Multiple Instruments Research Articles

Revisiting tools in numeracy learning: the role of authentic digital tools

This conceptual analysis paper argues for an expansion to the definition of tools in Goos et al. model of numeracy. As the digitalization of society progresses at an ever-quickening pace, mathematical processes that were once considered only necessary for higher level occupations and tasks are now everyday requirements for successful participation in modern life and workplaces. Mathematical acts are routinely undertaken on a normal day because of the technology we use in daily life. For example, the act of driving a car has a mathematical basis; the driver has awareness of the location of the destination, reads multiple instruments and indicators including speed and fuel consumption, and interprets digital maps or navigation aids. Authentic digital tools and devices that are used in the real world that undertake mathematical processes can change the mathematics that is to be done. Rapid developments in mathematical technology, alongside the ubiquity of digital devices, the broad scope of functions and ease of use, has advanced the mathematical processes that digital tools can perform. The specificity and functionality of current digital tools can influence both the approach to and the application of the mathematics. To keep pace with society trends and demands, the tools used in the teaching and learning of numeracy should reflect the level of mathematical knowledge and skills required for successful participation in 21st Century life. Given that the digitalization of tools means they are no longer bound by time and space, they can be shared instantaneously. This agile ease of use suggests these tools may be suitable for use in the classroom. It is important therefore that educators find pedagogical ways to use real-world digital tools in authentic ways. This paper explores the current definition of numeracy tools found in literature and curricula and considers an expansion to the definition to fit with current technological directions. A model for implementation will be considered, and a suggested evaluation of the expanded model as a vehicle for learning numeracy is proposed.

Development of e-Handout Based on Problem-Based Learning to Improve Students Cognitive on Rotation Dynamics

Learning outcomes in the 21st century require students to have the ability to think critically, carry out analysis, and find solutions. This research aims to determine the increase in students' cognitive learning outcomes after using e-handout-based PBL and to determine students' responses to e-handouts. This research method is the Research and Development (RD) uses the ADDIE model. This research is a nonequivalent control group design. The subjects in this research were expert validators, physics teachers, and 11th-grade students from State Senior High School 1 Syamtalira Aron. The research instruments use multiple choice test instruments, validation sheets, interview sheets, observation sheets and student questionnaires. Qualitative descriptive analysis technique is the data analysis technique used. The assessment results based on validation by e-handout-based PBL material experts obtained an average percentage for all aspects of 92.3% in the very good/decent category, e-handout-based PBL media experts obtained an average score of 90%. with the very appropriate category, and student responses obtained an average score of 89% in the "very good" category. The results of the experimental class analysis of the N-gain score were 71.02% in the "high" category. the control class obtained a score of 56.56% in the "medium" category. Based on data hypothesis testing using the Independent Sample t-test, the sig (2-tailed) value was 0.000. From the hypothesis it can be concluded that problem-based learning-based e-handouts are suitable for use and can improve students' cognitive learning outcomes.

An interlaboratory comparison of mid-infrared spectra acquisition: Instruments and procedures matter

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been extensively employed to deliver timely and cost-effective predictions of a number of soil properties. However, although several soil spectral laboratories have been established worldwide, the distinct characteristics of instruments and operations still hamper further integration and interoperability across mid-infrared (MIR) soil spectral libraries. In this study, we conducted a large-scale ring trial experiment to understand the lab-to-lab variability of multiple MIR instruments. By developing a systematic evaluation of different mathematical treatments with modeling algorithms, including regular preprocessing and spectral standardization, we quantified and evaluated instruments' dissimilarity and how this impacts internal and shared model performance. We found that all instruments delivered good predictions when calibrated internally using the same instruments' characteristics and standard operating procedures by solely relying on regular spectral preprocessing that accounts for light scattering and multiplicative/additive effects, e.g., using standard normal variate (SNV). When performing model transfer from a large public library (the USDA NSSC-KSSL MIR library) to secondary instruments, good performance was also achieved by regular preprocessing (e.g., SNV) if both instruments shared the same manufacturer. However, significant differences between the KSSL MIR library and contrasting ring trial instruments responses were evident and confirmed by a semi-unsupervised spectral clustering. For heavily contrasting setups, spectral standardization was necessary before transferring prediction models. Non-linear model types like Cubist and memory-based learning delivered more precise estimates because they seemed to be less sensitive to spectral variations than global partial least square regression. In summary, the results from this study can assist new laboratories in building spectroscopy capacity utilizing existing MIR spectral libraries and support the recent global efforts to make soil spectroscopy universally accessible with centralized or shared operating procedures.

