Multiple Measurement Methods Research Articles

Diagnosis of carbon monoxide exposure in clinical research and practice: A scoping review.

To undertake a scoping review to identify methods and diagnostic levels used in determining unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide exposure. Online databases and grey literature were searched from 1946 to 2023 identifying 80 papers where carbon monoxide levels were reported. 80 papers were included; 71 research studies and 9 clinical guidelines. Four methods were described: blood carboxyhaemoglobin (arterial or venous blood analysis), carbon monoxide oximetry (SpO2), expired carbon monoxide, and ambient carbon monoxide sampling. Blood analysis methods predominated (60.0% of the papers). Multiple methods of measurement were used in 26 (32.5%) of the papers. Diagnostic levels for carboxyhaemoglobin were described in 54 (67.5%) papers, ranging between 2% and 15%. 26 (32.5%) papers reported diagnostic levels that were adjusted for the smoking status of the patient. Four methods were found for use in different settings. Variability in diagnostic thresholds impairs diagnostic accuracy. Agreement on standardised diagnostic levels is required to enable consistent diagnosis of unintentional, non-fire related carbon monoxide exposure.

Assessing the implementation of suicide-focused treatments delivered in hybrid telemental health format in a real-world setting

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of suicide-focused treatments delivered via a hybrid telemental health (TMH) and in-person format. Method This study was conducted at four university counseling centers (UCCs) across the United States. Treatment-seeking clients were recruited from their local UCCs and participated in adaptive treatment strategies (ATSs) involving Treatment as Usual (TAU), Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS), and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Implementation outcomes, including appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility, fidelity, safety, and client satisfaction, were assessed. UCC clinicians participated in qualitative interviews focused on implementation of TMH for clients presenting with suicidal ideation (SI). Results Overall, treatments delivered via hybrid format were reported to be appropriate, acceptable, feasible, and satisfactory by clinicians and clients. Implementation of TMH was reported to be equivalent to in-person treatment across multiple measurement methods. Conclusion Results from this study demonstrate that TMH is an implementable treatment modality for addressing suicidality, particularly for college students presenting to UCCs with SI. This study has implications for real-world clinical settings planning to offer hybrid treatment modalities to address SI. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04728815.

Wear analysis of material measures and stylus probes in repetitive tactile calibration

Tactile industrial measuring instruments are frequently calibrated with material measures defined in ISO 5436–1 to ensure their function, determine their measurement uncertainty and assess the capability of measuring processes. Since these process needs to be repeated on a regular basis, the long-term stability of both material measures and the stylus is essential to enable a repeatable and reliable measurement. Since the tactile sampling of a material measure involves a mechanical interaction, there is the potential for wear when repetitive measurements are performed. We present a comprehensive experimental study on the effects of wear for different stylus instruments – including a reference plane scanning system and multiple skidded scanning systems. Multiple measurement methods are used to determine the state of the stylus and the surface of the material measure, both before and after their mechanical interaction. The impact of the wear on the accuracy of the results can be described, as can the connection between the wear and the hardness of the skidded probe. The study found that significant wear effects on surfaces with even >500 HV become qualitatively visible much earlier than they can be quantitatively detected, with extreme load cases of >1000 repetitive measurements at the same position being necessary to produce major wear influences. Thus, regular visual inspections in case of extensive repetitive measurements can be recommended, just as well as a low measuring force and a reduction of the number of measurements for measurement capability analysis to 12 measurements.

A Review of the Child Anxiety Questionnaire Based on the Left-behind Children

Left-behind children are a special group in the process of urban development. They lack parental care, which affects the development of mental health. Anxiety is one of the most common psychological problems in children around the world. It has an important impact on children’s emotions and social interaction, lasting until adulthood. To study the anxiety of left-behind children, this study summarized the screening tools for children’s anxiety in this review and found that there is no anxiety questionnaire for left-behind children at present and most of the existing anxiety questionnaires for children are not completely based on the existing diagnostic criteria. As a result, these scales are not able to accurately measure all contents covered by the concept of children’s anxiety. The study summarized the left-behind anxiety questionnaire to provide some ideas for choosing a questionnaire for researchers studying left-behind children. In addition, the study believes that the development of anxiety scales for left-behind children as soon as possible and the use of multiple measurement methods should be the direction of future researchers.

Robust Regression Techniques for Multiple Method Comparison and Transformation.

