Multiple Motivations Research Articles

Exploring Service Gratuity Motivations from a Cultural Context Aspect and the Moderating Role of Gender

The Saudi consumer, being the focus of this study, is driven by multiple forces and motivations that impact their consumption behavior, where the gender of consumer is another major determinant of those behaviors. While recent macroenvironmental changes were observed to justify the shifts in consumer behaviors, the cultural dimension and gender of consumer are the focus of our research. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between cultural context level and tipping motivations, and the moderating role of gender on this relationship. To assess this research, an SEM model is presented along six hypotheses to uncover the nature of relations among the said variables. With a sample size of 351 participants, respondent’s data confirmed that majority of sample do represent features of a high context culture, and the results are only similar with previous findings when assessing service as a dimension for tipping motivation. Social norms and peer pressure were not significant indicators of tipping behaviors for consumers in high context cultures. Furthermore, gender differences were clearly spotted, where females showed higher motivation to tip following motives of social norms and peer pressure. This study adds to the literature of cultural consumer behavior, and the findings represent handful information that can be applied by international managers to better understand and serve their global agenda.

Understanding Factors Affecting Consumers’ Conscious Green Purchasing Behavior

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on customer behavior. A transition from traditional to environmentally friendly purchasing has been observed in the buying- and consuming-goods setting. Our research sought to discover the factors that influence customers’ conscious green purchasing behavior (GPB), even though these factors had not been extensively studied before. Additionally, it investigated how COVID-19 has impacted consumers’ conscious GPB. Drawing upon the S–O–R model, we developed an integrated model to understand factors affecting conscious GPB. A total of 884 responses were gathered and analyzed by employing the structural equation modeling technique. Our study collected data from consumers in Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that media and peer influence have a significant effect on activating both altruistic and egoistic drives, whereas family influence was shown to be insignificant. The correlations between media exposure and peer influence were significantly mediated by altruistic and egoistic motivations. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a beneficial influence on the formation process of conscious GPB. The results suggest that peers have a greater impact on conscious GPB through multiple motives, as compared to the influence of media. The findings of this examination provide several meaningful theoretical and managerial implications for marketers in the green consumption setting.

Market segmentation and consumer motivations in protected natural parks: A study from Spain.

There has been an increase in the interest of tourists in the environment and enjoying it in recent years. This research aims to: a) Identify the motivational dimensions in the protected natural parks and b) Analyze the different segments in the protected natural parks. The research was conducted in the Posets-Maladeta protected area in Spain. The sample comprises 422 surveys got in situ. Data analysis involved the execution of factor analysis and non-hierarchical K-means segmentation. The findings suggest the presence of nine motivational dimensions in the protected natural park studied: self-development, interpersonal relationships, security measures, establishing personal bonds, escape, ego-defensive function, nature, entertainment, and rewards. In addition, within this protected natural park is confirmed the presence of two distinct segments: one focused on nature and the other encompassing multiple motives. The results contribute management guidelines for natural park managers for the benefit of communities and visitors. Additionally, this work can serve as a valuable addition to the academic literature concerning ecotourism.

Общие названия сорной травы в русских говорах Пермского края: мотивационный аспект (на материале диалектных словарей)

The article examines lexical units being general designations of weeds in Russian dialects of the Perm region. Data from dialect dictionaries of the region were used as research material. The aim was to study the motivational semantics of these lexemes. In the course of research, the motivational characteristics underlying the general names of weeds were identified, motivational models according to which these lexemes are formed were constructed, the general principles of designating weeds in Perm dialects were determined. It has been proven that phytonyms in Perm dialects can have multiple motivations. The study explores the ideas of Russian residents of the region about weeds reflected in dialect phytonyms. The main one is the idea of the uselessness of weeds on the farm (pustaya trava, sornyak, sornaya trava, sor, khlam, dudora, shelobon', batarma, chashcha, durnina, durnotrav'e, durnyak, durman; in this case the semantics often develops according to the model ‘waste, garbage, trash, rubbish’ → ‘weeds’; this is the most frequent semantic-motivational model in the considered group of vocabulary); designations reflecting objective characteristics of plants (features of the structure of the stem and leaves (dubinnik, batozh'e, dudka), properties of weeds (deryuga, deryaga, deryazhka, lipuchaya trava, suvolotka, suvoloka)) are less frequent in the study area and are of a concrete nature (trail along the ground, stick to other objects, etc.); in a single case, the name of a weed reflected ideas about the quality of a person leading to its appearance (bab'ya len', which can be roughly translated as a woman’s laziness; with this method of naming, not only the plants themselves but also this personal quality, through association with the plants, receive a negative cultural assessment). The obtained conclusions testify in favor of the anthropocentric, evaluative, concrete-sensual nature of the dialect speakers’ worldview.

