Multiple Split Ring Resonators Research Articles

Design of Miniaturized Multiband Patch Antenna Using CSRR for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

A novel miniaturized multiband, single-feed microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Both size reduction and multiband are obtained by etching the Multiple Complementary Split Ring Resonators (MC-SRR) on the ground plane of the normal patch antenna. At first, the normal patch antenna produces a single band of 5.15 GHz; 200 MHz (5.0500~5.2499). Subsequently, a Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (SC-SRR) is etched on the ground plane and produces a triple band of: 3.25 GHz; 288 MHz (3.1085~3.3964), 4.5 GHz; 101.3 MHz (4.4488~4.5501), and 5.22 GHz; 220 MHz (5.1191~5.3400) and Double Single Circular Split Ring Resonator (DC-MCSRR) with: 2.99 GHz; 60.7 MHz (2.9574~3.0181), 3.57 GHz; 324.7 MHz (3.4065~3.7312), and 5.1413 GHz; 115.4 MHz (5.0817~5.1971). The working bandwidths cover the desired frequency bands of WLAN 5.2 GHz and WiMAX 3.3/3.5 GHz. The proposed (MC-SRR) antenna can be employed to wireless communication systems due to its simplicity in design, compactness and miniaturization.

Pattern controlled and frequency tunable microstrip antenna loaded with multiple split ring resonators

We propose a reconfigurable design of a metamaterial-inspired microstrip patch antenna, capable of tuning the frequency spectrum and beam radiation. The metamaterial component is composed of a three-ring square split ring resonator (SRR) loaded in the antenna's substrate. Radiofrequency (RF) micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) switches are added in the gap of the proposed SRR to achieve frequency and radiation tuning in the performance of the microstrip patch antenna. The proposed reconfigurable antenna can be tuned to different frequencies depending on the operation states (no switching, one switch on, two switches on, and three switches on) of the SRR RF MEMS switches. The beam radiation can also be changed by setting in the `on' state the SRR switches. Beam width and beam angle can be independently tuned depending on the four different switching states. The proposed pattern controlled and frequency tunable metamaterial antenna demonstrates efficient reconfigurable reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and current density performance. The designed antenna will be applicable to C-band long-distance radio telecommunications.

Effective Medium Ratio Obeying Wideband Left-Handed Miniaturized Meta-atoms for Multi-band Applications

In this paper, a miniaturized wideband left-handed (LH) meta-atom based on planar modified multiple hexagonal split ring resonators was designed, simulated, fabricated and tested that can maintain a left-handed property. An analysis and comparison of the different array structures were performed that obtained better effective medium ratio (EMR) and wideband (5.54 GHz) for multi band operations in the microwave regime. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based Computer Simulation Technology was implemented to design the meta-atom. The meta-atom showed multi-band response in conjunction with wideband and LH property over the certain frequency bands in the microwave spectra. The EMR was considerably improved compared to previously reported meta-atoms. The measured results showed good agreement with the simulated results. The dimensions, S-parameters and EMR parameters of the proposed miniaturized LH meta-atom are appropriate for L-, S-, C-, X-, and Ku-band applications.

Multistate Multiresonator Spectral Signature Barcodes Implemented by Means of S-Shaped Split Ring Resonators (S-SRRs)

Spectral signature barcodes functional at the $S$ frequency band are presented in this paper. The barcodes are implemented by loading a coplanar waveguide transmission line by means of multiple S-shaped split ring resonators (S-SRRs), each one tuned to a different frequency. The main particularity of this paper is the fact that more than two logic states (i.e., three or four, depending on the implementation) are assigned to each resonant element. By this means, the total number of bits of the barcode (for a given number of resonators) is increased, as compared with previous approaches based on two logic states per resonator. This multistate functionality is achieved by rotating the S-SRRs. Such rotation modulates the line-to-resonator coupling intensity, and consequently the notch depth at the S-SRR fundamental resonance. Therefore, by considering three or four fixed rotation angles (or orientations) between the line axis and the S-SRR (for the tri- and four-state multiresonator barcodes, respectively), intermediate levels between the maximum and minimum attenuation are achieved. This multistate strategy only exploits a single frequency per resonant element (the fundamental one). Therefore, the data capacity per bandwidth are improved as compared with two-state-based barcodes or to multistate barcodes that use two frequencies per resonant element. As illustrative examples, two different four-state multiresonator barcodes with eight S-SRRs (providing $4^{8}= 65.536$ different codes, or 16 bits) and with nine S-SRRs (equivalent to 18 bits), occupying a spectral bandwidth of 1 GHz and less than 6.75 and 8.2 cm2, respectively, are designed, fabricated, and characterized.

