Multiple Switching Research Articles

Novel Intelligent Photon‐Encoding Gel with Dynamically Switching Supramolecular Networks

AbstractThe microscopically structural switching of supramolecular networks endows programmable gel materials with dynamic hiding properties and functionalities. However, the reconstruction of supramolecular network will destroy the programming information imprinted on the original network structure, making it difficult to restore to the original state. Here, a novel intelligent programmable photonic gel composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and acrylamide is constructed. The mechanical properties and optical signals of gel can be switched reversibly on demand by reasonably designing the winding and compression between molecular structures. Under this conversion mechanism, the rigid “skeleton” constructed from the CNC chiral structure perfectly acts as the coding substrate. Importantly, even after multiple dynamic switching of the supramolecular network, the encoded information can be displayed completely and accurately on the CNC chiral structure in the stretched state. In addition, the 5D controllable conversion of stiffness, transparency, stretchability, color, and shape greatly improves the security and confidentiality of the encoded information inside the gel. This is a successful example of the application of CNC chiral structure in switchable supramolecular network materials. It is believed that the flexible variability and advanced camouflage give the intelligent gel the potential to be used in a wider range of practical scenarios.

P708 Multiple Biosimilar Infliximab Switching is Not Associated with Adverse Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Real-World Effectiveness Analysis in a National U.S. Cohort

Abstract Background Infliximab (IFX) biosimilars are available for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many options of IFX biosimilars exist, however there is a paucity of data on the safety and efficacy of switching between multiple IFX biosimilars. The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety and outcomes in patients who received multiple IFX biosimilars in a National U.S. Cohort of patients with IBD. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients on maintenance IFX originator from 2017- 2019 in the national Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were identified using a previously validated algorithm. Cases, exposures and outcomes were confirmed by chart review. Patents on IFX originator were identified by dispensed medication from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse. Patients were classified as no-switch (NS)- receiving originator but no biosimilar during study period, Single Switch (SS)- switch from originator to one biosimilar, or Double Switch (DS)-switch from IFX originator to two different biosimilars. Primary outcome was IBD flare, defined as escalation of steroid, IBD-related Emergency department visit or hospitalization within 12 months. Secondary outcomes were immunogenicity, serious infection, and infusion reaction. Event rates of the DS group were compared to NS and SS groups using univariate and multivariate (MV) logistic regression models adjusting for patient and non-patient factors. Results 789 patients (487 CD, 298 UC) on maintenance IFX originator were identified. Of these, 410 patients were categorized as NS, 249 as SS, and 130 as DS. Overall, the rate of flare within 12 months was 19.9% (22.2% NS, 15.3% SS, 21.5% DS, p= 0.08), rate of infection was 11.2% (11.5% NS, 8% SS, 16.2% DS, p= 0.056). No statistically significant differences in rates of immunogenicity or infusion reaction were identified between the DS and NS or SS groups. In MV logistic regression including age, race, gender, medication, comorbidity and VA priority status, no significant differences in flares at 12 months was observed between DS (ref) and NS (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 0.68-1.84), or SS groups (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.36-1.12). In MV analyses, SS was associated with lower rate of infection compared to DS (aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21-0.82). Conclusion In a national U.S. cohort of patients with IBD, multiple IFX biosimilar switching was not associated with flare at 12 months compared to patients continued on IFX originator or with a single IFX biosimilar switch. However, DS was associated with increased odds of infection compared to single switch. These findings provide reassurance that multiple IFX biosimilar switching for IBD is effective but further study on infection risks may be warranted.

Design and analysis of a switch fault-tolerant multi-input single-output DC-DC converter for high reliability applications

The DC–DC converters have been used extensively in various industrial applications such as consumer electronics, aerospace, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. The reliability ensures that the converter continues to operate safely and efficiently despite the presence of faults. Enhancing the reliability of DC-DC converters is a challenging task, as power switches are the most fragile components that can be affected by faults in the system. Hence, to address these challenges and ensure the safety of the converter, it is vital to implement appropriate fast fault-diagnosis techniques and fault-tolerant strategies. Many new network topologies have been presented in literature, which lead to a shift from single input–single output to multiport converters. These converters are suitable for integrating different energy sources. However, the majority of them are operated using a time-sharing method, in which only one energy source is used at a time, and the others are inactive at any specified duty cycle. Therefore, the converter and input sources are underutilized in the conventional time-sharing approach. This paper proposes a new multi-input single-output (MISO) converter topology with fully integrated switch fault tolerance. It can perform multi-input buck, boost, and buck-boost operations. More importantly, the converter can operate uninterruptedly for single or multiple switch faults. Using simulation and experimental results, a 400 W prototype circuit is designed to analyze the converter's reliability and performance.