Parliamentary oversight: Oireachtas committees and the Dáil Committee on Public Accounts in the twenty-first century

Abstract Strong parliaments hold the government, its departments and the wider public administration to account. Such parliaments are built on strong and active committee systems. For a long time, the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) was the only oversight committee consistently in place in the Houses of the Oireachtas. This article explains how the committee system has been gradually expanded and strengthened, and how its remit to oversee the actions of the government is wide. It explains the institutional factors that lead to the continued prominence of the PAC, including how it draws on the expert, independent reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General to conduct its oversight work, while noting that the PAC still faces the same challenges as other committees concerning a wide remit, finite resources and the multiple motivations of its membership. The work of the PAC is described and placed in the context of the financial scrutiny cycle which is being developed in the Houses of the Oireachtas. This is followed by a discussion of how the PAC manages its potentially wide remit to conduct ex post financial scrutiny of public expenditure, and the balance between what is referred to as ‘police-patrol’, rather than ‘fire-alarm’, scrutiny and the procedural changes which are designed to ensure that the PAC (with the authority of the Dáil) can examine and hold actors to account for the expenditure of any public money.

Citizen’s motivation in Neighbourhood Planning in North West England

Although some researchers have addressed the question of what motivates citizens to become involved in lower tier planning in the UK, the phenomenon is not yet fully understood. A lack of hard data, combined with some mutually contradictory arguments in the field, makes for imperfect analysis, and this can potentially undermine the effectiveness of individual engagement in Neighbourhood Plans (NPs). This paper focuses on what motivates citizens to participate in the process of creating NPs in North West England, and explores past theories on individual motivation. This study achieved its research aims through extensive research of the relevant literature, combined with an empirical study of five neighbourhoods in North West England. The main conclusion drawn from the dissertation is that there are complex and multiple motivations of people participating in NPs, and these impetuses are affected by a range of political, environmental and socio-economic factors. This research offers opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of NPs for researchers and NP stakeholders alike.

Motivations behind daily preventative household food waste behaviours: The role of gain, hedonic, normative, and competing goals

The relationships between consumers' motivations, food management behaviours, and food waste are complex and depend on multiple motivational and health-related competing goals. This study uses Goal-Framing Theory and Structural Equation Modelling using data from a household survey (n = 1030) to demonstrate that multiple motivations, including gain, hedonic, normative, and competing motivations, can influence food waste through the mediations of daily food management behaviours (i.e. planning, purchasing, storing, preparing, and managing leftovers). The normative motivation emerges as the most significant driver of food waste reduction through four food management behaviours, except purchasing behaviour. The gain motivation exerts the second-largest effect on food waste reduction and is associated with all five food management behaviours. The hedonic motivation shows weaker associations with food waste reduction, primarily manifesting in phases involving the physical disposal of food (e.g. managing leftovers). Importantly, the competing goal related to health and food safety concerns emerges as the strongest motivation leading to increased food waste. Among the food management behaviours, over-purchasing and consuming leftovers have the largest effects on food waste, presenting two critical points for interventions, especially in the context of consumer-retailer engagement, where the normative motivation is absent while the gain and hedonic motivations for food waste reduction are weak. Understanding the underlying motivations associated with specific behaviours provides valuable guidance for identifying ways to motivate households to change behaviours in relevant domains, ultimately contributing to reductions in food waste and fostering more sustainable practices.

Weaponizing post-election court challenges: Assessing losers’ motivations

Globally, losing candidates have increasingly relied on courts to settle post-electoral disputes. However, scholars have not systematically explored candidates' motivations to mount legal challenges and their impact on democracy. We argue that, while overturning electoral results motivates most candidates, many also use courts for other strategic reasons, such as to bolster future electoral prospects or negotiate government jobs. Post-electoral litigation that is not responsive to fraud and irregularities can threaten democracy by eroding judicial legitimacy and increasing courts' vulnerability to political interference. We develop a classification scheme to highlight candidates' multiple motivations for filing electoral petitions. Using an original database of sub-national court challenges after the 2013 Kenyan general elections, we code only ten of the seventy-one cases as ‘high probability’ attempts to overturn election outcomes. Meanwhile, the majority of Kenyan candidate petitioners seemingly ‘weaponized’ the courts by pursuing challenges that reflected multiple motivations other than overturning their election.