Using a CIPP-Based Model for Evaluation of Teacher Training Programs in a Private-sector EFL Institutes

As teachers play a significant role in language learners’ academic achievement, their training programs should be subjected to ongoing evaluation and analysis in order to ascertain teachers are equipped with adequate knowledge and skills. This study aimed to evaluate a private sector pre-service teacher-training program using the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) model. For such a purpose, the program policies, planned course of actions and real practices, as well as the outcomes were closely studied through a sequential mixed-method design. The required data were obtained from the program’s stakeholder layers (N=296: 100 supervisors, 58 trainers, 100 teachers, and 38 trainees) participating in data collection phases using multiple methods and instruments including interviews, observations and surveys. All instruments were subjected to detailed validation and reliability investigations. The results revealed degrees of positive perspectives towards the program’s functioning and outcomes in training reflective, creative and energetic teachers. Although the participants reported optimistic views about the program quality, required modifications and essential improvements were strongly stressed by the trainers in terms of the length of the course, focus on classroom management, and provision of practice opportunities. The findings have implications for evaluation of teacher training programs implemented in similar contexts elsewhere.

Assessment of urban wind energy resource in Hong Kong based on multi-instrument observations

Urban wind power is an appealing alternative for electricity supply. Comprehensive urban wind resource assessment is a prerequisite for cost-efficient deployment of wind turbines. Based on observations from multiple instruments, including a Doppler lidar (light detection and ranging) system, a microwave radiometer, and a cup anemometer/wind vane set, this study investigates the temporal (interannual, seasonal, and diurnal) variations of wind resources at various heights in a metropolitan city, Hong Kong. The long-term statistical distributions of wind speed, wind shear coefficient, and air density are analyzed, and their variations with height, wind direction, season, and time of day are thoroughly examined. Moreover, the wind power density and capacity factor of prototype wind turbines are estimated. It is observed that the statistical distributions of wind speed and air density are best represented by the Kappa and Normal-Weibull mixture distributions, respectively. There is a significant diurnal variation of wind shear coefficient, from 0.1 in the daytime to 0.4 at night. Moreover, a moderate potential for wind energy harvesting with wind power density of 110 W/m2 is found at the height of 120 m. This is the first known study that jointly uses lidar, microwave radiometer, and anemometer/wind vane for urban wind resource assessment. These instruments enable the investigation of the temporal variations of wind shear coefficient, air density, and wind power density at multiple heights, which were rarely examined in urban wind energy studies before.

Transforming the European Union's phosphorus governance through holistic and intersectoral framings

This review paper presents a critical perspective on the transformation of phosphorus governance in the European Union to support food and environmental security, which are subject to systemic shocks. It presents three major limitations that act as constraints to this process: (1) the predominance of technical studies, which produce isolated meanings that fail to address the socio-political aspect of phosphorus management and cannot be translated into policy foresight; (2) approaches to change dominated by the linear resource efficiency paradigm narrowly confined within sectoral responses to system shocks; and (3) the constrained policy understanding of the circular economy, which hampers system change as phosphorus reuse is seen primarily as part of the biological cycle of the circular economy and does not advance critical perspectives. We argue that the siloed and heavy regulatory load related to phosphorus produces technocratic and incremental policy revisions, singular state-level approaches and reductionist prisms that exclude extraterritoriality. These exacerbate the inability of institutions to translate technical studies into policy foresight and counter the pervasiveness of linearity. Phosphorus requires instead a holistic and intersectoral governance object that is integrated with the multiple transition instruments on the policy-making agenda of the European Union. To achieve phosphorus sustainability and avoid the dependence on shocks for its self-renewal, phosphorus governance needs to overcome the technocratic incrementalism of individual sectors and adapt to alternative discursive framings that transcend the existing compartmentalization of its meanings. This would require disentangling phosphorus as a contested arena of controversial stakeholder priorities and selectively amplifying the discursive framings that can politicize and enhance its ubiquitous importance. While phosphorus has its unique properties, such an approach can be of relevance to other elements.

