Multiple Jobholding Research Articles

When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe

The scope and structure of multiple jobholding and its consequences for multiple jobholders are changing in many Western economies. Only limited quantitative empirical knowledge is currently available on the changing features of multiple jobholding and whether the economic vulnerability of multiple jobholders has been changing over time. In this article we focus on the position and trends of multiple jobholders compared with single jobholders in Europe. We study this in terms of working hours, workers’ desire to work more hours, and in-work poverty. To that end, we analyse data since the early 2000s from the EU Labour Force Survey and from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Our findings show that multiple jobholding is a significant and increasing labour market phenomenon in many advanced economies, with changing characteristics, for example in terms of gender distribution and combinations of contracts. In-work poverty is relatively high among non-standard workers, but the findings do not indicate a deteriorating trend effect. In-work poverty seems to be on the rise among people who are single, for both single jobholders and multiple jobholders.

Adapting social protection to the needs of multiple jobholders in Denmark, the United Kingdom and Germany

Working in two or more jobs at the same time creates special needs in terms of social security that differ from those of standard dependent employees or the self-employed. To investigate how well social security systems adapt to multiple jobholders we examine three case studies of countries with different levels and trends in multiple jobholding: Denmark, the United Kingdom and Germany. We review recent trends and policies to address social protection gaps for multiple jobholders in these countries prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the extent to which the emergence of the ‘platform economy’ can exacerbate multiple jobholding. We conclude that attempts to resolve the gaps in social security protection reflect distinctive characteristics of each employment system.

Multiple jobholding in the digital platform economy: signs of segmentation

Although recent studies indicate that multiple jobholding is widespread in the digital platform economy, the interaction between people’s engagement with digital platforms and the conventional labour market is rarely explored. This article brings new insights into this interaction, exploring the income of individuals combining paid work in the conventional labour market with income from distinct digital platforms. Based on two large-scale representative surveys of a random sample of 18,000 people in 2017 and 2019 in combination with administrative register data, we demonstrate how labour and capital platforms attract different income groups. We also find that online income in combination with non-platform income sources such as traditional jobs exacerbate the segmentation tendencies found in the conventional labour market. An increasing share of rich and poor seem to use different platforms, indicating a potential hierarchy of labour market segments in both the online and the conventional labour markets.

A panel study of the consequences of multiple jobholding: enrichment and depletion effects

This article contributes to research on the embeddedness of multiple work arrangements in the employment biography. We investigate transition and duration effects of multiple jobholding on financial and non-financial job outcomes, and the role of flexible work arrangements and household contexts. To that end, we examine panel data from Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands for the period between 2002 and 2017. The findings underscore the importance of economic factors in the decision to work multiple jobs and reveal that labour market contexts play a significant role in outcomes. Findings furthermore indicate negative well-being effects for those who have both multiple jobs and children. For a substantial share of workers, holding multiple jobs occurs in relatively short-term episodes, posing the question of whether episodes of multiple jobholding necessarily come with either clear enrichment or depletion effects, or are merely a phase in the overall employment biography.

Multiple jobholders and workplace learning

PurposeThis paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.DesignThis briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.FindingsMeaningful work was the attractor, the central factor in the decision to be a multiple jobholder. Interviewees attempted to adjust to future changes through their learning and choice of jobs and reported on their role as creators of future working life. Interviewees regarded organizing of their work and timetable as a core competency with their identity closely linked to their competencies and networks.OriginalityThe briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

The impact of economic recessions on health workers: a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis of the evidence from the last 50 years.

Economic crises carry a substantial impact on population health and health systems, but little is known on how these transmit to health workers (HWs). Addressing such a gap is timely as HWs are pivotal resources, particularly during pandemics or the ensuing recessions. Drawing from the empirical literature, we aimed to provide a framework for understanding the impact of recessions on HWs and their reactions. We use a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis approach to identify the relevant qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods evidence, and refine an a priori, theory-based conceptual framework. Eight relevant databases were searched, and four reviewers employed to independently review full texts, extract data and appraise the quality of the evidence retrieved. A total of 57 peer-reviewed publications were included, referring to six economic recessions. The 2010-15 Great Recession in Europe was the subject of most (52%) of the papers. Our consolidated framework suggests that recessions transmit to HWs through three channels: (1) an increase in the demand for services; (2) the impacts of austerity measures; and (3) changes in the health labour market. Some of the evidence appeared specific to the context of crises; demand for health services and employment increased during economic recessions in North America and Oceania, but stagnated or declined in Europe in connection with the austerity measures adopted. Burn-out, lay-offs, migration and multiple jobholding were the reactions observed in Europe, but job opportunities never dwindled for physicians during recessions in North America, with nurses re-entering labour markets during such crises. Loss of motivation, absenteeism and abuse of health systems were documented during recessions in low-income countries. Although the impacts of recessions may vary across economic events, health systems, labour markets and policy responses, our review and framework provide an evidence base for policies to mitigate the effects on HWs.