Planning home energy retrofit in a social environment: The role of perceived descriptive and injunctive social norms

In the built environment, improving the energy efficiency of existing building stock through retrofitting is the top pillar to mitigate climate change. Despite the efforts made by local authorities to provide technical and financial supports, the home energy retrofit rate remains low. This study aims to improve the understanding of how homeowners make their energy retrofit plans in a social environment, thereby informing behavioural policy (re)design. Using a sample of inexperienced retrofitters among Dutch homeowners (N = 556), we investigate the relationship between perceived social norms and energy retrofit plans. The results show that homeowners who perceive a positive injunctive norm have an 11.8 percentage point higher probability of making a home energy retrofit plan compared to those with a non-positive perception. Perceived injunctive norms are also significantly associated with the number of planned retrofit measures and aligned with multiple direct barriers and motivations for retrofitting. However, perceived descriptive norms are only associated with the number of planned retrofit measures, and are even correlated with stronger perceived barriers. We conclude by discussing different social influence pathways of descriptive and injunctive norms, as well as the potential of leveraging social norms as a behavioural policy intervention to promote home energy retrofit.

Adolescent motivation for visiting urban green spaces and socio-demographic variations in a large dense city

Adolescent motivations for visiting urban green spaces (UGSs), a valuable component of urban outdoor built environments, mirror their needs, and influence their use and further their development and health. Understanding the motivations and related socio-demographic variations is necessary for effective planning and management of UGSs, particularly in large dense cities typically with scarce UGSs. However, no studies have directly focused on the adolescents' motivations or the socio-demographic variations. This research first addressed the gaps through questionnaire surveys of 651 randomly-selected primary to senior school students (10–18 years old) in Guangzhou, China. Descriptive statistics depicted the sample overview and the general motivations, and multivariate binary logistic regression studied the socio-demographic variations. The nature- and exercise-predominated multiple motivations justify multifunctional planning and design and multipurpose management of UGSs, with emphases on natural elements and facilities for exercise. The adolescents' motivations for visiting significantly varied with gender and particularly education level or age. These findings could add new insights into the research field of adolescents and UGSs. Decision-makers should consider these socio-demographic variations seriously in the decision-making processes of UGSs, for example, through a participatory approach to proactively collect adolescents' motivations and develop targeted measures to satisfy their special and varied needs on UGSs and to promote their usage. Because relevant research is highly scarce, however, further studies are needed to examine the associations of the adolescents' motivations with their socio-demographic characteristics, and should also include more factors influencing the adolescents’ motivations such as parental roles and UGS characteristics including spatial information.

Time effect and shifted motivations in deprived areas: an overall perspective of entrepreneurial process

PurposeWilliams and Williams (2012, 2017) find multiple entrepreneurial motivations are experienced by entrepreneurs in deprived areas at different points in time. Drawing on this prior work this study aims to explore how and why the shifted motivations evolve, as well as, what factors cause this change in deprived areas. The work draws upon temporal motivational theory (TMT) that considers the influence of individuals' needs in determining their time-sensitive motivation.Design/methodology/approachSix semi-structured interviews with actual entrepreneurs are used to collect qualitative data from deprived areas of Nottingham, which is one of the most deprived cities in the UK. The study employs Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to consider each entrepreneurial endeavour as a unique journey to investigate the shifting of motivations.FindingsA polarization is found in terms of how entrepreneurial motivations evolve in deprived areas. In considering the first task-specific entrepreneurial motivation, time plays a role either in accumulating job dissatisfaction and increasing confidence led by accumulated experience, or in creating random chances that enable individuals to realize that they are able to use existing skills and experiences to start a business. Regarding the second task-specific entrepreneurial motivation when the business becomes more established, it is usually stimulated by increased confidence based on perceived progress. The use of self-help methods and downward comparison found in this study should be noted as they help to re-consider individuals' needs in deprived areas.Originality/valueThis study produces a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of the time effect on shifted motivation at different entrepreneurial phases in a deprived context, which contributes to enrich theoretical knowledge and raise policymakers' awareness of entrepreneurial motivations from these marginalized groups.

Demand segmentation and sociodemographic aspects of food festivals: A study in Bahrain.

Food festivals have been a growing tourism sector in recent years due to their contributions to a region's economic, marketing, brand, and social growth. This study analyses the demand for the Bahrain food festival. The stated objectives were: i) To identify the motivational dimensions of the demand for the food festival, (ii) To determine the segments of the demand for the food festival, and (iii) To establish the relationship between the demand segments and socio-demographic aspects. The food festival investigated was the Bahrain Food Festival held in Bahrain, located on the east coast of the Persian Gulf. The sample consisted of 380 valid questionnaires and was taken using social networks from those attending the event. The statistical techniques used were factorial analysis and the K-means grouping method. The results show five motivational dimensions: Local food, Art, Entertainment, Socialization, and Escape and novelty. In addition, two segments were found; the first, Entertainment and novelties, is related to attendees who seek to enjoy the festive atmosphere and discover new restaurants. The second is Multiple motives, formed by attendees with several motivations simultaneously. This segment has the highest income and expenses, making it the most important group for developing plans and strategies. The results will contribute to the academic literature and the organizers of food festivals.

