in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and find a possible correlation with QTc interval. Methods 74 patients with STEMI and TIMI 3 flow after PCI were enrolled. The study did not include patients with bundle branch block, pacing, or treated with drugs that could increase the QTc interval. The evaluation consisted of clinical examination and laboratory tests. 12 leads electrocardiography evaluated QTc interval. Echocardiographic acquisitions were performed in the first 24–48 hours after PCI, and data were analyzed on the workstation. The global longitudinal strain was measured from apical views, at the level of the endocardium GLSAvgEndo, transmural GLSAvg, epicardium GLSAvgEpi; the difference bewtwen endocardium and epicardium longitudinal strain: GLSAvgEndo-GLSAvgEpi. Layer-specific GLS values were measured as the average of the longitudinal strain of 17 LV segments at each individual layer (Figure 1). Results Patients were diveded in two groups: the first included 32 patients with a single vessel disease (43.24%) and the second, 42 patients (56.75%) with multiple vessel damage, but without other indication for revascularization except the culprit lesion. Values for layers strain and QTc interval in the first group were: GLSAvgEndo: −16.2 (SD 2.98, CV 0.18), GLSAvg: −11.46 (SD 6.98, CV 0.6), GLSAvgEndo-GLSAvgEpi: 3.54 (DS 1.06, CV 0.29), QTc: 452.5 (SD 22.65, CV 0.05) and in the second group: GLSAvgEndo: −13.22 (SD 4.01, CV 0.3), GLSAvg: −11.3 (SD 3.39, CV 0.29), GLSAvgEndo-GLSAvgEpi: 3.47 (CV 1.28, CV 0.37), QTc: 490ms (SD 43.07, CV 0.08). QTc interval correlated with and layers strain in the first group: GLSAvgEndo: r=0.56, GLSAvg: r=0.67, GLSendo-GLSepi: r=0.54, and in the second group: GLSAvgEndo: r=0.73, GLSAvg: r=0.75, GLSAvgEndo-GLSAvgEpi: r=0.62. Conclusions 1. The present study identified decreased longitudinal strain in all myocardial layers in the first days after STEMI, even after a successful PCI. 2. Alterations of QTc dynamicity were more frequent in patients with multivessel lesions 3. The electrical instability related by QTc interval correlated with the myocardial tissue damage related by STE. The correlation was more evident in patients with multivessel disease, even with remaining nonsignificant lesions, suggesting an ongoing process of microcirculatory perfusion damage. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Long-term results of large common iliac artery aneurysms caused by Kawasaki disease in four patients.

Among Kawasaki disease patients with systemic artery aneurysms, the brachial and internal iliac arteries are the most commonly affected, and occlusions of both arteries are often found. However, the long-term fate of large common iliac artery aneurysms remains unknown, because their prevalence is very low. The long-term outcomes of common iliac artery aneurysms caused by Kawasaki disease in four patients (three females, one male) were investigated retrospectively based on their medical records and angiograms. Their ages ranged from 30 to 36 years-old. The onset age of Kawasaki disease ranged from 4 to 8 months, and the interval from the onset of Kawasaki disease to the latest angiogram ranged from 17 to 21 years. All patients had bilateral large coronary aneurysms and common iliac artery aneurysms with maximal diameters greater than 10 mm. Although all patients had multi-vessel coronary artery stenotic lesions and systemic artery aneurysms, they were asymptomatic. The three female patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, and the male patient underwent replacement of artificial vessels for large bilateral common iliac artery aneurysms at 3 years old of age. Over the long-term, common iliac artery aneurysms greater than 10 mm persisted as calcified aneurysms. However, they had no symptoms due to their common iliac artery aneurysms, and their ankle brachial pressure index was preserved, even if the stenosis of the common iliac artery developed as a late outcome, because the collateral arteries were well developed. The progression of stenosis of the common iliac artery after Kawasaki disease was slower.

