Multivariate Statistical Software Research Articles

Evaluation of Vegetative Characters and Distribution of Artocarpus in Perak Province for Field Guide Development

The aim of this study is to evaluate vegetative characters for development of a workable vegetative field guide and to map Artocarpus in Perak Province. Morphological characters of Artocarpus were examined based on modified Hickey and Berg et al. methods, and then evaluated using numerical analysis. Thirty-nine morphological characters were evaluated using Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) and Phylogeny Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) showing that these characters are of taxonomic significance at genus, tribe and species level. Bole lenticel and bark colour prove to be of taxonomic significance at subgenus level whilst leaves shapes, leaves texture, latex, and venation can lead to species identification. A total of 14 species of Artocarpus were successfully collected (n>350) from specified regions within Perak Province. The distribution shows that Batang Padang, has the highest number of A. nitidus whilst southern part of Perak Province shows the most diverse of Artocarpus members. It is concluded that the finding of this research partly supported useful morphological characters made by Berg et al. (2006). It also shows that vegetative characters are useful as field guide to determine Artocarpus genus and subgenus.

PHENETIC DIVERSITY OF CELLULASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM WANA TIRTA KULON PROGO MANGROVE FOREST

Mangrove is an ecosystem that have important value for the environment and are a source of cellulase-producing microorganism biomass. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and types, as well as the highest cellulase enzyme activity from cellulase-producing bacteria found in Wana Tirta Mangrove Forest, Jangkaran, Kulon Progo. 
 This research is a descriptive-exploratory research. Sampling in the form of litter, mud and water was carried out in the Wana Tirta Kulon Mangrove Forest which was divided into 3 plots. This sample is then isolated on selective media in the form of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) In order to grow cellulolytic bacteria. The bacteria obtained are then purified and phenetic characterization. The data obtained were used to classify the bacterial isolates using MVSP identification software (Multivariate Statistical Package) 3.1 with UPGMA clustering algorithm (Unweight Pair Group Method With Arithmatic Averages) then the result is presented in the form of a dendogram.
 Result Research shows as many as 17 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria were obtained. There were 4 bacterial isolates from litter samples, 1 bacterial isolate from water samples and 12 bacterial isolates from mud samples. After being made in the form of a dendogram, 19 bacterial clusters were obtained. A total of 6 bacterial isolates had a similarity index of ≥ 72% against Bacillus pumilus namely isolates S1A 2, S2A, AL 3, AP 3, AP 6 and AP 17, 4 bacterial isolates have a similarity index of ≥ 70% to Bacillus stearothermophyllus namely AP 22, AP 24, AP 25, and AP 26 isolates. As well as 7 bacterial isolates have a similarity index of ≥ 77% against Streptomyces Sp. namely isolates S1A 1, S3B, AP 8, AP 9, AP 14, AP 20 and AP 27.The highest cellulase enzyme activity occurred in AP 14 bacterial isolate of 286.72 U / ml.

Morphological Characteristics and Similarity Analysis of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Wonosobo, Temanggung, and Magelang Regencies

The diversity of cassava in Wonosobo, Temanggung and Magelang districts must be investigated. The objective of the study was to analyze the diversity of cassava based on morphological characteristics. The cassava of each accession was planted in Bandongan, Magelang Regency. Morphological characters observed after six months of planting included apical leaf color, apical leaf hair, leaf lobe shape, petiole color, leaf color, number of leaf lobes, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, vein color, petiole orientation, color epidermis of stem, color of outer appearance of stem, distance between nodes, stem growth, color of mature branch tip, branching type, tuber, tuber shape, outer tuber skin color, tuber flesh color, and tuber inner skin color. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of cassava is presented in the form of a dendrogram using the MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package) version 3.22. The results of the study obtained 39 accessions of cassava which showed different morphological characteristics. The lowest morphological similarity (0.735) was found in Group I only consisted of 2 acquisitions that did not have tubers, namely Red Vegetables and Green Vegetables and Group II ( Groups III and IV) have a similarity of 0.92. The highest similarity was in groups IIIa and IIIb and Groups IVa and IVb have a similarity coefficient value of 0.95. The morphological diversity of 39 accessions is a source of cassava germplasm: 37 accessions are harvested for tubers and 2 accessions areharvested explicitly for leaves as vegetables. This research was useful for the development of cassava-based food industry bioproducts.