A Phenomenological Theory of Change in U.S. Higher Education: The Case of the Boyer 2030 Commission Report

In Short A phenomenologically sensitive approach to leading change attends to how we structure systems of meaning and experience them, which is critical for facilitating coordinated action. Key concepts are multiple realities, motivation, and leverage, modalities of which bear directly on effective theories of, and coordinated actions leading to, institutional and cultural change. The Association for Undergraduate Education at Research Universities’ Boyer 2030 Commission Report is implicitly guided by these considerations, and its Curricular Analytics Project is exemplary of the report’s recommended change strategies.

The electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion: the perspective of close and distant relationships.

The sources of social exclusion are very wide, ranging from the closest people to strangers. However, current studies mainly reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion by means of binary comparison between social exclusion and social inclusion, and lack of in-depth analysis of the differences caused by different sources of exclusion. In this study, a static passing ball paradigm system including close and distant relationship identity information was used to reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of individuals when they were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. The results showed that there was a degree effect of P2, P3a, and LPC components when individuals were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. Specifically, the amplitude of P2, P3a, and LPC components was larger when individuals were excluded by more distant people. The results indicated that individuals would become more alert and perceive stronger exclusion experience when they were excluded by more distant people, which provided more diversified evidence for the conclusion that electrophysiological components were larger under the condition of exclusion, and revealed the electrophysiological basis behind the multiple motivation models. The results also helped to explain the physiological reasons behind individuals' different coping behaviors toward excluder with different importance of relationship.

Komparasi Kompetensi Profesional Guru Matematika SMP Berdasarkan Status Sertifikasi

This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the professional competency of certified and non-certified junior high school math teachers in Gorontalo City and District regarding teaching motivation. This research is an ex post facto study using a treatment by level 2 x 2 research design. The research was conducted in junior high schools throughout the City and District of Gorontalo in the odd semester of the 2022-2023 school year. Research data were obtained from teacher professional competency test instruments in multiple choice and teaching motivation questionnaires. Data analysis used Two Way Analysis of Variance to test the research hypothesis and further tests were carried out using the Scheffe test. The study results show that: (1) The professional competence of certified teachers is higher than uncertified teachers. (2) There is an interaction effect between certification status and teaching motivation on the professional competence of teachers. (3) In the group of teachers who have high motivation to teach, the professional competence of certified teachers is higher than teachers who are not certified. (4) In the group of teachers who have low motivation to teach, the professional competence of certified teachers is lower than teachers who are not certified. This condition is influenced by several factors such as self-awareness, training activities that are more oriented towards increasing pedagogical competence, and the absence of evaluation activities for post-certification teachers.

Carbon savings, fun, and money: The effectiveness of multiple motives for eco-driving and green charging with electric vehicles in Germany

Electric vehicles can contribute to CO2 emission reduction significantly because these vehicles can be charged with renewable energy (green charging). Second, these vehicles can be driven energy-efficiently by using in-vehicle eco-features and by adapting eco-driving behaviors (e.g., avoid excessive speed). However, both green charging and eco-driving are associated with behavioral costs (e.g., time losses), which could discourage individuals from performing the behaviors. Therefore, this study investigated if interventions (e.g., monetary incentives) could motivate behavioral action. We conducted an experimental driving study with 94 German drivers on the company site of a vehicle manufacturer and on public roads in the south of Germany to investigate how combined interventions affect green charging and eco-driving. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or the control group. The findings suggest that a combined intervention with informational cues (i.e., CO2 emission savings) as well as gamified (i.e., competitive task) and monetary incentives did not significantly motivate individuals to choose a green charging station. However, the intervention did motivate individuals to seek eco-driving information. Being interested in eco-driving behaviors helped to improve energy consumption during a real-world drive. Hence, interventions providing behavioral information and addressing multiple motives should be further investigated to understand how future electric vehicle owners can be motivated to behave pro-environmentally.

