Multiple Concepts Research Articles

Ancient Tyranny and Modern Dictatorship

Abstract This article traces the conceptual history of key terms used to describe and criticize bad political regimes, focusing on the displacement of “tyranny” by “dictatorship” and “authoritarianism.” Classical Greek thought understood tyranny primarily in terms of the character of rulers, whereas the modern idea of dictatorship emerged from a Roman conceptual framework that focused on authority and its legitimation. New problems of legitimation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries diminished the utility of the character-centric concept of tyranny and increased the fruitfulness of dictatorship for political analysis. The emergence of the modern state in the nineteenth century shaped the conceptual field by increasing the salience of problems concerning the appropriation or usurpation of sovereignty, the distortion of popular legitimation and accountability, and the incentives for submission to illegitimate orders. I conclude that the use of “authoritarianism” is likely to increase in prominence, but that retaining multiple regime concepts enriches analysis.

Growing the Concept of Multiplication at Blabak 3 Primary School; Exploratory Study

This study aims to find out at what grade the concept of multiplication begins to grow at the elementary school level, using marbles as a visual aid. Marbles were used to facilitate students' understanding of multiplication in a more concrete and interactive way. Through the grouping of marbles, students can see the relationship between numbers and objects directly, making it easier for them to understand multiplication as repeated addition. This research was conducted at Blabak 3 State Elementary School by observing from the early grades to classes that have begun to grow the concept of multiplication at the elementary school level. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the concept of multiplication began to grow clearly and develop more deeply in grade 3, where students began to be able to apply this concept in a broader context. The use of marbles media proved to be effective in helping students understand multiplication, so that researchers can find out from which grade the concept of multiplication began to grow at the elementary school level. From the results of the study, it can be seen that the concept of multiplication began to grow in grade 3 elementary school students. Keywords: Multiplication Concept, Marbles Media, Elementary School

Translation and assessment of encultured meaning of the Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Diné bizaad (Navajo) using community-based participatory action research methods.

Perceived social support is a psychological construct that is used to describe the 'perception of adequacy' of the support being provided by a person's social network. Higher perceived social support has been linked to multiple benefits across numerous studies over the past several decades and among multiple populations. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a 12-item scale to assess the construct of perceived social support. The instrument has been translated to approximately 35 languages and dialects, but it has rarely been translated into tribal languages, which may be commonly spoken in rural areas. Further, such translations have not always been accompanied by cultural adaptation. Assessment of the encultured meaning of terms from a validated instrument is important alongside translation because words and terms related to perceived social support can be culturally specific. As such, this article presents a community-engaged research approach to develop a translation of the MSPSS into Diné bizaad (Navajo), along with a qualitative assessment of the meaning and implications of key terminology from the instrument. This study was led by a faculty member at a Native American-Serving Nontribal Institution (NASNTI) in south-western Colorado, US. Additional research collaborators included the original developer of the English MSPSS, a researcher with experience in methodology, and a member of the local Navajo community who was a student at the NASNTI. Using convenience and snowball sampling, a 2.5-hour focus group discussion was conducted and audio-recorded in May 2023 with eight Navajo community members who met eligibility criteria (including fluency in both Diné and English). All participants provided consent and received gratitude gifts for completion. Participants were four males and four females with an age range of 30-60 years. Since the discussion and recording were bilingual, a written English and Diné transcription was produced and anonymized, then reviewed by researchers. It was then backward-forward translated to English, then checked with discussion participants to validate accuracy. Using the general inductive method, key concepts and codes were separately identified and documented using NVivo 21 by two researchers. Full consensus as to coding was achieved over a sequence of six iterative consensus meetings among the coders. The project was able to produce a harmonized version of the MSPSS translated into Diné bizaad that accounted for variation in meaning and intent of multiple core concepts of perceived social support. For example, concepts of 'family' and 'friend' were often characterized by ethnic clan-based close-knit bonds. The concept of 'significant other' often meant 'spouse' but sometimes also meant someone who was highly trusted, especially among unmarried discussants. 'Social support' was trust-based rather than need-based and often relied on gender-concordant bonding. Many additional nuances were discussed and are outlined in the full study. Navajo community members were excited to collaboratively work on making this screening tool available in Diné bizaad. The translation that emerged from this process likely differed from what would have emerged from a direct translation without community input. Next steps for the tool should include quantitative reliability and validity analyses.