Tactics of Surgical Treatment of Postinfarction Ventricular Septum Rupture Depending on the Time after the Development of an Acute Myocardial Infarction

The article is dedicated to topical issues of the tactics of surgical treatment of postinfarction ventricular septum rupture (PIVSR). Based on the study of the peculiarities of surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect in patients with different deadlines for surgical intervention after the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the most appropriate approach to the correction of PIVSR in such patients was determined. In particular, taking into account mortality risk (42 %), the most reasonable is the use of wait-and-see tactics in the management of patients with PIVSR at the early stages after the development of AMI. At the same time, the decision on the timing of surgical intervention should be made individually, taking into account the clinical condition of the patient and the course of the postinfarction heart remodeling. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the effectiveness of the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and the time intervals of surgical intervention from the moment of hospitalization in patients with PIVSR. It was found that clinical course of coronary heart disease complicated by PIVSR can be extremely unpredictable not only in the early postinfarction period, but also up to 2 months after the development of AMI. In addition, when planning the amount of surgical intervention, it is necessary to take into account the presence of multivessel atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries in patients with PIVSR, regardless of the timing after the development of AMI.

Comorbidities in Patients before Surgical Myocardial Revascularization: Current State of the Problem. Part IІ

The first part of the article was dedicated to the problem of comorbidities in cardiac surgery patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), considered modern literary sources discussing endocrinopathies, connective tissue diseases, COVID-19-associated autoimmune processes, chronic kidney disease and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.&#x0D; The aim. To continue the analysis of current literature data on comorbidities in patients hospitalized for surgical myocardial revascularization.&#x0D; Results. When assessing the preoperative status of a cardiac surgery patient with CAD, not only their cardiological status and the percentage of stenotic lesion of the coronary arteries are important, but also the presence of concomitant diseases and the degree of their compensation. According to the modern literary sources, 4-20.5% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have chronic pulmonary disease (COPD). In order to avoid bronchopulmonary complications in the postoperative period, high-quality preoperative diagnosis based on spirometric research is important. When verifying COPD, even of a moderate degree, a course of preventive therapy is required, and in the case of a severe course of COPD with a forced expiratory volume &lt;50%, the involvement of a pulmonologist is necessary. Hemodynamically marked stenoses of brachiocephalic arteries are found in 6-12% of patients before CABG. According to European recommendations, ultrasound screening of carotid arteries is indicated for patients ≥70 years of age with multivessel lesions of the coronary arteries and a history of neurological disorders &lt;6 months before planned cardiac surgery. Dementia is diagnosed in 9.6-20% of patients before CABG and is characterized by a higher rate of mortality and postoperative complications. It was established that the result of the cognitive function assessment using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale &lt;24 is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality and postoperative delirium. Concomitant disease of peripheral arteries is diagnosed in 6.1-20.4% of patients before CABG and negatively affects both immediate and long-term results of myocardial revascularization.&#x0D; Conclusions. Timely verification and compensation of comorbidities is an important point in the perioperative management of cardiac surgery patients with CAD. The systemic nature of the atherosclerotic process leads to multifocal stenotic lesions of the arterial system, which requires from the heart team not only to determine the priority of surgical interventions, but also to choose the optimal method of myocardial revascularization, taking into account comorbidities.

The relationship between the number of stenotic coronary arteries and the gut microbiome in coronary heart disease patients.

An increasing number of studies have shown that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, there are no clear studies on the relationship between the gut microbiome and the number of stenotic coronary arteries. To clarify whether the gut microbiome is associated with the number of stenotic coronary arteries in CHD, we performed the 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the V3-V4 region in the gut microbiota from 9 healthy controls (C) and 36 CHD patients, which including 25 CHD patients with multivessel (MV) lesion and 11 CHD patients with single-vessel (SV) lesion. It showed that the abundance of the genus Escherichia-Shigella was significantly increased in the MV and SV groups compared with C group, while the abundance of the genera Subdoligranulum and Collinsella was significantly decreased. Biomarkers based on three gut microbiotas (Escherichia-Shigella, Subdoligranulum, and Collinsella) and three plasma metabolites(left atrial diameter (LA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and total bile acids (TBA)) were able to distinguish CHD patients with different numbers of stenotic coronary arteries. Functional prediction of the gut microbiome was performed based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. The results showed that the gut microbial function of MV and SV group patients was richer than C group in betaine biosynthesis and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, in the contrast less than C group in sphingolipid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. In summary, our study showed that the composition and function of the gut microbiome changed significantly from healthy controls to CHD patients with different numbers of coronary lesions.

Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein C3 gene and coronary lesions in patients with CHD

Background and Aims : The aim of our study was to evaluate the distribution of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism and its impact on the character of dyslipidemia and features of coronary lesions in Uzbek patients with unstable angina.Methods: The study included 141 patients with unstable angina pectoris (HC) class IIB (Braunwald E. et al., 1989) with LDL cholesterol> 100 mg / dL. The comparison group consisted of 50 healthy, age-matched, randomly selected individuals without clinical and instrumental signs of coronary artery disease according to the results of an exercise test. Coronary angiography was performed on an Allura CV-20 (Philips, Netherlands). Genotyping of SstI APOC3 gene polymorphism by PCR-RFLP. Alleles lacking a restriction site were designated S1, and alleles containing an SstI site were designated S2.Results: The analysis of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism revealed a significant prevalence of carriers of the S2 allele among patients with UA compared with healthy ethnic Uzbeks. Carriage of the S2 allele was associated with hypertriglyceridemia (> 230 mg / dL) (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.14-4.67; χ2 = 5.485; P = 0.02) and a higher risk of three- and multivessel lesions. (OR = 2.171, 95% CI: 1.0792-4.3680; P = 0.03).Conclusions: Our results indicate that the determination of APOC3 SstI polymorphism may be a useful additional marker in assessing cardiovascular risk and indications for coronary angiography. Background and Aims : The aim of our study was to evaluate the distribution of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism and its impact on the character of dyslipidemia and features of coronary lesions in Uzbek patients with unstable angina. Methods: The study included 141 patients with unstable angina pectoris (HC) class IIB (Braunwald E. et al., 1989) with LDL cholesterol> 100 mg / dL. The comparison group consisted of 50 healthy, age-matched, randomly selected individuals without clinical and instrumental signs of coronary artery disease according to the results of an exercise test. Coronary angiography was performed on an Allura CV-20 (Philips, Netherlands). Genotyping of SstI APOC3 gene polymorphism by PCR-RFLP. Alleles lacking a restriction site were designated S1, and alleles containing an SstI site were designated S2. Results: The analysis of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism revealed a significant prevalence of carriers of the S2 allele among patients with UA compared with healthy ethnic Uzbeks. Carriage of the S2 allele was associated with hypertriglyceridemia (> 230 mg / dL) (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.14-4.67; χ2 = 5.485; P = 0.02) and a higher risk of three- and multivessel lesions. (OR = 2.171, 95% CI: 1.0792-4.3680; P = 0.03). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the determination of APOC3 SstI polymorphism may be a useful additional marker in assessing cardiovascular risk and indications for coronary angiography.

Endovascular Treatment of an Elderly Diabetic Patient with a Circular Myocardial Infarction in Cardiogenic Shock Complicated by Stent Thrombosis

The most common cause of cardiogenic shock (CS) is acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which is diagnosed in approximately 5–8% of patients hospitalized for AMI and is more common in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). CS is caused by severe myocardial dysfunction, which leads to a decrease in cardiac output, hypoperfusion of the end organs, and hypoxia. Mortality in diabetic patients with AMI is high. Besides the fact that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) contributes to the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, coronary pathology in this category of patients occurs against the background of a specific diabetic myocardial lesion – diabetic cardiomyopathy. Against the background of cardiomyopathy, acute heart failure is more often developed with a decrease in global myocardial contractility up to CS, which increases hospital-acquired mortality in MI by more than 15 times. The increased risk of death observed in patients with DM2 in the acute period of myocardial infarction (MI) persists for several years, and therefore, at present, in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and diabetes, an early invasive strategy is preferable to a conservative strategy. The SHOCK (Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock) trial demonstrated that in patients with CS complicating AMI, emergency revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) improved long-term survival when compared with initial intensive medical therapy. However, in the CULPRIT-SHOCK (Culprit Lesion Only PCI Versus Multivessel PCI in Cardiogenic Shock) study, stenting of non-infarct-dependent coronary arteries in CS increases the risks of major cardiac events, as well as the number of repeated revascularizations within 30 days and 1 year. Patients with multivessel lesions, in most cases, are elderly patients (75–90 years old) who have age restrictions on taking the loading dose at the prehospital stage. Such a loading dose of clopidogrel may not be sufficient to saturate the patient in fact, despite optimal epicardial recanalization, a large proportion of patients still experience impaired reperfusion and in-stent thrombosis. A large body of evidence has been accumulated on the benefits of glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa inhibitors in terms of prevention of stent thrombosis, and benefits in mortality, especially among high-risk patients, and as an upstream strategy.