A generalization of Passing-Bablok regression is proposed for comparing multiple measurement methods simultaneously. Possible applications include assay migration studies or interlaboratory trials. When comparing only two methods, the method boils down to the usual Passing-Bablok estimator. It is close in spirit to reduced major axis regression, which is, however, not robust. To obtain a robust estimator, the major axis is replaced by the (hyper-)spherical median axis. This technique has been applied to compare SARS-CoV-2 serological tests, bilirubin in neonates, and an in vitro diagnostic test using different instruments, sample preparations, and reagent lots. In addition, plots similar to the well-known Bland-Altman plots have been developed to represent the variancestructure.

Analisis Pengukuran Kinerja Keuangan dengan Metode Economic Value Added (EVA) pada Perusahaan Perbankan

This study aims to find out about analyze and explain the financial performance of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2017-2021 using the Economic Value Added (EVA) method. This study is a quantitative descriptive research. The sample used in this research includes Bank Central Asia Tbk, Bank Negara Indonesia Tbk, Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk, Bank Mandiri Tbk, and Bank Tabungan Negara Tbk. The sampling technique employed in this research is purposive sampling with the following criteria: banking institutions that have gone public on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, banking institutions that have presented complete financial data and published it during the research period from 2017 to 2021, and banks included in the LQ45 index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2017-2021. The results of the research indicate that the five banking companies mentioned had positive EVA values during the period 2017-2021. This implies that these banking companies listed on the LQ45 Index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017-2021 demonstrated good performance and were able to create economic value added for investors. However, this research has several limitations, including the use of only one method to measure the financial performance of banking companies and a small sample size of 5 companies. Future research is recommended to employ multiple measurement methods to assess performance and increase the sample size to obtain better data.

A systematic review on the influence factors, measurement, and effect of driver workload

Driver workload (DWL) is an important factor that needs to be considered in the study of traffic safety. The research focus on DWL has undergone certain shifts with the rapid development of scientific and technological advancements in the field of transportation in recent years. This study aims to grasp the state of research on DWL by both bibliometric analysis and individual critical literature review. The knowledge structure and development trend are described using bibliometric analysis. The knowledge mapping method is applied to mine the available literature in depth. It is discovered that one of the current research focus on DWL has shifted towards investigating its application in the field of autonomous driving. Subjective questionnaires and experimental tests (including both simulation technology and field study) are the main approaches to analyze DWL. An individual critical literature review of the influencing factors, measurement, and performance of DWL is provided. Research findings have shown that DWL was highly impacted by both intrinsic (e.g., age, temperament, driving experience) and external factors (e.g., vehicles, roads, tasks, environments). Scholars are actively exploring the combined effects of various factors and the level of vehicle automation on DWL. In addition to assess DWL by using subjective measures or physiological parameter measures separately, studies have started to improve classification accuracy by combining multiple measurement methods. Safety thresholds of DWL are not sufficiently studied due to the various interference items corresponding to different scenarios, but it is expected to quantify the DWL and find the threshold by establishing assessment models considering these intrinsic and external multiple-factors simultaneously. Driver or vehicle performance indicators are controversial to measure DWL directly, but they were suitable to reflect the impact of DWL in different driving conditions.

Do measurement methods matter? A meta-analysis of antecedents and outcomes of contractual governance in interorganisational relationships

Existing literature uses multiple measurement methods for contractual governance; however, it is unclear whether such differences impact the effect sizes of the relationships between contractual governance and its antecedents and outcomes in interorganisational relationships. This study revisits commonly explored relationships by examining the moderating impacts of the measurement factors. We meta-analysed 141 articles involving 32,763 interorganisational relationships. The results indicate that subjective and objective measurements cannot be interchangeable in certain relationships. Contractual governance, measured by multiple dimensions and multiple items per dimension, exhibits a stronger relationship with other constructs. Furthermore, mixing contract provisions and contract applications when using reflective indicators to measure contractual governance is not a serious issue. These findings advance our understanding of the boundary conditions of the relationships between contractual governance and other constructs. An implication for managers is that they should pay attention to both contracts per se and how contracts are subjectively perceived.

Performance of Bayesian EWMA control chart with measurement error under ranked set sampling schemes with application in industrial engineering

The objective of this study is to investigate the behavior of the Bayesian exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart in the presence of measurement error (ME). It explores the impact of different ranked set sampling designs and loss functions on the performance of the control chart when ME is present. The analysis incorporates a covariate model, multiple measurement methods, and a conjugate prior to account for ME. The performance evaluation of the proposed Bayesian EWMA control chart with ME includes metrics such as average run length and standard deviation of run lengths. The findings, obtained through Monte Carlo simulation and real data application, indicated that ME significantly affects the performance of the Bayesian EWMA control chart when RSS schemes are employed. Particularly noteworthy is the superior performance of the median RSS scheme compared to the other two schemes in the presence of ME.