Multiple Job Holding and the Desire to Change the Main Jobs in the Japanese Labor Market

Multiple Job Holding and the Desire to Change the Main Jobs in the Japanese Labor Market

MOONLIGHTING, SELF-EFFICACY AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE ACADEMICS IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

This paper investigates the influence of moonlighting practices on self-efficacy and job performance of female academics in selected public universities.327 female academics were selected using the stratified random sampling technique. 225(68.8%) were engaged in multiple job holdings (moonlighting) with part-time income of about (75.7%) of their principal income. The possible influence of three dynamics of self-efficacy: personal, behaviour and environment; on principal job performance was investigated. Dual dynamics of behaviour (p<0.001, β=0.290) and environment (p<0.001, β=0.213) had considerable effect on principal job performance. Moonlighting or multiple job holdings restrained the correlation between the behaviour dynamic and job performance (p<0.05, β=0. 0.4134, [LLCI=0.0738, ULCI=0.7563]). Behaviour serves as the central dynamic of self-efficacy, and affects job performance of female academics of public sector universities in South West Nigeria. Moonlighting has the prospect of being extensively connected to conviction of personal potential and proficiency (the behaviour dynamic) and principal job performance. Where female academics are self-assured that they are capable of executing positive behaviours, the tendency becomes higher for them to exhibit this behaviour providing the depiction offers results in the required upshot. Effective human resource management obligates devising, executing and scrutinizing with the total involvement of academics: efficient, proficient and jointly supporting working condition as well as perceptive policies and programmes, plus development policies and programmes that will promote the empowerment and advancement of female academics within the institution where they work while simultaneously preparing additional hands for the universities to have adequate lecturers so as to regulate lecturers’ moonlighting.

Japanese Multiple Jobholding Farming

Japanese Multiple Jobholding Farming

Determinants of Multiple Job Holding: The Case of Turkey

Birden fazla işte çalışma ya da esas işin yanında ek bir işte çalışma birçok bireyin finansal zorluklarla başa çıkmanın yanı sıra kariyer geliştirme ya da psikolojik tatmin için uyguladığı bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye işgücü piyasasında birden fazla işte çalışmanın belirleyicileri, 2014-2018 dönemine ilişkin Hane Halkı İşgücü Anketi mikro verileriyle Probit regresyonu yöntemi kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Tahmin sonuçlarına göre finansal gereklilikler ikinci bir işte çalışmanın ana belirleyicisi olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ana işinde ücret geliri düşük olan çalışanlar ile mali sorumlulukları büyük olan çalışanlar (örneğin evliler) ek bir işte çalışmayı tercih etmektedir. Birden fazla işte çalışmak aynı zamanda gelir dalgalanmalarına karşı bir sigorta işlevi de görmektedir. Ana işinde ücretli pozisyonda çalışmayanlar ile geçici bir işte çalışanlar, gelirlerinin düşmesi ya da işsiz kalma riskini ek bir işte çalışarak azaltmaktadır.

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND EMOTIONAL BURNOUT AMONG PSYCHIATRISTS AND NARCOLOGISTS

The present article deals with an actual problem of medicine – emotional burnout among the staff. Among all professions, it is medical workers that are the most exposed to the development of this phenomenon. The authors analyzed the level of satisfaction with the chosen specialty among psychiatrists and narcologists of Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions, assessed their working conditions, peculiarities of interaction with related specialists, the motives for multiple jobholding as well as correlation of these parameters with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction of professional achievements. The results of the study find a significant connection between negative perception of working conditions and individual prospects in the profession with the phenomenon of emotional burnout. Multiple jobholding is typical more for psychiatrists than for narcologists, more often the reasons for multiple jobholding are financial dissatisfaction, less often – desire for novelty. All doctors are interested in referring the patient to additional consultations with related specialists, especially psychotherapists and psychologists. Significant differences in subjective assessing the working conditions between regions are revealed, Yaroslavl region is positively leading. Regret about choosing a specialty is connected with all parameters of emotional exhaustion and is more often observed in psychiatrists of Ivanovo region.