NIR photo-responsive injectable chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogels with controlled NO release for the treatment of MRSA infections.

Due to resistance to common antibiotics, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose a significant threat to human health. In this study, we developed an injectable, adhesive, and biocompatible hydrogel with multiple functions. Specifically, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) crosslinked with hyaluronic acid (HA) forms the primary framework of the hydrogel. Subsequently, polydopamine (PDA), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP), and L-arginine (L-Arg) are incorporated as a photothermal agent, photosensitizer, and nitric oxide (NO) donor, respectively, resulting in the CHDTA hydrogel. Under the combined irradiation of 660 nm and 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light, the CHDTA hydrogel exhibits both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) effects. Simultaneously, L-Arg reacts with singlet oxygen (1O2), generated via the PDT effect, leading to the production of NO. The CHDTA hydrogel effectively inhibits the activity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA, achieving bactericidal rates of 99.4 % and 98.8 %, respectively, through a combination of PDT, PTT, and NO synergistic antibacterial mechanisms. In vivo studies demonstrate the excellent antibacterial properties and wound healing promotion of the CHDTA hydrogel in MRSA-infected animal wound models. The hydrogel system developed in this study integrates multiple functional design concepts and serves as a potential therapeutic platform for combating MRSA infections.

Indonesian realistic mathematics education learning design for least common multiple material using calendar context for grade VII students

Students frequently encounter difficulties comprehending and applying the least common multiple (LCM) concepts due to traditional teaching methods lacking engagement and failing to incorporate relevant real-life contexts. Through the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education approach, students are expected to be able to solve the problems given related to the Least Common Multiple (LCM) topic and understand it more deeply. This research is design research with a validation study type that includes three main stages: preparing for the experiment, designing an experiment, and retrospective analysis. A literature review and needs analysis were conducted in the preparation stages to identify problems in learning this LCM topic. The design experiment stage involved using activity sheets, which were implemented into teaching and integrated the LCM concept utilizing the context of a calendar. This stage involved data collection through observation, questionnaire, documentation, and field notes. Retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the learning design and make revisions based on the evaluation result and feedback from students, teachers, peers, and lecturers. The result showed that using the context of the activity calendar in learning for LCM topics can enhance students’ understanding of the material and make the learning process more contextual and interesting.

Application of Interactive Evolutionary Computing in Personalized Interior Design

Design is a complex and clever process with multiple concepts attempting to explain it. To validate ideas and quantitatively characterize the design process, design experiments, and data analysis are required and predictable. Applying data analysis in design experiments can be challenging, and data are often underutilized. In this study, we develop an experimentation Interactive Evolutionary Computing Design (IECD) model using Upgraded Particle Swarm Optimization (UPSO) within the personalized interior design to iteratively analyze the new color combinations based on 116 designer’s preferences. The study proposed data-infused research into interior design via experimental techniques and the proposal system is evaluated, with additional feedback collected from experimented 116 designers, and data visualization analysis using Color Histogram Analysis and Auto encoders for data’s structure and patterns of the data, thus enhancing user preferences. A proposal system is developed using the collected data to suggest design options that align with individual user preferences and then integrated into the IECD framework to generate personalized design solutions that are more efficient and intelligent. The results are the effectiveness of data analysis and visualization in revealing design patterns and the impact of the data-infused IECD system to enhance the personalization and efficiency of interior design solutions. The IECD system enhances interior design efficiency and personalization through a proposal system, revealing design patterns, and aligning options with individual user preferences.