Phytochemical studies on Arecaceae growing in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT Arecaceae belongs to monocotyledons with around 217 genera. In Saudi Arabia, two genera of Arecaceae are recorded, namely, Hyphaena and Phoenix. Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah is an important region in the western part of Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to investigate the significance of phytochemical traits in Arecaceae plants growing in the region of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Plant specimens were collected in September 2021 from the Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah region. Leaves and fruit samples were screened using standard techniques for the presence of phytochemical groups. For the estimation of antioxidants, extracts were obtained from leaves and the concentration of phenolics and flavonoids was determined by LC-DAD at 335 nm and characterized by LTQ-XL linear Ion Trap LC-MS. In statistical analyses, all data obtained from phytochemical investigations were transferred to numerical characters and used in the multivariate statistical package (MVSP). In phytochemical screening, the phytochemical groups of leaves were useful to differentiate between cultivars of date palms. The presence or absence of tannin and saponin in fruits was useful to distinguish between Ph. dactylifera and H. thebaica. The leaves of Ph. dactylifera cultivars and H. thebaica contained flavonoid compounds with different concentrations. The leaves of Phoenix dactylifera cultivars and Hyphaena thebaica can be a valuable source of natural antioxidants and protect against several diseases because of the abundance of flavonoids. The high concentration of phenolics and flavonoids among date palm cultivars was in Altaibat (5.88 mg/g) while the lowest concentration was found in Safawi (1.54 mg/g). The concentration of phenolics and flavonoids in H. thebaica was 5.02 mg/g.

Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Kimchi Sawi Ansabi (Brassica juncea L.) using Phenotypic Similarities

Latic acid bacteria play a significant role in the fermentation of food, such as kimchi, which is fermented vegetables. Sawi kampung ansabi is a vegetable cultivated by the Dayak people in Kalimantan during the rice farming season which can be fermented into kimchi. Based on phenotypic similaities, the aim of this study was to identify and acquire cultures of lactic acid bacteria on MRSA media (De Man Rogosa and Sharpe Agar) enriched 1% CaCO3 from kimchi sawi ansabi fermented food sawi ansabi. The results of the isolations were used to test 10 isolates of lactic acid bacteria using the MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) program, the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average Mean) method based on the Simple Matching Coefficient and Jaccard Coefficient to form dendrograms. Simple Matching Coefficient analysis resulted 8 isolates suspected to be Lactobacillus plantarum with a similarity index of 94.6%, 1 suspected 91.9% to Lactobacillus dellbrueckii, and 1 suspected 91.9% to Pediococcus cerevisiae. The Jaccard Coefficient analysis resulted in 8 isolates suspected of Lactobacillus plantarum with a similarity index of 92.6%, 1 isolate suspected 87% to Lactobacillus dellbrueckii, and 1 isolate 88% to Pediococcus cerevisiae.

Variasi dan Analisis Fenetik Aksesi Kembang Sungsang (Gloriosa superba L.) di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi dan Anatomi

Kembang sungsang (Gloriosa superba L.) is a member of Colchicaceae family and distributed in tropical areas such as India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. G. superba has a high colchicine content, so it is widely used as a traditional medicine and biomutagen. The diverse habitats of G. superba have potential to create variations. The aims of this study were to determine the morphological, anatomical variations, and phenetic relationship of G. superba in Yogyakarta. A sample of 12 accessions was taken from 4 regencies in Yogyakarta: Bantul, Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Gunungkidul. Morphological characterization are tubers, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Transversal section of leaves were prepared using paraffin embedding method to observe leaf structure and paradermal preparations to observe the leaf epidermis. The similarity index between OTUs is calculated using the Gower General Similarity Coefficient, clustering using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) algorithm to form a dendrogram with MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) software. The results showed that the morphological variations of G. superba in Yogyakarta were large in terms of stem height, branching, number of leaves, leaf arrangement, leaf size, tuber shape, and tuber diameter. Leaf arrangement of G. superba population have 3 types: opposite, alternate, and mixed. Anatomical variations were large in terms of adaxial epidermal thickness, lamina thickness, midrib thickness, transport bundle size, stomatal size, and stomatal density. Based on the phenetic analysis, morphological characters are grouped into two clusters, while anatomical character into four clusters without pattern.