Multiple jobholding in Europe: features and effects of primary job quality

This article investigates the relationship between job quality features of the primary job and the propensity to engage in multiple paid activities. The analysis covers workers from 28 European countries using data from the EWCS (European Working Conditions Survey) 2010-2015. The results show that workers experiencing economic and job insecurity in their primary job are more likely to engage in additional paid employment. Multiple jobholders (MJHs) report higher work pressure and more unsocial hours in their main jobs, but also more control over and flexibility in working hours, more autonomy and a wider scope for exercising skills, the latter largely explained by compositional factors. Moreover, the evidence shows that experiences of work diverge among multiple jobholders, and they can be classified into six clusters based on the quality of their primary job. This points to a variety of motivations and factors that encourage multiple jobholding. Finally, we find a considerable cross-country variation in job quality among multiple jobholders, with worse outcomes in more segmented labour markets with a higher proportion of non-standard employment.

Multiple jobholders and workplace learning: understanding strange attractor careers

PurposeMultiple jobholders’ workplace learning is an under-researched theme, although it offers possibilities to add knowledge of learning at several workplaces at a time. The purpose of this study is to explore the career development and workplace learning of Finnish multiple jobholders with university degree.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative extreme case study of “elite multiple jobholders” was based on 45 in-depth interviews, which were analysed by abductive content analysis using the chaos theory of careers (CTC).FindingsThis study showed that elite multiple jobholders were attracted by meaningful jobs, which were significant, had broader purposes or offered possibilities for self-realization and self-development, whereas they criticized paid work organizations. They tried to anticipate the future working life and labour markets and adjusted their careers to them by educating and by choosing jobs with learning possibilities. However, they saw themselves as constructers of the future, which left them at vulnerable position concerning the institutional setting. They organized their work flexibly with different contracts and their professional identities were networked.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited in Finns with university degree. Future research should inspect multiple jobholders with lower degree educations, in different contexts and with other methodologies.Originality/valueThis study gives an example of applying CTC as a holistic framework to study how individual careers emerge contextually and how they are recursively connected to work organization and working life changes. Possibilities to understand fractals are offered.

Financial Support for Family Members and Importance of Performance Quality Interact as a Source of Motivation for Multiple Jobholding

Very few studies on multiple jobholding have examined predictors. Most studies have focused on outcomes. The current study examined an interactive predictor of multiple jobholding. Data were extracted from a data set used in a path-analytic study (Mellor and Decker 2020). An interactive perspective was drawn from a motivation framework on extrinsic and intrinsic reasons to hold more than one job, in which a conditional relationship was hypothesized between number of family members supported financially and number of employers. The data confirmed that number of family members supported interacts with importance placed on performance quality by employees as a predictor of multiple jobholding. Implications for work motivation in reference to multiple jobholding research are discussed.

The Space Between Role Identities: How Individuals Navigate Boundary Crossings

The papers in this symposium take a fresh look at the concept of boundaries between role identities and at how individuals navigate those boundaries while maintaining a coherent sense of self. It brings together four papers that investigate the sensemaking processes, the identity work strategies, and the boundary management tactics surrounding transitions across roles, cultures, and occupations. The first two papers focus on macro-role transitions, i.e., transitions between sequentially held roles. The first presentation focuses on what happens when individuals who cross cultural boundaries for work or education hold on to the self they left behind. The second presentation explores how hobby job holders, individuals who have turned previously held hobbies into jobs, create a sense of self that spans across temporal and work-life boundaries. The final two papers focus on micro-role transitions, i.e., transitions between simultaneously held roles. The third paper studies how YouTubers, whose job involves the use of social media to market products online, deal with their work-life boundaries in a context where self-disclosure is encouraged and where their private self is at the core of the work. The fourth presentation proposes a theoretical model of the boundary management tactics of multiple job holders. Together, the four papers in this symposium add to our understanding of the subjective experience of boundary crossings in the modern workplace. Boundary Crossing and Cognitive Processing: How the Self Left at Home Influences Expatriates Presenter: Mailys George; IESE Business School Presenter: Karoline Strauss; ESSEC Business School Presenter: Kevin W. Rockmann; George Mason U. Crafting a Thread that Binds: Identity Threading and Boundary-Spanning Identities Presenter: Zhuo Lin; U. of Cincinnati Presenter: Elaine Cahalan Hollensbe; U. of Cincinnati Intertwined Private and Public Selves Among YouTubers: Privacy Management in Self-Commodifying Work Presenter: Marie Lachapelle; HEC Montreal Presenter: Sarah Bourdeau; UQAM U. of Quebec in Montreal, Canada Presenter: Judith A Clair; Boston College A Typology of Boundary Management Tactics of Multiple Jobholders Presenter: Emily D. Campion; Old Dominion U. Presenter: Brianna Barker Caza; U. of North Carolina at Greensboro

Multiple jobs? The prevalence, intensity and determinants of multiple jobholding in Canada