Optimization of Direct Power Control of Three-Phase Active Rectifiers by using Multiple Switching Tables

One of the best known control methods for three-phase active rectifiers is the so-called Direct Power Control (DPC). Control algorithm in DPC is based on the regulation of instantaneous active and reactive powers and incorporates a switching table where the successive optimal configurations of the rectifier are stored. Traditional DPC models use only one switching table within their control systems. In this study, a new DPC method is presented, based on the combination of two different switching tables. By using Simulink simulations, it is demonstrated that better dynamics and lower switching stress are achieved in the rectifier thanks to the use of the proposed method, in comparison to the simple switching table models.

Seven‐level single‐source switched capacitor inverter with triple boosting capability and high reliability

SummaryA single‐source switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) topology utilizing only 10 switches and 1 diode with the capability of generating seven output voltage levels and a triple voltage boosting factor is proposed in this paper. The converter has capacitors that are self‐balanced and do not require any additional circuitry. The multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is used to generate various switching signals for the 10 switches. Moreover, the reliability analysis using the Markov model has been carried out to assess the lifespan of power electronic components used in the proposed converter. The converter's performance is analyzed when an open circuit fault occurs in one or multiple switches. Power loss and efficiency in the converter are calculated by PLECS software using thermal modeling. The efficiency of SCMLI was found to be 97.6% for a 300 W load. The inverter working is verified by building a 500 W prototype in the lab. The experimental results in steady‐state and dynamic conditions agree with the theoretical and simulation analysis.

Reconfigurable and Parallel Computable Soft Mechanical Switch by Liquid Metal

AbstractIntroducing soft materials with deformability and flexibility into mechanical switches may help to develop new types of soft mechanical switches with special properties such as reconfigurable characteristics and parallel computing. However, recently developed soft mechanical switches still have low on/off ratio, slow response time, and insufficient durability. Here, a soft mechanical switch based on liquid metal and a zigzag structure is constructed through strain engineering strategy with high on/off ratio (R/R0 > 107), short response time (~0.2 s), long‐term durability (> 2000 times), and self‐healing performance which is outstanding than the reported ones. With the switch, a mechanical unit is designed and all types of logic gates can be constructed by programming switches. Such multiple switches can also be used to perform parallel computing and achieve intelligent information processing.

2-Aminopurine-based quencher-free DNA tweezers with fluorescence properties well tuned by surrounding bases.

Reversible structural changes in DNA nanomachines have great potential in the field of bioanalysis. Here, we demonstrate an assembly strategy for quencher-free and tunable DNA tweezers based on 2-aminopurine (2-AP), avoiding the tedious fluorescence labelling step. The conformational state of the tweezers could be controlled by specific oligonucleotides (fuel or anti-fuel). Taking advantage of the local environmental sensitivity of 2-AP, the structural changes of the tweezers were easily tracked, and multiple cyclic switching of the tweezers between the open and closed states was achieved. In addition, the influence of oligonucleotide structure on the fluorescence properties of 2-AP was deeply explored. We figured out that the fluorescence of 2-AP was highly quenched by the base-stacking of natural bases in DNA oligonucleotides. Moreover, by comprehensively regulating the type of bases surrounding the inserted 2-AP site, a sensitive fluorescence response towards dynamic change can be obtained. This principle of quencher-free nanodevices based on 2-AP provides a convenient method for monitoring the structural changes of DNA nanomachines.

Factors associated with multiple biologic switches in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Exploring real world clinical data with clustering analysis

Factors associated with multiple biologic switches in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Exploring real world clinical data with clustering analysis

Temperature-tunable multiple dielectric switch in hybrid rare-earth perovskites regulated by hierarchical guest dynamics, lanthanide contraction and doping

Here we report a unique class of cage-like hybrid rare-earth perovskites, (i-PrNHMe2)2[RbLn(NO3)6] (Ln = La, Ce, Nd or Sm), capable of functioning as temperature-responsive multiple dielectric switches.