Validation of an Automated, Scalable Comprehensive Genomic Profiling Assay for Hematologic Malignancies

Introduction: The optimal diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection for hematologic disorders requires the assessment of somatic mutations across a subset of clinically relevant genes. Here we present the clinical validation results of a targeted next generation sequencing panel comprising all exons of 141 clinically relevant genes for myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Methods: The panel was designed to include genes (n=141) based of clinical guidelines for myeloid diseases including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and lymphoid diseases including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and some lymphoma subtypes. The panel was validated to detect single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions/deletions (indels), FLT3 internal tandem duplications ( FLT3-ITDs), and sex. Gene level copy number alterations (CNAs) were validated for 11 genes and 5 sub-gene level CNAs in IKZF1, KMT2A, RUNX1, TET2, and TP53, and were selected based on clinical utility and frequency observed in a population of >10,000 microarray samples with confirmed myeloid or lymphoid indications. Custom hybridization probes (Twist Biosciences) were designed to interrogate all coding exons of the 141 genes using genomic libraries created from 250 ng of gDNA extracted from peripheral blood, bone marrow, or flow cytometry cell suspensions, followed by hybrid capture, and sequencing on Illumina DNA sequencers. Data analysis was performed using an in-house analysis pipeline to detect variants and perform rational filtering of technical artifacts. Validation studies were performed in a CAP/CLIA accredited clinical laboratory. Precision and concordance studies were performed using previously characterized clinical samples. SNVs, indels and FLT3-ITDs were orthogonally confirmed by an NGS-based laboratory developed test (ArcherDx) or by Sanger sequencing. CNAs were confirmed by digital multiplexed ligation-dependent probe amplification (dMLPA; MRC Holland). Results: Assay precision was determined using 15 previously characterized clinical samples with 36 SNVs with a variant allele frequency (VAF) range of 5.7-91.4%, 11 indels with a VAF range of 6.2-79.7%, one 24bp FLT3-ITD with a VAF of 30.2%, 17 deletions with a copy number (CN) range of 0.53-0.83, and 7 gains with CN range of 1.32-1.66. Three replicates of each sample were assessed for precision with 100% concordance observed for SNVs (36/36), indels (11/11), FLT3-ITD (1/1), CNAs (24/24), and gender (15/15). Inter-assay precision was assessed using multiple operators, instruments, reagent lots, and sample barcodes with the clinical samples. Interim analysis of concordance performed on 130 clinical samples demonstrated a positive percent agreement (PPA) of 99.7% for SNVs (334/335 in 114 clinical samples), 97.7% for indels (146/151 in 85 clinical samples), 98.7% for CNAs (30/30 in 17 clinical samples), and 96.7% for sex (127/130 in 130 clinical samples). Dilution series of both cell lines and clinical samples that will be used to determine analytical sensitivity are underway. Conclusions: This study highlights the clinical validation of a 141 gene NGS assay for the detection of clinically informative genomic alterations in hematologic malignancies. The detection of CNAs by NGS may be used to additionally confirm or monitor abnormalities previously detected by cytogenetics/microarray or inform the need for additional testing. Results from this validation study, when complete, will include at least 480 samples plus orthogonal testing. These data describe the performance of an assay to enable a comprehensive evaluation of genomic alterations using a single sample, further facilitating the use of broad NGS assays in hematologic malignancies.

The impact of COVID-19 on a college freshman sample reveals genetic and nongenetic forms of susceptibility and resilience to stress.