Three dimensional metafilms with dual channel unit cells

Three-dimensional (3D) metafilms composed of periodic arrays of silicon unit cells containing single and multiple micrometer-scale vertical split ring resonators (SRRs) per unit cell were fabricated. In contrast to planar and stacked planar structures, these 3D metafilms have a thickness t ∼ λd/4, allowing for classical thin film effects in the long wavelength limit. The infrared specular far-field scattering response was measured for metafilms containing one and two resonators per unit cell and compared to numerical simulations. Excellent agreement in the frequency region below the onset of diffractive scattering was obtained. For dense arrays of unit cells containing single SRRs, normally incident linearly polarized plane waves which do not excite a resonant response result in thin film interference fringes in the reflected spectra and are virtually indistinguishable from the scattering response of an undecorated array of unit cells. For the resonant linear polarization, the specular reflection for arrays is highly dependent on the SRR orientation on the vertical face for gap-up, gap-down, and gap-right orientations. For dense arrays of unit cells containing two SRRs per unit cell positioned on adjacent faces, the specular reflection spectra are slightly modified due to near-field coupling between the orthogonally oriented SRRs but otherwise exhibit reflection spectra largely representative of the corresponding single-SRR unit cell structures. The ability to pack the unit cell with multiple inclusions which can be independently excited by choice of incident polarization suggests the construction of dual-channel films where the scattering response is selected by altering the incident polarization.

Dual Band Z-slotted Rectangular Micro-Strip Patch Antenna Loaded with Metamaterial

Objectives: Methods/Statistical Analysis: To design of a Dual Band Z-slotted rectangular micro-strip patch antenna loaded with metamaterial. Three MSRR (Multiple Split Ring Resonator, no of rings(N=2)) are used for loading. The structure is having one Z-slotted rectangular micro-strip patch and three SRR at the top, bottom and front side of patch. The entire proposed structure is implemented on a substrate having permittivity (er=2.2) with thickness (h=2.1mm). Findings: When patch is loaded with metamaterial, it resonates at two bands 4.9GHz and 5.3GHz with a good impedance bandwidth. The electrical size of this antenna is 0.317 λ × 0.3551 λ × 0.0364 λ at lower resonant frequency. The antenna gain is 6.67 dB and 7.53 dB at the first and second band respectively. Thus conclusion is that MSRR improve the radiation pattern of slotted antenna. Application/Improvements: Antenna is suitable for public safety wireless communication system and WLAN application.

Compact Triple-Band Waveguide Bandpass Filter Using Concentric Multiple Complementary Split Ring Resonators

This paper presents a compact tri-band waveguide bandpass filter using concentric multiple complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Two symmetrical concentric multiple CSRRs are placed on the transverse plane of a standard WR-90 rectangular waveguide at 8.41[Formula: see text]mm distance to achieve dual-pole, tri-band response. The proposed filter has been simulated using Ansoft High Frequency Simulation Software (version 14). Based on the simulated result the filter has been fabricated and tested. The measured result shows a dual-pole, tri-band, bandpass response with passbands at 8.04–8.2675[Formula: see text]GHz, 9.45–9.84925[Formula: see text]GHz and 11.35–12.005[Formula: see text]GHz, which is in good agreement with the simulated responses. The total length of the filter is 10[Formula: see text]mm, which makes it compact and light weight. An approximate equivalent circuit of the filter also has been provided.

Broadband compact microstrip patch antenna design loaded by multiple split ring resonator superstrate and substrate

We present microstrip patch antenna loaded with multiple split ring resonator substrate and superstrate. We analyze how the loading of split ring resonator superstrate and substrate can improve the bandwidth compared to the simple microstrip patch antenna and microstrip patch antenna loaded with split ring resonator superstrate. Another important observation is made for multiple split ring resonator loading in superstrate and substrate of microstrip patch antenna. The design is compared for two, three, and four-ring split ring resonator loading. The designs are also compared for different gap spacing between the rings. All three designs are compared for small gap and large gap between the rings. The design results in the form of reflection coefficient and bandwidth is presented in this manuscript. The design results are also compared with previously published designs.