Assessing physical abilities of sarcopenia patients using gait analysis and smart insole for development of digital biomarker

The aim of this study is to compare variable importance across multiple measurement tools, and to use smart insole and artificial intelligence (AI) gait analysis to create variables that can evaluate the physical abilities of sarcopenia patients. By analyzing and comparing sarcopenia patients with non sarcopenia patients, this study aims to develop predictive and classification models for sarcopenia and discover digital biomarkers. The researchers used smart insole equipment to collect plantar pressure data from 83 patients, and a smart phone to collect video data for pose estimation. A Mann–Whitney U was conducted to compare the sarcopenia group of 23 patients and the control group of 60 patients. Smart insole and pose estimation were used to compare the physical abilities of sarcopenia patients with a control group. Analysis of joint point variables showed significant differences in 12 out of 15 variables, but not in knee mean, ankle range, and hip range. These findings suggest that digital biomarkers can be used to differentiate sarcopenia patients from the normal population with improved accuracy. This study compared musculoskeletal disorder patients to sarcopenia patients using smart insole and pose estimation. Multiple measurement methods are important for accurate sarcopenia diagnosis and digital technology has potential for improving diagnosis and treatment.

Yeraltı Raylı Sistem İnşaatlarındaki Jeoteknik İncelemeler ve Geoteknik Uygulamalar: Halkalı-Yeni Havalimanı Metro Hattı Örneği

In this study, geological researches carried out before the construction of underground rail systems and geotechnical application methods preferred during the construction were examined within the scope of Halkalı-İstanbul Airport metro project. The metro line consists of a total of 66.2 km long underground tunnels, 31.3×2 km main line and 1.8×2 km repertorium connection line. 1006 soil and 1230 rock samples were collected for the main line whose geological research was carried out with 198 core drillings with a total length of 9588.5 m. The results of the laboratory tests on the samples and the field tests carried out in the boreholes were obtained. In addition, a total of four two-dimensional inverted solution resistor underground sections were obtained by using the Multiple Electrode Electrical Resistance Tomography measurement method in the middle of two lines (Line-1 Km. 61+440 – 61 +660 /Line-2 Km: 61 +400 - 61+620), in the Olympic Stadium station (Km: 62+215 – 62 +490) and in the TBM route (Line-2 Km: 62 +835 – 63+050). The geological sections obtained from the drillings and the geophysical sections obtained by the electrical resistivity method were compared.

Leadership and Management Competencies of Ideological and Political College Counselors in Higher Educational Institutions in China Toward a Leadership Development Program

According to the Vocational Competence Standards for College Counselors (Interim) issued by the Ministry of Education of China, this study constructs the leadership of college counselors from four dimensions: ideological education guidance ability, organizational management ability, consulting service ability, theory and practice research. Based on the questionnaire and interview survey of 320 counselors and counselors' management positions from six colleges and universities in Hunan Province, and the use of factor molecule, variance analysis, multiple regression analysis, structural equation and other measurement methods, this paper discusses the main factors that affect counselors' leadership ability from individual factors and school factors. The results showed that the gender samples had a significant effect on the consulting service ability. Age samples show significant influence on organizational management ability, and counselors of different ages have significant differences in individual dimensions of leadership ability. The years of working as counselors have significant effects on ideological education and guidance, organizational management ability and consulting service ability. Among them, counselors lack the consciousness and ability of theoretical practice research. Most counselors lack subjective initiative and ability in theoretical and practical research. According to the research results, through the personal factors (theoretical learning, vocational training, skill competition, academic exchange), school factors (career development, ability training, assessment and incentive) two levels of seven dimensions of the influencing factors of college counselors' leadership, in-depth research is made. In addition, specific suggestions are put forward from the following five aspects: building a learning and training platform for counselors, building a theoretical and practical research platform, creating a platform to show counselors' work performance and professional quality development, and establishing target incentive and career development incentive, so as to promote the professional, professional and expert development of counselors and effectively improve the overall quality and construction level of counselors.