The Relationship of Plant Types Familia Araceae on The Mountain Sidole Track Central Sulawesi Based on Morphological Character

The Araceae family plant in the Mount Sidole has a diversity and variety of life forms. The purpose of this study is to describe the family relationship of Araceae family based on morphological characters. Sampling using the path method (belt transect) with free collection techniques. The size of the track used is 10 m wide and ± 15 km long along the Sidole Mountain climbing track at an altitude of 400-1780 m above sea level. Morphological data measurement refers to 37 meristic and qualitative characters. Processing data using the File Editor Program (PFE) and analyzed with the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) program. Determination of similarity index with the Simple Matching Coefficient method and kinship between types using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The results of specimen collection are 26 species. Based on the dendrogram of Familia Araceae divided into three groups. Group I are 9 species of hemiepipitic groups which cluster at a coefficient of 76%, namely Amydrium medium, Pothos scandens, Epipendrum sp., Scindapsus treubii, S. pictus, Rhaphidophora sp., R. sylvestris, R. lobbii and R. puberula. Group II are 8 species of geophytes grouping at 77% coefficient, namely Colocasia oresbia, C. esculenta, Xanthosoma violaceumm, X. sagittifolium, Apoballis mutata, Alocasia sp., A. longiloba and A. Macrorrhizos. Group III are 9 species of geophytes grouping at 82% coefficient, namely Spathiphyllum commutatum, Schismatoglottis inculta, S. lancifolia, S. wallichii, S. asperata, S. cadieri, S. calyptrata and S. calyptrata ssp flagelliforme and Aglaonema nitidum.

Comparative study of the morphological characteristics of Phoenix dactylifera L. cultivars in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah-Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundPhoenix dactylifera L. belongs to the subfamily Coryphoideae. Saudi Arabia is the third producing country of dates in the world with over a million tons of dates every year. P. dactylifera is one of the most important species that grows in Al-Madinah and has cultivars that are distinguished by their appearance and taste.ResultsThis study aimed to investigate the importance of morphology among P. dactylifera cultivars by using statistical analysis and the ability to identify the cultivars just by looking at them in the obvious characters of palms. Plant specimens were collected from different areas in the Al-Madinah region. All the data obtained from morphology were transferred to numerical characters and used in the multivariate statistical package (MVSP) to study the similarity between the cultivars and give phenetic clusters. One-way ANOVA test and the least significant difference test (LSD) were used to find the significant differences among cultivars in p = 0.05. The numerical data that was recorded indicated significant differences among cultivars. Principal coordinates analysis and cluster analysis (UPGMA) were utilized to study the distance of similarities and differences between cultivars.ConclusionThe most distinguishing characteristics were fruit and seed, and the least characteristic was the trunk. However, the features of spine, frond and leaflet were also important in distinguishing between cultivars.

ANALISIS KERAGAMAN GENETIK VARIETAS JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) HIBRIDA MENGGUNAKAN MARKA RAPD (RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA)

Analysis of genetic diversity is essential in developing hybrid maize (Zea mays L) varieties. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of six maize varieties using the PCR-RAPD (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique. Hybrid maize varieties used in this study were Srikandi, Arumba, Mira, Magenta, and Simba. A local maize variety originating from Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province was used as a comparison. Seeds were planted for the observation of morphological characteristics such as roots, leaves, and stems, as well as DNA extraction samples. DNA was extracted using the CTAB method and PCR-RAPD was performed using 3 primers. The size of the PCR product was determined using semilog paper. Genetic diversity between varieties were analyzed using the MVSP (Multi-Variate Statistical Package) program with the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) method. The results of PCR-RAPD gave 28 DNA bands with sizes ranging from 310 bp to 1550 bp and produced 23 polymorphic bands. Based on the dendrogram resulting from PCR-RAPD data, there was one cluster consisting of Rote, Srikandi, Arumba, Mira, and Magenta varieties, as well as another cluster consisting of only the Simba variety. The local variety of Rote and the hybrid variety of Srikandi have the closest genetic distance, while the Simba variety has the farthest genetic distance from the other five varieties.