Using a longitudinal approach, we sought to define the interplay between genetic and nongenetic factors in shaping vulnerability or resilience to COVID-19 pandemic stress, as indexed by the emergence of symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. University of Michigan freshmen were characterized at baseline using multiple psychological instruments. Subjects were genotyped, and a polygenic risk score for depression (MDD-PRS) was calculated. Daily physical activity and sleep were captured. Subjects were sampled at multiple time points throughout the freshman year on clinical rating scales, including GAD-7 and PHQ-9 for anxiety and depression, respectively. Two cohorts (2019 to 2021) were compared to a pre-COVID-19 cohort to assess the impact of the pandemic. Across cohorts, 26 to 40% of freshmen developed symptoms of anxiety or depression (N = 331). Depression symptoms significantly increased in the pandemic years and became more chronic, especially in females. Physical activity was reduced, and sleep was increased by the pandemic, and this correlated with the emergence of mood symptoms. While low MDD-PRS predicted lower risk for depression during a typical freshman year, this genetic advantage vanished during the pandemic. Indeed, females with lower genetic risk accounted for the majority of the pandemic-induced rise in depression. We developed a model that explained approximately half of the variance in follow-up depression scores based on psychological trait and state characteristics at baseline and contributed to resilience in genetically vulnerable subjects. We discuss the concept of multiple types of resilience, and the interplay between genetic, sex, and psychological factors in shaping the affective response to different types of stressors.

648. Validation of a Synthetic Multiplexed External Control for Monitoring the Performance and Detection of Multiple Respiratory Viral and Bacterial Pathogens for a Point of Care Nucleic Acid Testing Panel

Abstract Background Advancements in nucleic acid testing has enabled point of care testing solutions to provide clinicians with greatly improved time to diagnosis and patient care. However, complex technologies and regulatory requirements demand close monitoring of assay performance to accurately identify shifts, trends, and random errors to ensure accurate patient reporting. To support these requirements, MMQCI has developed a synthetic, easy-to-use, external control that simultaneously monitors the accurate identification of 15 respiratory pathogens (11 viral, 4 bacterial targets) detected with the BIOFIRE® SPOTFIRE® Respiratory (R) Panel. Methods The multiplex control contains genome segments of all pathogens detected by the SPOTFIRE R Panel. Sequences were designed in silico, ligated into MMQCI vectors, and transformed to create stable frozen clone stocks. In vitro RNA transcripts were generated, quantified, and formulated in a proprietary matrix to stabilize and carry the RNA through the entire test process. Validation studies were conducted to demonstrate precision across multiple reagents, operators and sites. Failure-mode, shipping and stability studies were conducted to confirm robustness and reliability. Three unique lots of the SPOTFIRE RSP Positive and Negative controls were manufactured to include variability in key components and tested across 6 different sites, incorporating multiple reagent lots, operators and instruments. A total of 361 runs were performed across the positive and negative controls using the SPOTFIRE R Panel. Results Of the 361 total runs across the 6 sites, 351 were valid and used for analysis. A total of 171/172 positive controls resulted in correct calls (99.3%), and all 179 negative controls were called correctly (100%). A regression analysis was performed to confirm real-time stability for 12 months when stored at temperatures ranging from 2oC to 25oC.Table 1.Summary of Reproducibility Test Results: External and Internal Site Conclusion Validation studies demonstrated reproducibility, and overall precision and robustness of SPOTFIRE RSP Positive and Negative Controls. The SPOTFIRE RSP Positive and Negative Controls provide a stable, ease to use solution for training, verification and routine monitoring of the performance of the BIOFIRE® SPOTFIRE® Respiratory Solution. Disclosures Nithya Sivaji, MS, Maine Molecular Quality Controls Inc.: employer Emma Farrell, n/a, Maine Molecular Quality Controls Inc.: employer Tania R. Spenlinhauer, PhD, Maine Molecular Quality Controls Inc.: employer Joan Gordon, n/a, Maine Molecular Quality Controls, Inc: President|Maine Molecular Quality Controls, Inc: Ownership Interest Monica Cronin, n/a, bioMerieux: Stocks/Bonds Brad Graham, n/a, bioMerieiuux: Employee Jeffrey Bastar, n/a, bioMerieux: Employee|bioMerieux: Stocks/Bonds

Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) and Governmental Open Educational Resources (OER) Policies: Instruments of International Policy Influence

Intergovernmental Organisations (IGOs) have been playing a prominent role in the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement in advocating for and supporting the development of governmental OER policies. Research shows that IGOs perform multiple roles in influencing national and global education policy processes and possess multiple policy instruments with which they can assert their influence. We adopted the conceptual framework of policy instruments to understand the types of policy instruments applied by the selected IGOs. We carried out semi-structured interviews with representatives from four important IGOs. Results show that the selected IGOs collectively used discursive dissemination, funding, technical assistance, standard-setting and coordinative functions OER policy instruments to influence the development of governmental OER policies. We report on the perceived and observed successes of these IGOs OER policy instruments and the related challenges. We discuss relevant findings and their implications for further research and activities of IGOs.