Multivessel coronary bed lesion in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Current state of the problem and gap in evidence

World statistics data suggest that the surgical revascularization of the myocardium in multivessel coronary artery disease is performed in 40 to 60% of cases. However, severity of coronary artery disease is often evaluated through the analysis of clinical presentation and selective coronary angiography (ICA) data without an assessment of the functional significance of stenosis. A precise algorithm for the treatment of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and stable coronary artery disease is still unavailable, i.e. extent of revascularization, its time, and criteria for complete withholding of surgical treatment remain unclear. Many factors affect myocardial blood supply in multivessel disease including the type of blood supply to the heart, presence of scar and collaterals, diameter of the affected artery, and presence of microvascular dysfunction. All these factors require rational and intelligent approach to establishing the optimal tactics. In this review, the authors identified discussion vector and presented their original opinion on the advisability/unreasonableness of approaches to revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary disease based on published clinical trials and current recommendations. In addition, we analyzed the existing data, identified the missing information, and proposed the prospects for possible new clinical studies in this scientific field.

Long-term results of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with diffuse and multivessel coronary artery diseases

Highlights. Two-year results of stenting in patients with diffuse and multivessel coronary artery lesions performed using intravascular research and control methods (optical coherence tomography, blood flow fractional reserve) are presented. A low incidence of myocardial infarction, repeated interventions and a high level of survival, free from significant cardiovascular complications, were noted when using intravascular research methods in patients during percutaneous coronary intervention in comparison with the patients who did not undergo intravascular methods.Aim. To evaluate the two-year results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with diffuse and multivessel coronary lesions.Methods. 128 patients were included in the study and divided into two groups. In group I (n = 62) PCI was performed using intravascular imaging methods, in group II (n = 66) no intravascular imaging methods (retrospectively) were used. The measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in diffusely altered arteries was performed against the background of maximum hyperemia between stenoses by pulling the sensor starting from the distal segment. Initially, the most distal hemodynamically significant stenosis underwent the stenting. Then, a repeated measurement of FFR was performed and it showed if the further stenting was needed. The results of stenting, as well as the determination of the stent implantation area were carried out by the method of optical coherence tomography.Results. 12 months after PCI the results of treatment were checked in all patients and after 24 months – in 106 patients (56 and 50, respectively, in groups I and II). The achievement of complete (functionally adequate, according to FFR measurements) myocardial revascularization was achieved in 93.5% of patients from group I, while the result in the control group was only 56% of patients. The average number of stenoses in the target non-occluded artery according to angiography and after FFR measurement was the following: in patients with two-vessel lesions – 2.95±0.65 and 1.82±0.88, respectively, and in patients with three-vessel lesions – 2.96±0.6 and 2.24±0.76, respectively (p = 0.0024). After 12 months of follow-up, significant differences were observed between groups I and II in the frequency of myocardial infarction (1.8 and 4.0%, respectively; χ2 = 5.172) and repeated interventions (3.6 and 16.0%, respectively; χ2 = 8.114). By the 24th month of follow-up, among the observed patients, the total frequency of myocardial infarction, repeated interventions and cardiac death were significantly higher in patients of group II compared with group I and they were 45.5 and 9.6%, respectively (χ2 = 14.784; p&lt;0,0001).Conclusion. Long-term results of PCI in patients with diffuse and multivessel coronary lesions using intravascular imaging methods (optical coherence tomography and FFR measurements) are characterized by low cardiac complications, compared with patients operated without imaging methods.