Numerical Taxonomic Evaluation of Leaf Architectural Morphology of Vitex L. species (Lamiaceae Martinov) in Peninsular Malaysia

A numerical taxonomic is an algorithm method that is used to evaluate scored characters of continuous characters such as leaf architectures. Leaf architecture characters were scored from 11 Vitex species in Peninsular Malaysia (V. gamosepala, V. glabrata, V. longisepala, V. millsii, V. negundo, V. pinnata, V. quinata, V. trifolia, V. vestita, Vitex sp.1 and Vitex sp.2), one subspecies (V. trifolia subsp. litoralis) and two varieties (V. negundo var. bicolor and V. negundo var. cannabifolia) were investigated using herbarium voucher specimens and fresh specimens collected from the fieldwork. Species collected were from Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan; Gunung Lambak Forest Reserve, Johor; Sungai Dara Forest Reserve, Perak; Proton City, Tanjong Malim, Perak; Gunung Lambak Forest Reserve, Johor; Cameron Highland, Pahang; Herb Walk Garden, Langkawi; and Kg. Pulau Belanga, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. All the studied Vitex species shared leaf architecture as follow: arrangement (opposite), marginal ultimate (looped), position of petiole arrangement- P.O.P.A (marginal) and petiole feature (swollen base). Specimens with single leaf type and presence of petiolule further help in distinguishing Vitex species. The scored data were analysed using Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) and Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) softwares to obtain similarity values between species and their evolutionary relationship, respectively. Dendogram clades show an overall Gower General Similarity Coefficient (GGSc) value at 0.715 to 0.964 which indicate clear separation at genus and species level while pairwise distance between the in-group and out-group taxa analysed in the neighbour-joining tree was in between 0.26364 to 0.55455 showing that trees were constructed with strong bootstrap support with Consistency Index (CI) 0.6852 (CI) excluding uninformative character = 0.6000, Homoplasy index (HI) 0.3148 (HI excluding uninformative character = 0.4000), Retention Index (RI) 0.5802 and rescaled consistency index (RC) 0.3976. As a conclusion, high similarity in leaf architecture characters of all 11 species, one subspecies and two varieties of Vitex studied in Peninsular Malaysia suggest and support them belongs to the same genus hence supporting the taxonomic significance. This study implicate that leaf architecture morphological characters of vegetative parts can be used in identification to species, subspecies and variety level of this genus and might propose some changes to the placement of taxa hence can be devoted as an improvement for the previous Vitex study.

A palynological investigation of some taxa of the genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in Turkey and its taxonomic value

Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) is morphologically very diverse and palynological characters support the systematic studies of the genus. This study was aimed to perform palynological investigations of 30 different taxa of Ranunculus by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Polar-equatorial axis measurements, exine-intine layer thicknesses and colpi-pori numbers of pollen grains were examined using the Wodehouse method. Surface ornamentations were determined by electron microscope. The dendrogram of palynological characters analysed on the LM and SEM and observations made by multi-variate statistical package software partly support the monophyletic genera. According to the palynological dendrogram, Ranunculus taxa are divided into three types and R. arvensis clustered only in type 2. The results from present study suggest that the palynological characters can be useful for clarifying the taxonomic relationship in the genus.

Relationship analysis related to acid stress of some cornlines used in soil using SSR markings

This research aims to characterize, identify and determine the kinship patterns and bands of genetic diversity in maize lines developed in acid soils from SSRmarkers. This research was carried out at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, from March to July 2021. This study used 3 lines and 2 of F1 in corn. To determine band size with the UVITEC Cambridge Fire Reader and to calculate genetic similarity and formation, the group used the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP Ver. 3.2). The Research method is the molecular marker method with 3 SSR primers (Cams 358, Tms 7 and Tms 9) the results showed that 3 primers received bands with sizes in the range of 255582 bp. Based on PCOA analysis, there is one sample that dispensed, which equates to 102 713 × NEI 9008. Based on research, CLA 84 × NEI 9008, CLA 106, CLA 84, and NEI9008 are sensitive genotypes and 102 713 × NEI 9008 represent genotypes. tolerant toacid stress.