Digital Thread-Based Optimisation Framework for Aeronautical Structures: A Vertical Tail Plane Use Case

In this modern era, the constant increase in computational and sensing power has lead to the development of multiple data-driven concepts. Amongst these, the ‘digital thread’ is an architecture that aims at optimising the knowledge of a system by merging prior knowledge of the product with information from multiple stages of its lifecycle in order to improve the performance of new products to be designed, thanks to the increased accuracy of this updated knowledge. Even though the use of these data-driven architectures is becoming increasingly widespread, most of the corresponding developments remain currently limited to the component level. In this respect, this article extends the application of the digital thread from the component level to the structural assembly level and enriches it with additional multi-physics considerations and non-linear failure constraints. To this end, it details the development of a digital thread dedicated to an aircraft vertical tail plane structure made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer, as well as the tools and models required to implement such an approach using Bayesian inference, multi-physics simulations, and empirical models.

Enhancing semantic mapping in text-to-image diffusion via Gather-and-Bind

Text-to-image synthesis is a challenging task that aims to generate realistic and diverse images from natural language descriptions. However, existing text-to-image diffusion models (e.g., Stable Diffusion) sometimes fail to satisfy the semantic descriptions of the users, especially when the prompts contain multiple concepts or modifiers such as colors. By visualizing the cross-attention maps of the Stable Diffusion model during the denoising process, we find that one of the concepts has a very scattered attention map, which cannot form a whole and gradually gets ignored. Moreover, the attention maps of the modifiers are hard to overlap with the corresponding concepts, resulting in incorrect semantic mapping. To address this issue, we propose a Gather-and-Bind method that intervenes in the cross-attention maps during the denoising process to alleviate the catastrophic forgetting and attribute binding problems without any pre-training. Specifically, we first use information entropy to measure the dispersion degree of the cross-attention maps and construct an information entropy loss to gather these scattered attention maps, which eventually captures all the concepts in the generated output. Furthermore, we construct an attribute binding loss that minimizes the distance between the attention maps of the attributes and their corresponding concepts, which enables the model to establish correct semantic mapping and significantly improves the performance of the baseline model. We conduct extensive experiments on public datasets and demonstrate that our method can better capture the semantic information of the input prompts. Code is available at https://github.com/huan085128/Gather-and-Bind.

A holistic methodology for the assessment of Heritage Digital Twin applied to Portuguese case studies

Digital Twin (DT) is an emerging technology that may improve and facilitate various processes. Multiple definitions and concepts have been developed throughout various fields, which demand consolidation and reorganisation. Heritage buildings are complex assets, yet the need for their preservation is undeniable. The safeguarding of such resources may benefit from the advantages DT offer, nevertheless the relation between both subjects could use further exploring. This work consisted in the development of an evaluation methodology named Heritage Digital Twin (HDT), composed by four attributes determined by the relation between DT and built heritage, which also demanded a brief revision of the concepts and primary elements of the DT concept, as well as previous DT evaluation frameworks. Three Portuguese case studies were used to exemplify the application of the methodology at different scales (in size, relevance and DT complexity). The application examples proved the methodology is able to provide an easy and effortless HDT assessment, allowing a simple yet meaningful indication of the development of each attribute. Heritage-related actions are still limited following the virtual-to-physical communication, in contrast with operative actions, which causes HDT to rely on human intercession. The framework successfully considered built heritage limitations, providing an inclusive approach. Nonetheless, the constant advancements in technology might change the perspective for HDT in the future.

Exploring the development of safety culture among physicians with text mining of patient safety reports: a retrospective study.

Safety culture development is essential for patient safety in healthcare institution. Perceptions of patient safety and cultural changes are reflected in patient safety reports; however, they were rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of physicians and to explore the development of safety culture using quantitative content analysis for patient safety reports. A retrospective analysis of free descriptions of harmful patient safety reports submitted by physicians was performed. Natural language processing and text analysis were conducted using the "KH Coder." A co-occurrence analysis was performed in each period to identify and analyze the safety concepts. The study period was grouped into three for comparison. The patient safety reports from physicians were collected between April 2004 and March 2020. Of these, 3351 reports were harmful: 839 reports were included in period 1, 1016 reports in period 2, and 1496 reports in period 3. Natural language processing identified 316 307 words in the free descriptions of 3351 reports. We identified seven concepts from the cluster in co-occurrence analysis as follows: "explanation of adverse event to patients and families," "central venous catheter," "intraoperative procedure and injury," "minimally invasive surgery," "life-threatening events," "blood loss," and "medical emergency team and critical care." These seven concepts showed significant differences among the three periods, except for "blood loss." The "explanation of adverse event to patients and families" decreased in proportion from 11.3% to 8.8% (P < .05). The "central venous catheter" decreased from 17.3% to 11.3% (P < .01). Meanwhile, "minimally invasive surgeries" and "intraoperative procedures" increased from 3.9% to 12.9% (P < .01) and from 10.8% to 14.6% (P < .05), respectively. Focusing on patients' events, "life-threatening events" decreased from 13.0% to 8.1% (P < .01); however, "medical emergency teams and critical care" increased from 3.3% to 10.6% (P < .01). Free description in patient safety reports is useful for evaluating the safety culture. Co-occurrence analysis revealed multiple concepts of physicians' perceptions. Quantitative content analysis revealed changes in perceptions and attitudes, and a disclosure policy of adverse events and the priority of patient care appeared with the development of safety culture.