Determining air-water interfacial areas for the retention and transport of PFAS and other interfacially active solutes in unsaturated porous media

The objective of this work was to determine the methods that produce the most representative measurements and estimations of air-water interfacial area specifically for the retention and transport of PFAS and other interfacially active solutes in unsaturated porous media. Published data sets of air-water interfacial areas obtained with multiple measurement and prediction methods were compared for paired sets of porous media comprising similar median grain diameters, but one with solid-surface roughness (sand) and one without roughness (glass beads). All interfacial areas produced with the multiple diverse methods were coincident for the glass beads, providing validation of the aqueous interfacial tracer-test methods. The results of this and other benchmarking analyses demonstrated that the differences in interfacial areas measured for sands and soil by different methods are not due to errors or artifacts in the methods but rather the result of method-dependent differential contributions of solid-surface roughness. The contributions of roughness to interfacial areas measured by interfacial tracer-test methods were quantified and shown to be consistent with prior theoretical and experiment-based investigations of air-water interface configurations on rough solid surfaces. Three new methods for estimating air-water interfacial areas were developed, one based on the scaling of thermodynamic-determined values and the other two comprising empirical correlations incorporating grain diameter or NBET solid surface area. All three were developed based on measured aqueous interfacial tracer-test data. The three new and three existing estimation methods was tested using independent data sets of PFAS retention and transport. The results showed that the method based on treating air-water interfaces as smooth surfaces as well as the standard thermodynamic method produced inaccurate air-water interfacial areas that failed to reproduce the multiple measured PFAS retention and transport data sets. In contrast, the new estimation methods produced interfacial areas that accurately represented air-water interfacial adsorption of PFAS and associated retention and transport. The measurement and estimation of air-water interfacial areas for field-scale applications is discussed in light of these results.

Monitoring of Location Parameters with a Measurement Error under the Bayesian Approach Using Ranked-Based Sampling Designs with Applications in Industrial Engineering

To detect sustainable changes in the production processes, memory-type control charts are frequently utilized. This study is conducted to assess the performance of the Bayesian adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (AEWMA) control chart using ranked set sampling schemes following two different loss functions in the presence of a measurement error for posterior and posterior predictive distributions using conjugate priors. This study is based on the covariate model and multiple measurement methods in the presence of a measurement error (ME). The performance of the proposed Bayesian-AEWMA control chart with ME has been evaluated through the average run length and the standard deviation of the run length. Finally, a real-life application in semiconductor manufacturing was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed Bayesian-AEWMA control chart with a measurement error based on different ranked set sampling schemes. The results demonstrate that the proposed control chart, in the presence of a measurement error, performed well in detecting out-of-control signals compared to the existing control chart. However, the median ranked set sampling scheme (MRSS) proved to be better than the other two schemes in the presence of a measurement error.

Research and design of program complexity measurement technology based on OINK framework

With the expansion of software system scale, the study of software complexity has become a hot topic in software engineering. However, the domestic research on software complexity analysis technology is not mature, especially the measurement and evaluation methods of software complexity are not perfect. In order to solve the problem of prediction and evaluation of program structure complexity in software engineering more effectively, this paper proposed a program complexity measurement technique based on OINK framework. The technology uses the data sharing interface design to analysis target program by extracting the complex relationship between OINK components. On this basis, the technology adopts the layered software architecture to realize the automatic design of the function of the measurement data acquisition module, the complexity measurement module and the data management module of measurement results, thus, the structure complexity of the target program can be analyzed more clearly and accurately. At the same time, this technique applies multiple measurement methods to quantify the complexity of program structure, such as McCabe, HalStead, and Line Count. Experimental results show that this method can effectively measure the complexity of program structure. The solution on software complexity based on the open source ONIK framework will be open up worldwide, and will be continuously supported and improved by global communities and teams under the constraints of common driving forces.

Upregulated DNA Damage-Linked Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice.

The present study examined expression of DNA damage markers in VMAT2 Lo PD model mice. The results demonstrate there is a significant increase in these DNA damage markers mostly in the brain regions of 18- and 23-month-old model mice, indicating oxidative stress-induced DNA lesion is an important pathologic feature of this mouse model.

Environmental impacts of three Asian dust events in the northern China and the northwestern Pacific in spring 2021