Observation of a propagating slow magnetoacoustic wave in a coronal plasma fan with SDO/AIA and SolO/EUI

ABSTRACT Simultaneous observations of a propagating disturbance of EUV intensity, with SDO/AIA at 171 Å and SolO/EUI-HRIEUV at 174 Å, are investigated. The disturbance moves outwards along a plasma fan structure in active region AR 12941 on February 7th 2022, at 12:45–14:15 UT. The spacecraft line-of-sight separation is 19°. The variation of the EUV intensity resembles an almost harmonic wave with an oscillation period of $2.7^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$ and $2.6^{+0.1}_{-0.1}$ min for AIA and HRIEUV, respectively. Over 30 oscillation cycles are detected. The wave originated at the footpoint of the fan, anchored in a sunspot. The projected phase speeds are 60.5 ± 5.2 and 74.4 ± 6.2 km s−1 in the AIA and HRIEUV data, respectively, determined by the cross-correlation technique. The observed parameters of the propagating EUV disturbance suggest its interpretation as a slow magnetoacoustic wave. Observations with AIA show that the wave decays with height, with a calculated e-folding length of $6.9^{+1.3}_{-0.8}$ Mm. In contrast, in the HRIEUV data, the propagating EUV disturbance is also seen much higher, with the e-folding length of $12.8^{+1.1}_{-1.7}$ Mm. This observation demonstrates, for the first time, that the apparent spatial damping of propagating slow waves depends on the observational instrument. Moreover, our work shows that the study of slow waves can be advanced with the use of HRIEUV, and multiple instruments with non-parallel lines of sight.

Corporate sustainable development strategies: Under the collaborative governance of government and the public

AbstractAs a problem of multiple failures, effective solutions to environmental problems require overcoming the limitations of single environmental policies and using collaborative governance with multiple regulatory instruments. Based on this, this study examines how collaborative governance between government‐led environmental regulation and public‐participatory environmental regulation can more effectively promote sustainable development strategies for firms. Using data from Chinese listed firms in heavy pollution industries from 2006 to 2019, we constructed a collaborative governance model, and found that (1) government‐led environmental regulation has a significant impact on end‐treatment but no impact on the source treatment of firms; (2) collaborative governance between government‐led and public‐participatory environmental regulation has a significant impact on source treatment but no impact on end‐treatment; (3) mechanism analysis shows that improving long‐term orientation and increasing corporate sustained investments are potential channels of the collaborative governance effect. These findings not only advance our understanding of the policy mix effects of different environmental regulation tools, but also have important policy implications for deepening collaborative governance practices in promoting sustainable development.

A comparison of self- and observer-rated scales for detecting clinical improvement during repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) treatment of depression

Clinical outcomes of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) vary widely, and no single mood rating scale is standard for assessing rTMS outcomes. This study of 708 subjects undergoing clinical rTMS compared the performance of four scales in measuring symptom change during rTMS treatment. Self-report and observer ratings were examined weekly with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology 30-item (IDS), Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ), Profile of Mood States 30-item (POMS), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17-item (HDRS). While all scales were correlated and detected significant improvement, the degree of improvement over time as well as response (33–50%) and remission (20–24%) rates varied significantly. Higher baseline severity was associated with lower likelihood of remission, and greater improvement by sessions 5 and 10 predicted response across all scales. Use of only a single scale to assess outcome conferred 14–36% risk of failing to detect response/remission indicated by another scale. The PHQ was most likely to indicate improvement and least likely to miss response or remission. These findings indicate that assessment of symptom burden during rTMS treatment may be most accurately assessed through use of multiple instruments.