Mental health pluralism.

In addressing the question of what mental health is we might proceed as if there is a single phenomenon-mental health-denoted by a single overarching concept. The task, then, is to provide an informative analysis of this concept which applies to all and only instances of mental health, and which illuminates what it is to be mentally healthy. In contrast, mental health pluralism is the idea that there are multiple mental health phenomena denoted by multiple concepts of mental health. Analysis and illumination of mental health may still be possible, but there isn't a single phenomenon or concept to be analysed in addressing the question of what mental health is. The question of pluralism has been overlooked in the philosophy of mental health. The discussion to follow is an attempt to get us to take mental health pluralism seriously. To that end, in this essay I have three primary goals: (1) to give a precise account of what mental health pluralism is, (2) to show that the question of pluralism should not be neglected in debate about what mental health is, and (3) to argue for mental health pluralism. I also draw out some implications of this discussion for philosophy, science, and psychotherapy.

The Dark Horse: Introducing a Comparative Hematology Course into the Post-Clerkship Phase of Medical School

Introduction: Developing a deep understanding of pathophysiology is integral to training competent physicians. Although the basic sciences are taught primarily in preclinical curriculum, revisiting these concepts during the fourth year of medical school promotes integration into clinical medicine (Spencer et. al, 2008). Immersive comparative physiology courses increase trainee appreciation of physiology and its incorporation into patient care (Herzig et al, 2012). We introduced comparative physiology curriculum during a fourth-year medical student course at University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical School. Our course aimed to deepen students' understanding of human pathophysiology and its clinical applications by highlighting evolutionarily conserved and adaptive changes among diverse species. Methods: We developed a one-week comparative physiology curriculum to present to fourth-year medical students in April 2024. The curriculum utilized the four stages of Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory through multimodal methodologies, including introductory lectures, case-based learning, laboratory experiments on human and animal blood with integrated case studies and group projects, and evolutionary biology group presentations at the Fort Worth Zoo. The UTSW Institutional Review Board approved the dissemination of pre- and post-course surveys. The surveys incorporated a 7-point Likert scale (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= somewhat disagree, 4= neither agree nor disagree, 5= somewhat agree, 6= agree, 7= strongly agree). Anonymous six-digit identifiers tracked changes in individual perceptions. Scores were calculated by summing responses to series of questions evaluating perceptions of construct and knowledge. Paired samples t-tests through Microsoft Excel assessed the significance of differences between pre- and post-course mean perception of construct and confidence in knowledge scores. Results: Fifteen fourth-year medical students enrolled, and 93% completed both surveys. Self-assessed confidence in knowledge significantly increased (p =1.02x10-5) in multiple concepts, including interpretation of the peripheral blood smear and of the complete blood count. In the post-course survey, 79% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that comparative physiology models should be incorporated into medical education, 79% agreed or strongly agreed that the course increased their interest in hematology, and 100% strongly agreed to recommend the course. Conclusion: Incorporating immersive comparative physiology curriculum into the post-clerkship phase of medical school can enhance understanding of core hematologic physiology principles and promote interest in hematology.