Improving Employee Performance Through Motivation and Work Discipline

This study looked at the relationship between performance and motivation and discipline at Radjak Hospital Salemba. This study used quantitative data collected through a Likert scale with the SPSS version 23 program. Data were collected from 221 patients at Radjak Hospital Salemba. This hospital is located in the northwestern part of Indonesia and is staffed by local residents. This research uses quantitative descriptive research. A population of 221 people was tested using the Slovin sample formula, and at least 69 people were included in the sample. The results are positive, with a Sig Value of 0.259 and a T-Test Result of 0.040. Additionally, 3. Based on the results of multiple linear regression, work motivation and work discipline have a positive effect on employee performance. This influence can be seen in the constant values ​​of 0.797 and 0.259 for positive work motivation and work discipline, respectively. In addition, the Sig T test shows that the two characteristics of work ethics have a significant effect on employee performance with values ​​of 0.040 and 0.000 respectively. Work motivation and discipline also affect employee performance by 69.4% which is explained from the results of the R square test. The remaining 30.6% due to this influence is caused by other factors not examined in this study.

The paradigmatics of a compound abbreviation as a means of predicting equivalence relations

The author describes the methods of finding and predicting compound word correlates in its equivalence nest on the basis of paradigmatic relations between the abbreviation and its decoding stimuli. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it established the principles of dictionary entries formation for the Exploratory Dictionary of Russian Word Abbreviations compiled by Exploratory Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The paper gives general idea of the multiple motivation possibilities of abbreviated words in the modern language. The aim of the study is to generally represent the dictionary methods of finding and predicting the content of compound abbreviation equivalence nests. The author considered pure search models in existing dictionaries of abbreviations and texts, where abbreviations and their equivalents are presented as absolute synonyms, as well as extrapolation prediction methods by decoding matrices models of word equivalence nests, connected with the described abbreviations and their decoding stimuli through their paradigmatic relations. The latter led to forming compound abbreviations paradigmatic associations typology, including an abbreviation nest, an abbreviation-onomasiologic field, an abbreviation group and an abbreviation paradigm. The novelty of the study has been determined by the fact that for the first it provides a set of methods for finding and predicting the equivalence nest of abbreviated words; the methodology of the obtained results verification is also described. The results have provided the possibility of a full-fledged comprehensive dictionary description of compound abbreviated appellatives. In the future, the author is planning to develop methods of searching for equivalents of other formal onomasicologic abbreviation types - initial abbreviations and onym compound abbreviations.

Past, present and future: multiple motivations for youth’s financial and in-kind support to others in rural Ghana

ABSTRACT In the growing literature on youth transitions, comparatively little attention has been paid to the role that young people play as providers, particularly support for people outside of a nuclear family unit. Based on 92 interviews with 44 young adults living in rural Ghana, this research investigates the multiple reasons why they provide financial and in-kind support to a range of immediate, extended and non-family members. We create a typology of motivations, identifying eight reasons youth identified for supporting people across four generations. These drivers of support relate to the past, present and future and do not fall neatly into dichotomies of self-interest or altruism. Some are situational, dependent on the need of the recipient, the ability of the young person to provide support at that point in time and/or circumstances of other people in their broader family and social networks. Youth identified multiple reasons for supporting the same person and articulated different motivations depending on their relationship to the recipient and their gender. Together, these nuanced explanations offer insights into an often-overlooked aspect of youth transitions and a departure point for further research into the important role young people play in supporting others in their families and communities.

Impacts of normative and hedonic motivations on continuous knowledge contribution in virtual community: the moderating effect of past contribution experience

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the effects of normative and hedonic motivations on continuous knowledge contribution, and how past contribution experience moderates the effects of the motivations on continuous knowledge contribution.Design/methodology/approachBased on goal-framing theory, the present study proposes a comprehensive theoretical model by integrating normative and hedonic motivations, past contribution experience and continuous knowledge contribution. The data for virtual community members' activities were collected using the Python Scrapy crawler. Logit regression was used to validate the integrative model.FindingsThe results show that both normative motivation (reflected by generalized reciprocity and social learning) and hedonic motivation (reflected by peer recognition and online attractiveness) are positively associated with continuous knowledge contribution. Moreover, these effects are found to be significantly influenced by members' past knowledge contribution experience. Specifically, the results suggest that past knowledge contribution experience undermines the influence of generalized reciprocity on continuous knowledge contribution but strengthens the effect of peer recognition and online attractiveness.Originality/valueAlthough the emerging literature on continuous knowledge contribution mainly focuses on motivations as antecedents that promote continuous knowledge contribution, most of these studies assume that the relationship between motivating mechanisms and continuous knowledge contribution does not change over time. The study is one of the initial studies to examine whether and how the influence of multiple motivations evolves relative to levels of past contribution experience.