Heterogeneous reservoir computing in second-order Ta2O5/HfO2 memristors.

Multiple switching modes in a Ta2O5/HfO2 memristor are studied experimentally and numerically through a reservoir computing (RC) simulation to reveal the importance of nonlinearity and heterogeneity in the RC framework. Unlike most studies, where homogeneous reservoirs are used, heterogeneity is introduced by combining different behaviors of the memristor units. The chosen memristor for the reservoir units is based on a Ta2O5/HfO2 bilayer, in which the conductances of the Ta2O5 and HfO2 layers are controlled by the oxygen vacancies and deep/shallow traps, respectively, providing both volatile and non-volatile resistive switching modes. These several control parameters make the second-order Ta2O5/HfO2 memristor system present different behaviors in agreement with its history-dependent conductance and allow the fine-tuning of the behavior of each reservoir unit. The heterogeneity in the reservoir units improves the pattern recognition performance in the heterogeneous memristor RC system with a similar physical structure.

Affective computing for human-machine interaction via a bionic organic memristor exhibiting selective in situ activation.

Affective computing, representing the forefront of human-machine interaction, is confronted with the pressing challenges of the execution speed and power consumption brought by the transmission of massive data. Herein, we introduce a bionic organic memristor inspired by the ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) to facilitate near-sensor affective computing based on electroencephalography (EEG). It is constructed from a coordination polymer comprising Co ions and benzothiadiazole (Co-BTA), featuring multiple switching sites for redox reactions. Through advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that when subjected to a bias voltage, only the site where Co ions bind with N atoms from four BTA molecules becomes activated, while others remain inert. This remarkable phenomenon resembles the selective in situ activation of LGICs on the postsynaptic membrane for neural signal regulation. Consequently, the bionic organic memristor network exhibits outstanding reliability (200 000 cycles), exceptional integration level (210 pixels), ultra-low energy consumption (4.05 pJ), and fast switching speed (94 ns). Moreover, the built near-sensor system based on it achieves emotion recognition with an accuracy exceeding 95%. This research substantively adds to the ambition of realizing empathetic interaction and presents an appealing bionic approach for the development of novel electronic devices.

ARE WE READY FOR MULTIPLE SWITCHES BETWEEN REFERENCE PRODUCTS AND BIOSIMILARS?

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) currently impose an immense social and economic burden on society in terms of both direct and indirect healthcare costs. Their incurable and progressive nature results in an unavoidable lifetime expense. The introduction of infliximab more than two decades ago had revolutionized IBD treatment. Nowadays, while biologic drugs comprise various vital therapeutic options for patients, they can be associated to significant costs to healthcare systems. The most crucial benefit of biosimilars is that they bring more significant cost reduction and increase access to advanced therapies. They also allow the treatment of newly diagnosed patients and dose optimization for those who need it. There is an inverse relationship between price and demand for treatment with biologics. For a more significant reduction in cost to be possible, greater use of biosimilars is necessary. For this to occur, it is imperative not only to use biosimilars in naïve patients but also to switch to biosimilars in those patients who have started therapy with reference biologics. At present, randomized and observational studies have demonstrated effectiveness and safety results in recommending a single switch between a reference product and a biosimilar, and vice versa. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature and discuss whether scientific evidence is enough to support multiple switches of biologics and biosimilars in IBD patients.

Ultrahigh Oxygen Ion Mobility in Ferroelectric Hafnia.

Ferroelectrics and ionic conductors are important functional materials, each supporting a plethora of applications in information and energy technology. The underlying physics governing their functional properties is ionic motion, and yet studies of ferroelectrics and ionic conductors are often considered separate fields. Based on first-principles calculations and deep-learning-assisted large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we report ferroelectric-switching-promoted oxygen ion transport in HfO_{2}, a wide-band-gap insulator with both ferroelectricity and ionic conductivity. Applying a unidirectional bias can activate multiple switching pathways in ferroelectric HfO_{2}, leading to polar-antipolar phase cycling that appears to contradict classical electrodynamics. This apparent conflict is resolved by the geometric-quantum-phase nature of electric polarization that carries no definite direction. Our molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate bias-driven successive ferroelectric transitions facilitate ultrahigh oxygen ion mobility at moderate temperatures, highlighting the potential of combining ferroelectricity and ionic conductivity for the development of advanced materials and technologies.