ROP-R: a free multivariate statistical software that runs R packages in a ROPstat framework

ROP-R: a free multivariate statistical software that runs R packages in a ROPstat framework

Variation and Phenetic Relationship of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) In Central Java and Yogyakarta Based on Morphological Characters

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a plant used as a mixture of cigarettes, and recreational media especially for men. This study aimed to identify variations, and determine the relationship between tobacco cultivars in Central Java and Yogyakarta based on macromorphological and micromorphological characters. Sampling locations are determined by surveying locations in both regions. Tobacco samples found include 5 cultivars in Central Java namely 'Mantili', 'Uler Magetan', 'Garut', ‘Gober Boyolali’, 'Manila', and 3 cultivars in Yogyakarta namely 'Siluk', 'Java', and 'Virginia'. Characterization with 23 qualitative macromorphological characters including leaves, and stems, with 9 qualitative and quantitative micromorphological characters including trichome and stomata. Descriptive data analysis is done to obtain the typical character of each cultivar, followed by numerical analysis including scoring characters processed with MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package), clustering with UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Averages), and calculation of similarity coefficients with Simple matching formula. The results showed variations in the macromorphological characters including the shape of the leaf lamina, the base of the leaf, the absence of leaf stalks, and type of leaf venation. Tobacco has anisositic stomata, and varies in terms of length, width, and density of stomata. Tobacco trichomes are glandular. The result dendrograms form two clusters (A and B) with the similarity index of each cluster above 0.80. Cultivars with close relationships such as 'Siluk'-'Java', and far relationship like 'Java'-'Manila'.

Studies of Genetic and Morphological Characteristics of Indonesian Melon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Hikapel’) Germplasm

The abundance of biodiversity in Indonesia is due to variations in germplasm and the diversity of plant species. Due to the high potential and demand for melons, it is necessary to innovate the assembly of superior varieties through a plant breeding approach. Here, we report the identification of phenotypic and genotypic traits with their phenetic relationships to determine the premium characteristics of the new melon cultivar - Hikapel. Observation of morphological characters using observational studies, qualitative descriptive, and quantitative identification at two cultivation locations: (1) Prambanan, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, and (2) Pangalengan, Bandung Regency, West Java. Meanwhile, molecular character testing uses the ISSR markers UBC-807, UBC-808, UBC-810, UBC-812, and UBC-825. Morphological character data were analyzed using SPSS one-way ANOVA with LSD and Duncan tests. All data were grouped based on similarity values using cluster analysis of the multi-variate statistical package (MVSP 3.1) to determine the tested kinship relationship between the varieties. The results showed that Hikapel has several diagnostic characters as a new variety, namely: globular shape with cream-colored skin, aromatic fruit, small size, high sweetness level, and short harvest time. The stability and uniformity test results those characters of Hikapel can be maintained at various locations. This research can serve as basic data for developing melon varieties based on genomic data and aims as an initial step in the innovation of Indonesian Agriculture.

Phenetic analysis of turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) based on morphological character in Semarang region

Turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) plant is originated from America, then spread widely to Asian regions. They used as food and pharmaceutical. The differences of latitude affecting morphological variations of Turkey berry since it affecting the physicochemical condition of their habitat, namely temperature and pH. Environmental temperature is one of important factor since it influencing the interaction process, while pH determines the growth and formation of chlorophyll. Morphological variations in turkey berry plant cause a similarity relationship that can examined using phenetic analysis. Currently, studies of turkey berry phenetic analysis based on morphological characters have not been done yet. This study examines the morphological variations of turkey berry that grow in different altitude specifically in the Semarang area. The sampling method which used in this study is the purposive sampling method. Turkey berry samples were obtained from altitude of 300, 600 and 900 above sea level respectively. Data analysis was performed using MVSP (MultiVariate Statistical Package) application. The algorithm used in the MVSP application is UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean) with the Simple Matching Coefficient method, or grouping method with the complaints of paired pairs by analysis of the distance between pairs. The Operations Taxonomic Units (OTUs) analyzes 27 individuals, with 33 different morphological characters. Phenetic analysis shows the coefficient corelation between OTUs reaches 0.81 which is divided into 2 main clusters and 11 sub-clusters. This shows that turkey berry does not form subspecies to grow in different inner regions.