While traditional labour market estimates indicate that there has been little change in the proportion of workers holding multiple jobs in North America, survey instrument deficiencies may be hiding more substantial growth driven by the gig economy. To address this possibility, I test a broader measure of multiple jobholding to examine its prevalence in the Canadian workforce based on two national studies of workers (2011 Canadian Work Stress and Health Study and 2019 Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study). Almost 20% of workers in 2019 reported multiple jobholding – a rate that is three times higher than Statistics Canada estimates. While multivariate analyses reveal that the multiple jobholding rate in 2019 was 30% higher than in the 2011 Canadian Work Stress and Health Study, multiple jobholders in 2019 were less likely to report longer work hours in secondary employment. Analyses also revealed that having financial difficulties is consistently associated with multiple jobholding in 2011 and 2019. Collectively, these findings suggest that while the spread of short-term work arrangements has facilitated Canadians’ secondary employment decisions, for many workers these decisions may reflect underlying problems in the quality of primary employment in Canada, rather than labour market opportunity. I discuss the potential links between multiple jobholding, the gig economy and employment precariousness. JEL Code: J21

Moonlighting to the Side Hustle: The Effect of Working an Extra Job on Household Poverty for Households With Less Formal Education

Although working more than one job to avoid economic hardship is not a new strategy for U.S. workers, official estimates suggest it is infrequent. These may not, however, include new conceptualizations of work like “side hustles.” To understand who works multiple jobs and its effect on economic well-being, we expanded the definition and used the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate (a) prevalence and (b) the effect of secondary earnings on household poverty. We found that 18.2% of households held multiple jobs and that secondary earnings reduced household poverty, and more effectively for consistent multiple jobholders. Integrating this understanding into economic well-being practice and policy interventions that expand employee benefits could better support multiple jobholding as a poverty reduction strategy.

Precarious employment and self-reported experiences of unwanted sexual attention and sexual harassment at work. An analysis of the European Working Conditions Survey.

Unwanted sexual attention (UWSA) and sexual harassment (SH) are prevalent experiences for women in working life and often accompanied by poor health. Despite increasing numbers especially of young people working in insecure and irregular employment settings, there is little empirical evidence if such precarious arrangements are associated with UWSA or SH. To investigate this, we used a representative sample of the European working population consisting of 63,966 employees in 33 countries who participated in the European Working Conditions Survey in 2010 or 2015. Precarious employment (PE) was assessed on the basis of seven indicators and a formative index derived from them: temporary employment, contractual duration < 1 year, schedule unpredictability, involuntary part-time, low information on occupational health and safety risks (OSH), low pay (wage < 60%), and multiple job-holding. We measured self-reported experiences of workplace UWSA during the last month and SH during the last 12 months each using a single-item questionnaire. Multi-level Poisson regressions were used to estimate prevalence ratios for UWSA and SH according to PE adjusted for survey year, age, education, type of household, migration background, job tenure, weekly working hours, occupational position, working sector, company size, workplace gender ratio, and visiting customers or clients. 0.8% of men reported UWSA in the last month and 2.6% of the women. SH in the last year was reported by 0.4% of the men and 1.3% of the women. For both men and women, PE was significantly associated with elevated prevalence of UWSA and SH, in particular when reporting schedule unpredictability, multiple job-holding and low information on OSH. Our results suggest that precariously employed individuals may be more prone to experience unwanted sexual behaviour at the workplace compared with workers in non-precarious settings.

The Puzzling Fixity of Multiple Job Holding Across Regions and Labor Markets

Multiple job holding rates differ substantially across U.S. regions, states, and metropolitan areas. Rates decrease markedly with respect to labor market size. These patterns have been largely overlooked, despite being relatively fixed over (at least) the 1998-2014 period. This paper explores explanations for these persistent differences. We account for over half of the mean absolute deviation in multiple job holding across local labor markets (MSAs). Most important in explaining variation in multiple job holding are worker characteristics, commute times, MSA ancestry shares, and, to a lesser extent, labor market churn. City size accounts for little of the variation once we condition on commute times.

Multiple job holding, societal change, and individual careers: Contributions to the chaos theory of careers

The chaos theory of careers was applied to identify the connections between multiple jobholders’ careers and societal change. Multiple job holding is a form of employment that consists of two or more overlapping jobs. Six interviews with men born in the 1960s in Finnish North Karelia, whose multiple job holding included agricultural and forestry work, were analyzed. Our results showed that multiple job holding career development has societal connections and that the experiences of multiple job holding varied across individuals. Moreover, multiple job holding experiences and further career development endeavors were influenced by whether the multiple job holding career developed in line with or counter to societal changes. The study contributes to the chaos theory of careers by showing that self-similar fractal shapes can be identified both in individual careers and in societal changes by studying connective metaphors.