Engineering Band Gap of Ternary Ag2TexS1−x Quantum Dots for Solution-Processed Near-Infrared Photodetectors

Silver-based chalcogenide semiconductors exhibit low toxicity and near-infrared optical properties and are therefore extensively employed in the field of solar cells, photodetectors, and biological probes. Here, we report a facile mixture precursor hot-injection colloidal route to prepare Ag2TexS1−x ternary quantum dots (QDs) with tunable photoluminescence (PL) emissions from 950 nm to 1600 nm via alloying band gap engineering. As a proof-of-concept application, the Ag2TexS1−x QDs-based near-infrared photodetector (PD) was fabricated via solution-processes to explore their photoelectric properties. The ICP-OES results reveal the relationship between the compositions of the precursor and the samples, which is consistent with Vegard’s equation. Alloying broadened the absorption spectrum and narrowed the band gap of the Ag2S QDs. The UPS results demonstrate the energy band alignment of the Ag2Te0.53S0.47 QDs. The solution-processed Ag2TexS1−x QD-based PD exhibited a photoresponse to 1350 nm illumination. With an applied voltage of 0.5 V, the specific detectivity is 0.91 × 1010 Jones and the responsivity is 0.48 mA/W. The PD maintained a stable response under multiple optical switching cycles, with a rise time of 2.11 s and a fall time of 1.04 s, which indicate excellent optoelectronic performance.

Molecular switches in plant stress adaptation.

Climate change poses a significant threat to the global ecosystem, prompting plants to use various adaptive mechanisms via molecular switches to combat biotic and abiotic stress factors. These switches activate stress-induced pathways by altering their configuration between stable states. In this review, we investigated the regulation of molecular switches in different plant species in response to stress, including the stress-regulated response of multiple switches in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also discussed techniques for developing stress-resilient crops using molecular switches through advanced biotechnological tools. The literature search, conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, utilized keywords such as molecular switch, plant adaptation, biotic and abiotic stresses, transcription factors, Arabidopsis thaliana, and crop improvement. Recent studies have shown that a single molecular switch can regulate multiple stress networks, and multiple switches can regulate a single stress condition. This multifactorial understanding provides clarity to the switch regulatory network and highlights the interrelationships of different molecular switches. Advanced breeding techniques, along with genomic and biotechnological tools, have paved the way for further research on molecular switches in crop improvement. The use of synthetic biology in molecular switches will lead to a better understanding of plant stress biology and potentially bring forth a new era of stress-resilient, climate-smart crops worldwide.

Cyclops states in repulsive theta-neuron networks

Networks of phase oscillators have become a widely established paradigmatic model for studying emergent collective behavior across several real-world systems, including neuronal networks, populations of chemical oscillators, and power grids. The Kuramoto model, involving one-dimensional or two-dimensional phase oscillators, demonstrates the potential for networks to showcase exceptional collective dynamics. This encompasses various outcomes such as full, partial, explosive, and asymmetry-induced synchronization, clusters, chimeras, solitary states, and generalized splay states. Notably, increasing all-to-all coupling in the classical Kuramoto model induces full synchronization as the most probable outcome and dominant rhythm. Kuramoto networks with repulsive coupling usually display splay, generalized, and cluster splay states, but the conditions under which a certain rhythm can arise and prevail are not entirely understood. Equally important for connecting Kuramoto networks to practical physical systems is understanding the function of higher-order coupling terms. These terms display a Fourier decomposition of a general 2π-periodic interaction function [1]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the inclusion of higher-order terms in the classical Kuramoto model of oscillators with all-to-all attractive coupling can lead to multiple synchronous states and switching between synchronization clusters. However, the impact of higher-order coupling modes on rhythm generation in repulsive networks remains unexplored. In this work, we present significant progress in addressing the critical issue related to repulsive Kuramoto–Sakaguchi networks of phase oscillators with phase-lagged first-order and higher-order coupling. We demonstrate that weakly repulsive networks of even and odd numbers of oscillators with first-order coupling are dominated by two-cluster and three-cluster splay states, respectively. The three-cluster splay states consist of two distinct coherent clusters and one solitary oscillator. These tripod states can be considered a fusion of a two-body chimera and a solitary state. We have dubbed these patterns of three oscillators as “Cyclops states” in reference to the Greek mythological giant with a single eye. The solitary oscillator and synchronous clusters respectively represent the Cyclops’ eye and shoulders. We present a remarkable discovery that the inclusion of higher-order coupling modes leads to worldwide stability of cyclops states across almost the entire range of the phase-lag parameter controlling repulsion [2]. Beyond the Kuramoto oscillators, we demonstrate the robust presence of this effect in networks of canonical theta-neurons with adaptive coupling. Furthermore, our results provide insight into identifying dominant rhythms within repulsive physical and biological networks.