XKT: Toward Explainable Knowledge Tracing Model With Cognitive Learning Theories for Questions of Multiple Knowledge Concepts

XKT: Toward Explainable Knowledge Tracing Model With Cognitive Learning Theories for Questions of Multiple Knowledge Concepts

The Miocene to Quaternary evolution of the Vienna Basin (northeastern part): geodynamics, eustasy, stratigraphy and depositional systems

Long-term research of the Vienna Basin (Central Europe) has resulted in multiple stratigraphic concepts, although these are at least in part mutually exclusive. This contribution aims to reconsider the available information on the northeastern Vienna Basin, located in Slovakia, to create a consistent stratigraphic model. Lithostratigraphic correlations based on benthic taxa – widely used elsewhere – are omitted, since these include inherently diachronous palaeoecological zones. This presumption of diachroneity is further supported by the evidence of shelf-slope scale clinoforms. The following sequences were identified: (1) the Early Miocene wedge-top basin, genetically unrelated to the subsequently formed Vienna Basin – Eggenburgian–Ottnangian cycles are still obscured, and the Karpatian includes two transgressive–regressive cycles; (2) Middle Miocene early Badenian rifting including the Kúty Fm lowstand and Lanžhot Fm, together with the Devínska Nová Ves Fm, comprising transgression and a highstand; (3) Middle Miocene late Badenian rifting including lowstand offshore Jakubov Mbr and transgressive littoral Stupava Fm, followed by the highstand offshore Studienka Mbr passing to normal regressive Matzen delta; (4) Middle Miocene Sarmatian rifting including the basal Kopčany and Radimov Mbrs, the offshore transgressive to regressive Holíč Fm and the highstand normal regressive deltaic Skalica Fm; and (5) supposed Late Miocene rifting with Lake Pannon transgression resulting in the lacustrine Bzenec Fm, followed by the highstand normal regressive deltaic Čáry and alluvial Gbely Fms.

PENERAPAN MEDIA PAPAN HITUNG (PAHIT) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA PERMULAAN KELAS 2 DI SDN 22 AMPENAN

Teaching aids are objects that are used to assist in the process of conveying information, demonstrations, learning tools, or demonstrations of a particular concept or concepts. In this article the author will explain one of the teaching aids, namely, the Calculation Board. A counting board or PAHIT is a teaching aid used to calculate repeated multiplication, division, addition and subtraction materials. Using this counting board can train children to think quickly and more easily understand the concepts of multiplication and division. At the concrete operational age (7-11 years), elementary school age children generally have difficulty understanding abstract mathematics. Therefore, learning media is needed that can provide solutions to increase students' interest in learning. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods through observation, interviews and documentation. This writing aims to develop calculating board learning media as a medium that can help students' understanding of starting calculations in mathematics subjects. Through this multiplication board media, it is hoped that class II students will be able to think actively in understanding the concepts of multiplication and division so that students can improve their mathematics learning outcomes.Key Word : arithmetic concept, counting board media, mathematics.

A NOVEL CONCEPT: THE PRODUCT OF TWO NEGATIVELY DIRECTED NUMBERS IS A NEGATIVELY DIRECTED NUMBER THOUGH THE NEGATIVE OF A NEGATIVE NUMBER IS A POSITIVE NUMBER

In this paper, the author proved that the product of two negatively directed numbers is a negatively directed number. This article is the outcome of previously published (2021-2024) ten (10) articles of this author. It is true that the negative of a negative number is a positive number. It has been done by applying the inversion process to a negative number. The process of inversion does not satisfy the basic concept of multiplication. Multiplication is defined as the adding of a number concerning another number repeatedly. So, the process of inversion does not comply with the fundamental concept of multiplication. According to the Theory of Dynamics of Numbers there exist three types of numbers: (1) Neutral or discrete numbers (2) Positively directed numbers (3) Negatively directed numbers. In general, we use four types of operators: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and division (÷) in mathematical calculations. Besides these, we use the negative sign (-) as an inversion operator. The positive sign (+) and negative sign (-) also represent the direction of neutral or discrete numbers. In this paper, the author introduced Fermat's Last Theorem: xn + yn = zn for n = 2 in Bhattacharyya's Theorem to prove that the product of two negatively directed numbers is a negatively directed number using the concept of the Theory of Dynamics of Numbers. In this paper, the author framed new laws of multiplication and inversion. Also, the author has given a comparative study between the conventional method of multiplication and the present concept of multiplication citing some practical examples. The author has become successful in finding the root of a quadratic equation in real numbers even if the discriminant, b2 – 4ac &lt; 0 without using the concept of the imaginary number and also in determining the radius of a circle even if g2 + f2 &lt; c, in real number without using the concept of complex numbers. With one example the author proved that this theorem is applicable in ‘Calculus’ also.