Comparison of early outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting for multi-vessel disease conducted using minimally invasive or conventional off-pump techniques: a propensity-matched study based on SYNTAX score

BackgroundThis study was designed to compare early outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass grafting for multi-vessel disease conducted using either minimally invasive or conventional off-pump techniques.MethodsFrom January 2017 through January 2021, 582 patients with multi-vessel lesion coronary artery disease underwent either minimally invasive cardiac surgery coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) or conventional off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) treatment by our team at Anzhen Hospital. Patients in the MICS CABG group were propensity score-matched with those in the OPCABG at a 1:1 ratio (MICS CABG = 172; OPCABG = 172), using epidemiological data, preoperative clinical characteristics, and SYNTAX score as covariates. Perioperative outcomes and 6-month computed tomography angiography findings were compared between these groups.ResultsNo significant differences between groups were observed with respect to 30-day postoperative mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke incidence. Surgical data indicated that the MICS CABG procedure was able to cover all three main arterial territories with a relatively low need for circulatory assistance. The MICS CABG procedure was associated with a longer operative duration, but was also associated with higher postoperative hemoglobin and activities of daily living index values as well as a shorter duration of postoperative hospitalization (P < 0.05). No differences in 6-month graft patency were observed between groups.ConclusionsMICS CABG is a safe, less invasive alternative to OPCABG when performing complete revascularization provided patients are properly selected, yielding similar in-hospital outcomes and 6-month graft patency rates together with an earlier return of physical function.

Can Minimally Invasive Multivessel Coronary Revascularization Be a Routine Approach?

Advancement in the field of cardiovascular surgery has emerged with various minimally invasive approaches for the treatment of multivessel coronary disease to improve outcomes and minimize the burden associated with conventional cardiac surgery. This study describes our routine technical approach and clinical experience of minimally invasive coronary artery bypass via left anterior minithoracotomy for the treatment of patients with multivessel coronary lesions. Our experience includes 100 consecutive patients who were operated between July 2020 and April 2021. The left internal thoracic artery was harvested in all patients. Radial arterial grafts and saphenous vein grafts were harvested endoscopically. Patients were operated either under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with blood cardioplegia through left anterior minithoracotomy of 5 to 7 cm or off-pump via left anterolateral minithoracotomy. We had single mortality (1%), no early postoperative myocardial infarction was observed. None of our patients was converted to sternotomy (0%). The mean number of bypass was 3.1 ± 0.8, the mean cross-clamping time was 78.1 ± 20.6 minutes, the mean CPB time was 153.2 ± 37.5 minutes, the average intubation time was 6.33 ± 11.29 hours, the mean intensive care unit stay was 1.62 ± 1.78 days, the mean hospital stay was 4.98 ± 3.01 days, the average total operation time was 4.20 ± 0.92 hours, and the average pleural drain was 393.8 ± 169.7 mL. Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting via left anterior minithoracotomy can be routinely performed with safety and it is feasible, reproducible with a short learning curve. Further multicenter studies are needed for the standardization of our technique.

Protocolized Post-Cardiac Arrest Care with Targeted Temperature Management.

Improvements in teamwork and resuscitation science have considerably increased the success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cerebral injury, myocardial dysfunction, systemic ischemia and reperfusion response, and precipitating pathology after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) constitute post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Because the entire body is involved in cardiac arrest and the early post-arrest period, protocolized post-arrest care consisting of cardiovascular optimization, ventilation and oxygenation adjustment, coronary revascularization, targeted temperature management (TTM), and control of seizures and blood sugar would benefit survival and neurological outcomes. Emergent coronary angiography is suggested for cardiac arrest survivors suspected of having ST-elevation myocardial infarction, however the superiority of culprit or complete revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary lesions remains undetermined. High-quality TTM should be considered for comatose patients who are successfully resuscitated from cardiac arrest, however the optimal target temperature may depend on the severity of their condition. The optimal timing for making prognostication should be no earlier than 72 h after rewarming in TTM patients, and 72 h following ROSC in non-TTM patients. To predict neurological recovery correctly may need the use of several prognostic tools together, including clinical neurological examinations, brain images, neurological studies and biomarkers.