Abstract
This article contributes to research on the embeddedness of multiple work arrangements in the employment biography. We investigate transition and duration effects of multiple jobholding on financial and non-financial job outcomes, and the role of flexible work arrangements and household contexts. To that end, we examine panel data from Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands for the period between 2002 and 2017. The findings underscore the importance of economic factors in the decision to work multiple jobs and reveal that labour market contexts play a significant role in outcomes. Findings furthermore indicate negative well-being effects for those who have both multiple jobs and children. For a substantial share of workers, holding multiple jobs occurs in relatively short-term episodes, posing the question of whether episodes of multiple jobholding necessarily come with either clear enrichment or depletion effects, or are merely a phase in the overall employment biography.
Highlights
Over recent decades, the nature and organisation of work have been transformed as a result of – among other things – technological developments and globalisation
Recent labour market developments may provide more of a threat that ‘pre-modern’ employment forms are returning, namely necessity-driven pluriactivity, originating from push motives, which are often a survival strategy for low-income households. Starting from this fundamental notion that multiple jobholding is heterogeneous in terms of motivations and profiles, this study aims to provide more insight into the consequences of multiple jobholding in terms of subsequent job outcomes
Comparing the lower panel to the upper panel, the findings show that the transition rates between multiple and single jobholding increase further between tþ1 and tþ2, but at a decreasing rate; that is, relatively many transitions out of multiple jobholding take place during the first year
Summary
The nature and organisation of work have been transformed as a result of – among other things – technological developments and globalisation. This has led to more flexible and fragmented labour markets in many advanced economies. Multiple jobholding is a significant and growing characteristic of labour markets in various advanced economies (Conen, 2020). Until the beginning of the 20th century, multiple jobholding was fairly common, in rural areas, where for instance small landowners often needed to engage in additional work to survive (Rouault, 2002). The recent upsurge of alternative arrangements – that is, work under arrangements
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