In March 2021, China experienced three dust events (Dust-1, 2, 3), especially the first of which was reported as the strongest one in recent ten years. Their environmental impacts have received great attention, demanding comprehensive study to assess such impacts quantitatively. Multiple advanced measurement methods, including satellite, ground-based lidar, online aerosol speciation instrument, and biogeochemical Argo float, were applied to examine and compare the transport paths, optical and chemical properties, and impacts of these three dust events on urban air quality and marine ecosystem. The results showed that Dust-1 exhibited the largest impacts on urban area, increasing PM10 concentration in Beijing, Shuozhou, and Shijiazhuang up to 7525, 3819, and 2992 μg m−3, respectively. However, due to fast movement of the Mongolian low-pressure cyclone, the duration of northwest wind over the land was quite short (e.g., only 10 h in Beijing), which prevented the transport of dust plume to the northwestern Pacific, resulting in limited impact on the ocean. Dust-2 and Dust-3, though weaker in intensity, were transported directly to the sea, and led to a substantial increase in chlorophyll-a concentration (up to near 3 times) in the northwestern Pacific, comparing to climatological value. This indicates that the impacts of dust events on ocean was not necessarily and positively correlated to their impacts on land. Based on the analyses of land-ocean-space integrated observational data and synoptic systems, this study examined how marine ecosystem responded to three significant Asian dust events in spring 2021 and quantitatively assessed the overall impacts of mega dust storms both on land and ocean, which could also provide an interdisciplinary research methodology for future research on strong aerosol emission events such as wildfire and volcanic eruption.

Pinpointing the origin of the increased driving voltage during prolonged operation in a phosphorescent OLED based on an exciplex host

We report on the origin of the reduced power efficiency in a red phosphorescent OLED with an exciplex host after prolonged operation. The power efficiency is reduced solely by an increased driving voltage while the radiant flux remains constant. An electrical model describing the driving voltage increase is, thus, sufficient to explain the reduced power efficiency. The electrical model of the fresh OLED and at different stages of degradation was devised from four different measurement methods. Using multiple measurement methods to determine the model parameters results in a rather unique set of model parameters, despite the large number of model parameters (38) as revealed by a correlation analysis. The increase in driving voltage could be reproduced by modifying only 7 out of the 38 model parameters. A sensitivity analysis identified the parameters with the largest effect (66%) on the driving voltage increase to be the trap density and the mobility of the employed hole transporting layer. This work highlights the benefit of using multiple measurement methods to derive reliable model parameters and the use of a sensitivity analysis to pinpoint the origin of the investigated property. • Increased driving voltage after prolonged operation. • Radiant flux remained constant, so an electrical model is sufficient. • Determination of reliable model parameters by using multiple measurement methods. • Sensitivity analysis reveals origin of the increased driving voltage. • Hole traps in TAPC are the main cause of the increased driving voltage.

A Survey of Precision Formation Relative State Measurement Technology for Distributed Spacecraft

High-precision relative-state measurement technology is one of the key technologies for achieving the precision formation flying of distributed spacecraft. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the precision formation-flying projects of distributed spacecraft in various countries. In the context of practical application, the specific mission configuration, orbit distribution, measurement technology, and payload of the project are summarized. On this basis, the relative state measurement techniques are outlined for the first time, using non-autonomous measurement techniques, autonomous measurement techniques, and new composite relative measurement techniques. A detailed analysis of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)—relative measurement, laser measurement, infrared measurement, RF measurement, visible light visual measurement, and multiple composite measurement methods is conducted. The applicable scenarios of each measurement method are thoroughly discussed from several aspects, such as the technical scheme, system design, accuracy requirements, advantages, and shortcomings. In addition, this paper proposes the concept of adopting a multidisciplinary optimization architecture from the perspective of the overall design of the precision formation of the distributed spacecraft. It enables relative-state measurement payload selection and property indicator optimization, on the premise of optimizing the overall formation performance. Finally, the optimization direction and future development trend of the spacecraft precision formation flight project and relative state measurement technology are established.

Three Decades of Research on Individual Teacher-Child Relationships: A Chronological Review of Prominent Attachment-Based Themes

Attachment theory has played a prominent role in the study of affective relationships between teachers and individual children in school settings. This review synthesizes three decades of attachment-based research on teacher-child relationships roughly covering the period between 1992 and 2022. Five key themes were discussed: (1) conceptualization and assessment, (2) secure base and autonomous exploration, (3) safe haven and self-regulation, (4) attachment history and relationship (dis)continuity, and (5) teacher sensitivity and mentalization. Following a narrative review approach, a selection of pivotal research studies was made and chronologically presented to illustrate research developments per theme. The results indicated that the conceptualization and assessment of teacher-child relationships holds largely, but not completely, across different developmental phases, cultural contexts, measurement methods, and informants. In addition, research confirmed the role of the secure base and safe haven functions of teacher-child relationships in promoting children’s emotional security at school. Furthermore, progression has been made through the development of multiple measurement methods for both teachers and children, by expanding research from early childhood education up to secondary education, and by more recent cross-cultural studies. However, there is still limited insight in mechanisms that explain (dis)continuity in relationships over time, and a striking lack of research on dyadic teacher sensitivity and mentalization as antecedents of teacher-child relationships. Research directions for the following decade(s) of research are discussed per theme.