An intelligent sparse feature extraction approach for music data component recognition and analysis of hybrid instruments

In this paper, a sparse feature extraction method is presented based on sparse decomposition and multiple musical instrument component dictionaries to address the challenges of existing methods in component-recognition and analysis of mixed musical instrument music data. These methods, which are often dependent on data labels, and rely primarily on frequency domain or physical features, can be improved significantly using this technique. Through the in-depth analysis of the sparse coefficient vectors, this method is capable of generating independent sparse music features that are highly interpretable and have been shown to intuitively express the composition of musical instruments, and capture the variations of emotion in the music. Consequently, this approach has great potential for application in the field of mixed musical instrument composition analysis and other time-varying signal analysis.

RE-AIM applied to a primary care workforce training for rural providers and nurses: the Department of Veterans Affairs' Rural Women's Health Mini-Residency.

Application of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate workforce education and training programs targeting clinical health care staff has received relatively little attention. This paper aims to contribute to this area with RE-AIM findings from a women's health-focused workforce training program implemented by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Over the past two decades, the rapid expansion of the women Veteran population in VA has necessitated a quick response to meet clinical demand. To address this health care need, the VA Offices of Rural Health (ORH) and Women's Health (OWH) partnered to deploy a primary care workforce development initiative for Rural Providers and Nurses-the Rural Women's Health Mini-Residency (Rural WH-MR)-to train VA clinicians in rural locations in skills for the care of women Veterans. Here we assess the applicability of RE-AIM as an evaluation framework in this context. We evaluated the Rural WH-MR, relying on a primarily quantitative approach, rooted in RE-AIM. It included longitudinal and cross-sectional measurements from multiple quantitative and qualitative data sources to develop selected metrics. Data collection instruments consisted of pre-, post-, and follow-up training surveys, course evaluations, existing VA databases, and implementation reports. We developed metrics for and assessed each RE-AIM component by combining data from multiple instruments and then triangulating findings. Results from the Rural WH-MR program for fiscal years 2018-2020 indicate that RE-AIM provides an instructive evaluation framework for a rural workforce training program, particularly in eliciting clarity between measures of Reach vs. Adoption and focusing attention on both provider- and patient-level outcomes. We describe evaluation metric development and barriers to and facilitators of utilizing RE-AIM as an evaluation framework for a provider- and nurse-facing intervention such as this workforce training program. We also reflect upon RE-AIM benefits for highlighting process and outcomes indicators of a training program's success and lessons learned for evaluating rural workforce development innovations. Several of our observations have implications for training and evaluation approaches in rural areas with more limited access to health care services.

Body adornment among the Krobo in Ghana: Hair, a crowning glory

Since ancient times, body adornment has been a tradition in many cultures around the world and people still deck themselves out for a number of reasons. In Ghana, the phenomenon is pervasive among community members in almost all sixteen regions, including the Krobo of the Eastern Region, thereby projecting body adornment as part of the country’s national culture. Despite the case that any part of the human body can be adorned, the adornment of the hair on the human head has not been in focus among the Krobo of Ghana. Employing a qualitative approach and engaging multiple instruments (a semi-structured interview guide, non-participant observation, and document study), the study explored the adornment of the hair among the Krobo. Anchored on symbolic interaction theory, the findings of the study revealed that adornment of hair among the Krobo permeates three main thrusts: varying dimensions of hair plaiting or braiding, the wearing of scarves, and finally, the wearing of hats. In addition, the study revealed that the need for cultural symbolism is the main driver for adorning hair among the Krobo. Ultimately, the study broadens the existing literature base of the indigenous Ghanaian hair culture with reference to the Krobo people, at a time when such rich traditional ideals are rapidly declining. This tends to promote and preserve indigenous Krobo hair identity for posterity.

Angle Kappa and angle Alpha agreement between Pentacam Scheimpflug system, swept source optical coherence tomography and ray-tracing aberrometry