Jenis dan Kekerabatan Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) di Taman Hutan Raya Sulawesi Tengah

Species and cladystic of butterflies is closely related to the preservation and utilization of biological resources in Indonesia. This study aims to determine species and cladystic of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Grand Forest Park Central Sulawesi. Sampling of butterflies using a sweeping net with a purposive sampling method at three different watershed (DAS) locations, namely Vatutela, Kawatuna, and Poboya. Butterfly samples obtained at the research location were then identified at the Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Tadulako University. The results showed that there were 97 species from 5 butterfly families, namely Papilionidae (14 species), Pieridae (16 species), Nymphalidae (46 species), Lycanidae (15 species), and Hesperiidae (6 species). The research sample used for the analysis of kinship is 23 species from five butterfly families that dominate the research location. The observed characters included 32 characters. Analysis of kinship was calculated using the Sorensen similarity index, then processed using the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) software. The closest kinship relationship is between the species Appias ithome and A. zarinda which is supported by a similarity index above 0.90 and the farthest relationship occurs between the species Bibasis sp. with other species from the Hesperiidae family which were supported by a similarity index below 0.7.

Morphological and Molecular Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Seven Species of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae)

Species belonging to the genus Artemisia have high economic value and are used in folk and modern medicine. Analysis and identification of their genetic relationships can help in efficient conservation and further utilization of Artemisia genetic resources. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity among seven species of the genus Artemisia using their morphological characteristics and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-based molecular markers. The morphology of leaf and achene was examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Morphological and molecular data were analyzed using the multivariate statistical package program. There were obvious variations in the morphology of leaf and achene among the Artemisia species. The ISSR results showed a total of 173 amplified loci, consisting of 132 polymorphic loci and 41 unique loci. Polymorphism percentage ranged from 62.5 to 88.8% for nine primers. Mean polymorphism information content for ISSR markers was 0.88, which suggested the efficacy of the ISSR marker system in determining polymorphisms. Significant correlation (r = 0.56, P = 0.004) was observed between similarity coefficients of morphological parameters and ISSR data based on the Mantel test. A wide range of diversity was observed at both morphological and molecular levels among the species. Genetic analyses using ISSR allowed for the detection of relationships between various Artemisia species than was apparent by the analyses of morphological characteristics of these species. Moreover, a mixed pattern of grouping in cluster analysis was found, indicating the close affinities of species with each other and also that the section Artemisia is polyphyletic.

Intraspecies Relationship of Croton (Codiaeum variegatum L.) in South Parigi District Based on Phenetic Analysis

Croton is one of the horticultural plant commodities that is important among the community because it plays a role in adding beauty and beauty and functions as a pollutant absorbent plant. This reseach is aims to describe the kinship relationship between croton cultivars. The research was conducted in May 2020. The type of research used is descriptive exploratory. The research sample used was eight croton cultivars with five individuals in each cultivar. The plant characters measured included 14 morphometric characters, six meristic characters, and 81 qualitative characters. Kinship analysis was processed using the File Editor Program (PFE) software and the Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP). The amount of the similarity index is calculated using the Simple Matching Coefficient method, and the determination of kinship using the UPGMA algorithm. The results showed that eight cultivars were obtained and formed 3 clusters and two sub-clusters. The closest kinship relationship is between croton lele and croton with a thousand stars which are supported by a similarity index of 0.766 and the farthest relationship occurs between node 6 (croton drill, chips, crackers, catfish, thousand stars and swallow) and node 3 (croton sheep and turtles) ) which is supported by a similarity index of 0.6.

FTIR Spectrometry with PLS Regression for Rapid TBN Determination of Worn Mineral Engine Oils

The TBN (Total Base Number) parameter is generally recognized by both engine oil processors and engine manufacturers as a key factor of oil quality. This is especially true for lubricating oils used in diesel and gas engines, which are exposed to relatively high temperatures and, therefore, require more effective protection against degradation. The FTIR spectrometry method together with a multivariate statistical software helped to create a model for the determination of TBN of worn motor oil SAE 15W-40 ACEA: E5/E7, API: CI-4. The best results were provided using a model FTIR with Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression in an overall range of 4000–650 cm−1 without the use of mathematical adjustments of the scanned spectra by derivation. Individual spectral information was condensed into nine principal components with linear combinations of the original absorbances at given wavenumbers that are mutually not correlated. A correlation coefficient (R) between values of TBN predicted by the FTIR-PLS model and values determined using a potentiometric titration in line with the ČSN ISO 3771 standard reached a value of 0.93. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) was determined to be 0.171 mg KOH.g−1, and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 0.140 mg KOH.g−1. The main advantage of the proposed FTIR-PLS model can be seen in a rapid determination and elimination of the necessity to work with dangerous chemicals. FTIR-PLS is used mainly in areas of oil analysis where the speed of analysis is often more important than high accuracy.