Dynamic reconfiguration of photovoltaic array for minimizing mismatch loss

Mismatch conditions owing to different internal and external factors, such as partial shading and module defects, can directly degrade the power generation of distributed photovoltaic arrays. In this study, a reconfiguration solution called multiple switching matrices is proposed to mitigate mismatch losses for any size of the total-cross-tied photovoltaic array. In the proposed solution, the photovoltaic array is divided into several sub-arrays using switching matrices. The current and voltage values of each module are collected by the electric measurement sensors and sent to the control unit, and the proposed reconfiguration solution can be implemented by controlling switching matrices. The performance of the proposed reconfiguration solution is evaluated extensively for a range of mismatched conditions, including partial shading patterns and partial shading with random failure patterns. The P–V and I–V characteristics are analyzed by comparison with the existing sudoku-based arrangement and the conventional total-cross-tied interconnection topology. Moreover, three main parameters and standard deviations of the maximum power point for each pattern, are considered. The numerical results confirm the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed reconfiguration solution for optimizing photovoltaic array generation under various mismatch conditions.

Highly resilient 17‐level fault‐tolerant multilevel inverter topology with reduced capacitor size

SummaryMultilevel inverters (MLIs) have recently drawn the huge attention of industry and academia since they are becoming a viable technology for a variety of applications. However, the risk of failure of the converter increases with the increasing number of component count for applications involving heavy duty and continuous operation. In this context, an asymmetrical source configured FT‐MLI (fault tolerant‐MLI) topology is investigated and developed with less number of device count and having the ability to withstand both OC (open‐circuit) and SC (short‐circuit) switch faults on single and multiple switches. The proposed architecture maintains the same output voltage levels and power in both pre‐ and post‐fault operations. In addition, a switching method is developed to reduce the capacitors' size by minimizing the voltage ripple. Furthermore, without the need for an external circuit, the voltage across the capacitors remains balanced in both pre‐ and post‐fault operations. The simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed asymmetrical FT‐MLI topology. Finally, a comparison of the proposed topology with the existing MLI topologies is shown to emphasize the benefits of the proposed system.

Fault-tolerant single-input dual-output converter with preserved output under fault operation

DC-DC converters have played an important role in the auxiliary power supply to electric vehicles, DC micro-grids, and portable electronic applications. To reduce the number of components and to improve the power density, multiport DC-DC converters have been recently proposed. Many multi-output converters are designed based on specific operational constraints on duty ratio or inductor currents. Further, simultaneous control of outputs is critical and involves cross-regulation issues. This paper proposes a single-input dual-output (SIDO) DC-DC converter with fault-tolerant circuit configuration to circumvent these challenges. The designed converter is helpful for the simultaneous control of loads by cross-regulation issues and has simple control without any control constraints on duty ratio or inductor currents. The topology proposed in this paper, can most significantly tolerate the failure during open-circuit for single and multiple switches and gives the preserved output voltage under fault case. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed configuration is validated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Multiple Switching Functions Based HSS Model of LCC Considering Variable Commutation Angle and Harmonic Couplings

Multiple Switching Functions Based HSS Model of LCC Considering Variable Commutation Angle and Harmonic Couplings