Enhanced bandwidth and gain of compact microstrip antennas loaded with multiple corrugated split ring resonators

We present microstrip-based radiating structures loaded with multiple corrugated and non-corrugated split-ring resonator (SRR) metamaterials. We analyze how the change in gap spacing between multiple corrugated and non-corrugated SRRs can improve the bandwidth and gain performance compared to conventional SRR antenna designs. Regarding the corrugated designs, square teeth have been added to the outer edges of SRR rings. The microstrip antenna performance loaded with eight different SRR loads is analyzed. By changing the gap between the multiple SRR rings, the radiating response of the proposed antenna designs can be improved. Corrugated SRRs are also found to strongly improve the performance of conventional non-corrugated SRR-loaded antenna designs. The reflection coefficient, bandwidth, and radiation pattern results are presented and compared to previous relevant metamaterial microstrip antenna works. The highest obtained bandwidth is 420 MHz, which is achieved by three square teeth SRRs. The highest calculated gain is 7 dB and is achieved by loading two square teeth SRRs. The proposed antenna design can be tuned to different frequency bands by embedding microelectromechanical system switches in SRRs’ gaps. The proposed antennas have compact size combined with high bandwidth and gain performance.

X-band low phase noise push–push oscillator utilizing High-Q differential transmission line loaded with multiple split-ring resonator

In this study, a low phase noise X-band push–push oscillator is presented employing the differential transmission lines (TLs) loaded with multiple split-ring resonator (M-SRR). In order to enhance the coupling strength between TL and resonator cell, the single M-SRR is replaced by the coupled M-SRR cell-pair in differential TL to obtain high-frequency selectivity and deep insertion loss. The resonance properties of the differential TL have been discussed with different coupling configurations and coupling strengths of the M-SRR cell-pair, and the geometries of the proposed structure are investigated to obtain the optimum resonance properties. The loaded Q-factor of the proposed differential TL adopting 3-stages cascaded array of M-SRR cell-pairs configuration is 892 from measured results. Due to the high-Q and anti-phase current properties of the differential TL, a X-band push–push oscillator with low phase noise and superior fundamental frequency suppression performances is realized. The fabricated push–push oscillator operates at 9.52 GHz with an output power of 2.7 dBm and a fundamental frequency suppression of −54.55 dBc. It shows a measured phase noise of −115.48 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency and a figure of merit of −201.23 dBc/Hz.

A Grating Monopole Antenna on Metamaterial Using MSRR for DVB-T Application

This work presents a novel broadband monopole antenna for digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) application. The proposed antenna consists of a grating patch and a concave rectangular ground plane with defected ground plane, and the Multiple Split-Ring Resonator (MSRR). The added part in the ground plane and the meta-material are used to enable the antenna height reduction for fixed ranges of operating frequency. The antenna can operate from 468 MHz to 894 MHz frequency range corresponding to 62.5% of impedance bandwidth for |S11|<-7.5 dB. Details of the proposed antenna designs and experimental results of the constructed prototypes are presented and discussed.

Resonance modes in stereometamaterial of square split ring resonators connected by sharing the gap.

Stereometamaerials can fully utilize the 3D degrees of freedom to exploit the coupling and hybridization between multiple split ring resonators (SRRs), enabling more extraordinary resonances and properties over their planar counterparts. Here we propose and numerically study a kind of structure based on connected SRRs sharing their gap in a rotational fashion. It is shown that there are three typical resonance modes in such cage-like SRR (C-SRR) stereometamaterial in the communication and near infrared range. In the order of increasing energy, these modes can be essentially ascribed to magnetic torodial dipole, magnetic dipole, and a mixture of electric-dipole and magnetic toroidal dipole. We show that the latter two are derived from the second-order mode in the corresponding individual SRR, while the first one from the fundamental one. The highest energy mode remains relatively "dark" in an individual C-SRR due to the high-order feature and the rotational symmetry. However, they are all easily excitable in a C-SRR array, offering multiband filtering functionality.