Analisis Hambatan Belajar Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Konsep Perkalian Bilangan Cacah

Effective education in this context involves preparing students to explore and apply mathematical knowledge in various situations, providing a strong foundation for the development of intelligence and thinking skills. This research focuses on the challenges faced by 4th-grade students at SDN 4 Sukajaya in solving word problems related to multiplication of whole numbers. The object of this study is the students' difficulty in understanding the concept of multiplication, while the subjects are 10 students who experience difficulties and a class teacher. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, aiming to provide a detailed account of the problems faced by students. The study found learning obstacles among 4th-grade students at SDN 4 Sukajaya in solving word problems involving the concept of multiplication of whole numbers. These obstacles include: 1) difficulty in understanding the problems, 2) difficulty in identifying mathematical concepts, and 3) difficulty in calculations. The contributing factors are: 1) internal factors, such as motivation, intelligence, behavior, attitude, and students' physical condition (e.g., fatigue), and 2) external factors, such as facilities, teacher quality, and curriculum. Efforts to address these obstacles include: regular problem-solving practice, the use of varied and enjoyable teaching methods and media to boost motivation, and cooperation between teachers and students in monitoring learning progress

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Materi Perkalian Melalui Model Kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Siswa Kelas IV-A SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya

This Classroom Action Research aimed to enhance the mathematics learning outcomes of fourth-grade students at SDN Pakis 01 Surabaya in understanding the multiplication of whole numbers up to 100. The study involved 27 students. Data was collected through observation, tests, and documentation. The cooperative learning model, Teams Games Tournament (TGT), was implemented. Results indicated a significant improvement in students' mathematics achievement, particularly in multiplication, following the implementation of TGT. The percentage of students achieving mastery increased from 37.04% in the pre-cycle to 85.19% in Cycle II. This substantial improvement suggests that TGT effectively created an active, collaborative, and engaging learning environment, motivating students to participate more actively in the learning process. Furthermore, there was a notable increase in the class average across cycles. The implementation of TGT successfully achieved the research objective of enhancing students' understanding of the multiplication concept. Therefore, it is recommended that the TGT model be considered as an alternative to improve the quality of mathematics education in elementary schools.

Making Spectrograms Fun and Functional

Purpose: This tutorial provides multiple examples of how to incorporate the use of spectrograms in an undergraduate speech science course in an exciting, functional way. Incorporating spectrograms into foundational coursework provides an opportunity to create engagement within the classroom, fosters deductive reasoning skills within students, and encourages the synthetization of multiple concepts typically taught within the speech-language pathology curricula. Examples are presented in order of increasing difficulty and can easily be adapted to meet students' needs and interests. Conclusion: The following activities involving spectrograms are intended to assist anyone who is new to teaching speech science concepts or looking to update their current courses in ways that inspire critical thinking and excitement within their students.

Debating Citizenship and Seeking Political Solidarity in Mumbai’s Urban Margins

This article explores how the meaning of citizenship is articulated and debated in the aftermath of the legal prohibition of the slaughter of cow progeny and making the sale or possession of beef a punishable offense in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. The prohibition illuminated contradictions between the cultural roots of nationalism as opposed to democratic citizenship and how the two are increasingly in friction with the rising popularity of the Hindu right. Public action and debate in the aftermath of the beef ban (as it came to be popularly known) bestowed multiple conceptions of citizenship in the light of profound social divisions providing for the space to seek political solidarity with other marginalized groups. Here, I suggest that paying attention to the subtler nuances of political action through a framework of solidarity as opposed to that of resistance can bring to light ways in which citizenship is debated and shaped in urban India.