PurposeTo compare the consistency of Pentacam Scheimpflug system (Pentacam® HR), ray-tracing aberrometry (iTrace), and swept source optical coherence tomography (IOLMaster 700) measurements for Angle Kappa and angle Alpha. MethodsA prospective randomized cohort study. 86 individuals (86 eyes) aged 19–45 years with best corrected vision of 4.9 or better were randomly selected from January 2022 to December 2022 in a tertiary-level hospital. Angle Kappa and angle Alpha were measured or calculated using Pentacam, iTrace, and IOLMaster 700, respectively. ResultsThe mean difference of angle Kappa between any two instruments was not statistically significant, but the mean difference of angle Alpha between both Pentacam and iTrace, Pentacam and IOLMaster 700, and iTrace and IOLMaster 700 was statistically significant (p value <0.001, 0.003, <0.001). The highest consistency of angle Kappa and the narrowest 95% LoA (-0.20 to 0.21) were found between Pentacam and iTrace according to Bland Altman plots, but between Pentacam and IOLMaster 700 according to Mountain plots. Both Bland Altman plots and Mountain plots showed the highest consistency of angle Alpha and the narrowest 95% LoA (-0.14 to 0.24) between Pentacam and iTrace. ConclusionThe mean angle Kappa among Pentacam® HR, iTrace, and IOLMaster 700 had good agreement, and the value of angle Kappa could be output directly, making it more convenient for clinical application. The measured or calculated angle Alpha had poor agreement, and ophthalmologists could refer to measurements from multiple instruments.

Coding Dyadic Behavior in Caregiver-Child Interaction from a Clinical Psychology Perspective: How Should Multiple Instruments and Outcomes Be Dealt with?

The experiences children have in the interactions with their caregivers influence their developmental outcomes. To target caregiving and optimize intervention effects, the assessment of caregiver-child interactions is highly relevant for families affected by parental mental disorders. Behavioral observation is a widely used method for assessing family dynamics, and the literature offers a wide variety of instruments with which to code such data. However, a structured overview of behavioral observation instruments (BOIs) is lacking, and the multitude of types of dyadic behaviors (DBs) assessed within each BOI are complicating their application. We aim to provide an overview of the BOIs applied to families affected by mental disorders and suggest a DB taxonomy that may be used across BOIs. We first conducted a systemic literature search to identify the most frequently used BOIs and the DBs they capture in clinical psychology. Second, we asked 13 experts to sort DB terms based on perceived conceptual similarity and analyzed these results using multidimensional scaling. We found approximately 450 different terms for DBs, and we argue that DBs can be classified within two overarching dimensions, i.e., in terms of structure and in terms of reaction to a child's signals. These efforts can facilitate the coding and application of BOIs in clinical practice.

베이스 드럼 페달의 역사적 변천 과정에 관한 고찰

The purpose of this paper is to study the historical transformation process of the base drum pedal, which can be considered to have played a key role in the birth of the drum set. The invention of the base drum pedal changed from a form in which several players played one percussion instrument to a form in which one player could play multiple percussion instruments, and later, with the development of set drums, new types and mechanisms such as twin pedals and direct pedals emerged. The study of bass drum pedals is very closely related to the history of jazz music development. In the end, it can be judged that the development of bass drum pedals had a very great influence on the birth of modern popular music. We hope this study will help researchers and students in jazz music history, pop music history, instrumental theory and practical music understand the development and development process of bass drum pedals.

Application of Scientific Approach-Based Learning Assisted by Question Cards and Ladder Snake Media for Evaluating Learning Outcomes

This study aims to determine the differences in student learning outcomes by applying to learning using question cards and snakes and ladders media through a scientific approach to the topic of acid-base discussion. Ultimately, the evaluation of improving the learning outcomes of students by learning using question cards and ladder snake media through a scientific approach to the topic of acids and bases is reported in this study. The population in this study were all students of class XI MS SMA Negeri 20 Medan, total three classes. The sample was taken by purposive sampling in two classes. The first class was experimental I, taught using a scientific approach using question cards, and the second class was experimental class II, conducted using a scientific approach using snakes and ladders. Each experiment class consists of 32 students. The research instrument was a multiple choices objective test instrument of 25 questions which had been tested for validity, reliability, discriminating power, and level of difficulty for learning outcome data. Test the first hypothesis using a two-party t-test, and SPSS 21 (independent samples t-test) results obtained for experimental class I with a tcount value of 32.320 &gt; ttable 1.70. In contrast, the experimental class II has a tcount value of 31.231 &gt; ttable 1 .70 at a significance level of 0.000 &lt; 0.05. The second hypothesis test using the proper side t-test and in SPSS 21 (paired samples t-test) obtained a mean of 5.000 and a t-test value of 2.648 with a sig value of 0.010 &lt;0.05.