An Aligned-Gap and Centered-Gap Rectangular Multiple Split Ring Resonator for dielectric sensing applications.

This paper presents the design and development of a planar Aligned-Gap and Centered-Gap Rectangular Multiple Split Ring Resonator (SRR) for microwave sensors that operates at a resonance frequency around 5 GHz. The sensor consists of a microstrip transmission line loaded with two elements of rectangular SRR on both sides. The proposed metamaterial sensors were designed and fabricated on Rogers RT5880 substrate having dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 0.787 mm. The final dimension of the proposed sensor was measured at 35 × 14 mm2. Measured results show good agreement with simulated ones as well as exhibiting high Q-factor for use in sensing application. A remarkably shift of resonance frequency is observed upon introduction of several sample with different dielectric value.

Wireless displacement sensing enabled by metamaterial probes for remote structural health monitoring.

We propose and demonstrate a wireless, passive, metamaterial-based sensor that allows for remotely monitoring submicron displacements over millimeter ranges. The sensor comprises a probe made of multiple nested split ring resonators (NSRRs) in a double-comb architecture coupled to an external antenna in its near-field. In operation, the sensor detects displacement of a structure onto which the NSRR probe is attached by telemetrically tracking the shift in its local frequency peaks. Owing to the NSRR's near-field excitation response, which is highly sensitive to the displaced comb-teeth over a wide separation, the wireless sensing system exhibits a relatively high resolution (<1 μm) and a large dynamic range (over 7 mm), along with high levels of linearity (R2 > 0.99 over 5 mm) and sensitivity (>12.7 MHz/mm in the 1–3 mm range). The sensor is also shown to be working in the linear region in a scenario where it is attached to a standard structural reinforcing bar. Because of its wireless and passive nature, together with its low cost, the proposed system enabled by the metamaterial probes holds a great promise for applications in remote structural health monitoring.

A 3-DIMENSIONAL STACKED METAMATERIAL ARRAYS FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING

We present the design of 3-D metamaterial stacked arrays for e-cient conversion of electromagnetic waves energy into AC. The design consists of several vertically stacked arrays where each array is comprised of multiple Split-Ring Resonators. The achieved conversion e-ciency is validated by calculating the power dissipated in a resistive load connected across the gap of each resonator. Numerical simulations show that using stacked arrays can signiflcantly improve the e-ciency of the harvesting system in comparison to a ∞at 2-D array. In fact, the per-unit-area e-ciency of the 3-D design can reach up to 4.8 times the case of the 2-D array. Without loss of generalization, the designs presented in this work considered an operating frequency of 5:8GHz.

Experimental verification of metamaterial loaded small patch antennas

Purpose – Metamaterial unit cells composed of deep subwavelength resonators brought up new aspects to the antenna miniaturization problem. The paper experimentally demonstrates a metamaterial-inspired miniaturization method for circular patch antennas. In the proposed layouts, the space between the patch and the ground plane is filled with a proper metamaterial composed of either multiple split-ring or spiral resonators (SRs). The authors have manufactured two different patch antennas, achieving an electrical size of λ/3.69 and λ/8.26, respectively. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The operation of such a radiative component has been predicted by using a simple theoretical formulation based on the cavity model. The experimental characterization of the antenna has been performed by using a HP8510C vector network analyzer, standard horn antennas, automated rotary stages, coaxial cables with 50 Ω characteristic impedance and absorbers. Before the characterization measurements we performed a full two-port calibration. Findings – Electrically small circular patch antennas loaded with single layer metamaterials experimentally demonstrated to acceptable figures of merit for applications. The proposed miniaturization technique is potentially promising for antenna applications and the results presented in the paper constitute a relevant proof for the usefulness of the metamaterial concepts in antenna miniaturization problems. Originality/value – Rigorous experimental characterization of several meta material loaded antennas and proof of principle results were provided.

Sixty-GHz on-chip bandpass filter designed with multiple split ring resonators

This article describes the design of on-chip bandpass filter (BPF) with split ring resonators (SRRs) for millimeter wave application. SRR is one of the metamaterial structures commonly used in designing the passive component and is used to improve the performance of the device. In this design, the BPF is designed with two (2) and five (5) SRRs to analyze the effect of SRRs toward enhancing the performance of the BPF. The SRRs are constructed along the resonator line below the BPF structure on the second lowest metal. In this article, it is shown that the magnetic resonance frequency shifted and leaded to improvement in the insertion loss of BPF as the number of SRRs increased to five. For BPF with 5-SRRs, the insertion loss is 2.02 dB with return loss better than 30 dB, whereas for BPF with only 2-SRRs, the insertion loss is 3.29 dB with return loss better than 50 dB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1182–1185, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27499

Complementary split ring resonator-based microstrip antenna for compact wireless applications

A compact circular patch antenna operating at 2.48 GHz using multiple ring complementary split ring resonator (multiple ring CSRR) in the ground plane is presented.The resonant frequency depends on the parameters of the CSRR. The antenna is fabricated on a substrate of dielectric constant (εr) 4.4 and the thickness (h) 1.6 mm. A size reduction of 83% is achieved compared to standard circular patch antenna working at the same frequency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:814–816, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI: 10.1002/mop.27429

고 출력 응용을 위한 2개의 전송영점을 가지는 최소화된 SOI CMOS 가변 대역 통과 여파기

이 논문에서는 multiple split ring resonator(MSRRs)와 로딩된 스위치드 제어부를 이용하여 2개의 전송영점을 가지는 대역 통과 여파기를 설계하였다. 높은 선택도와 칩 사이즈의 초소형화를 위해 비대칭의 급전 선로를 도입하여 통과 대역 주위에 위치한 전송 영점 쌍을 생성하였다. Cross coupling 또는 source-load coupling 방식을 이용한 기존의 여파기와 비교해보면 이 논문에서 제안된 여파기는 단지 2개의 공진기만으로 전송 영점을 생성하여 높은 선택도를 얻었다. 여파기의 선택도와 민감도(삽입 손실)를 최적화하기 위해 비대칭 급전 선로의 위치에 따른 전송 영점과 삽입손실의 관계를 분석하였다. 통과 대역 주파수의 가변과 30dBm 정도의 고 출력 신호를 처리하기 위해 MSRRs의 최 외각 링에 MIM 커패시터와 stacked-FET으로 구성된 SOI-CMOS 스위치드 제어부가 로딩되어 있다. 스위칭 트랜지스터의 전원을 켜고 끔으로써 통과 대역 주파수를 4GHz로부터 5GHz까지 이동시킬 수 있다. 제안된 칩 여파기는 0.18-μm SOI CMOS 기술을 이용함으로써 높은 Q를 가지는 수동 소자와 stacked-FET의 집적을 가능하게 만들었다. 설계된 여파기는 4 mm x 2 mm (0.177λg x 0.088λg)의 초소형화 된 크기를 가진다. 여기서 λg는 중심 주파수에서의 50Ω 마이크로스트립 선로의 관내 파장을 나타낸다. 측정된 삽입손실(S21)은 5.4GHz, 4.5GHz에서 각 각 5.1dB, 6.9dB를 나타내었다. 설계된 여파기는 중심 주파수로부터 500MHz의 오프셋에서 20dB이상의 대역 외 저지 특성을 나타내었다.

NOVEL NESTED SPLIT-RING-RESONATOR (SRR) FOR COMPACT FILTER APPLICATION

In this paper, a novel miniaturized nested split-ring resonator (SRR) structure is proposed. The nested SRR structure incorporates multiple split-ring resonators in a compact nested structure, and has more split gaps than the conventional SRR structure. Compared with conventional SRR, this nested SRR has better performance on miniaturization and high-Q value. To verify good characteristics of the proposed resonator structure, a novel resonator-embedded band-pass fllter (BPF), which is constructed by four nested resonators, is designed. This novel BPF is very compact and has good in- and out-band performances. The proposed nested SRR unit cell has size of 0:04‚g £ 0:04‚g (‚g is the signal wavelength at the 2.4GHz central frequency of the pass-band). Its stop-bands are extended 0:5 » 2GHz at lower band and 2:7 » 5:4GHz at upper band with a rejection level of higher than 20dB, and its 1-dB pass-band is 2:2 » 2:55GHz with 1.8dB optimized insertion loss. The measured and simulated results are well complied with each other.