Multiple Components Research Articles

Insight into miscibility mechanism of multiple components crude oil in CO2/CH4 by molecular dynamic simulation

As one important crude oil recovery method, gas miscible flooding was widely adopted for EOR. However, the effect of crude oil components, injecting gas types, and pressure on miscible performance were scarcely discussed. In this work, molecular dynamics simulation method was employed to investigate the miscible mechanism of four-components crude oil in injecting gases of CO2 and CH4, respectively. The driving force and hindrance force in oil and gas miscible process was discussed to uncover the underlying miscible mechanism. The driving force mainly comes from the interaction between oil and gas, which induces the interdiffusion between oil and gas. The repulsive force stems from the association of oil components, which inhibits the dissolution of oil out of the crude oil colloidal structure. Furthermore, one evaluation standard of miscibility degree oil in gas was proposed based on solubility capability of oil component in injecting gas. Simulation results indicate the CO2 have better miscibility than that of CH4, and the miscibility of four crude oil components follows order of saturates > aromatics > resins > asphaltenes. The miscibility of all four oil components improves with increasing pressure. It is interesting that the miscibility of asphaltene is insensitive to pressure. Our work provides molecular level insight into the oil gas miscible behavior based on multiple components crude oil, and provide quantitative evaluation on miscibility of each oil component. These simulation results might be helpful to theoretical guidance for gas injection development.

Chemical and Transcriptomic Analyses of Leaf Cuticular Wax Metabolism in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus under Osmotic Stress.

Plant cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic structure in the cuticle layer covering epidermis as the first barrier between plants and environments. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a leguminous desert shrub, exhibits high tolerances to multiple abiotic stress. The physiological, chemical, and transcriptomic analyses of epidermal permeability, cuticular wax metabolism and related gene expression profiles under osmotic stress in A. mongolicus leaves were performed. Physiological analyses revealed decreased leaf epidermal permeability under osmotic stress. Chemical analyses revealed saturated straight-chain alkanes as major components of leaf cuticular wax, and under osmotic stress, the contents of total wax and multiple alkane components significantly increased. Transcriptome analyses revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids and alkanes and wax transportation under osmotic stress. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 17 modules and 6 hub genes related to wax accumulation, including 5 enzyme genes coding KCS, KCR, WAX2, FAR, and LACS, and an ABCG transporter gene. Our findings indicated that the leaf epidermal permeability of A. mongolicus decreased under osmotic stress to inhibit water loss via regulating the expression of wax-related enzyme and transporter genes, further promoting cuticular wax accumulation. This study provided new evidence for understanding the roles of cuticle lipids in abiotic stress tolerance of desert plants.

Maternal fiber-rich diet promotes early-life intestinal development in offspring through milk-derived extracellular vesicles carrying miR-146a-5p

BackgroundsThe intestinal development in early life is profoundly influenced by multiple biological components of breast milk, in which milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) contain a large amount of vertically transmitted signal from the mother. However, little is known about how maternal fiber-rich diet regulates offspring intestinal development by influencing the mEVs.ResultsIn this study, we found that maternal resistant starch (RS) consumption during late gestation and lactation improved the growth and intestinal health of offspring. The mEVs in breast milk are the primary factor driving these beneficial effects, especially enhancing intestinal cell proliferation and migration. To be specific, administration of mEVs after maternal RS intake enhanced intestinal cell proliferation and migration in vivo (performed in mice model and indicated by intestinal histological observation, EdU assay, and the quantification of cyclin proteins) and in vitro (indicated by CCK8, MTT, EdU, and wound healing experiments). Noteworthily, miR-146a-5p was found to be highly expressed in the mEVs from maternal RS group, which also promotes intestinal cell proliferation in cells and mice models. Mechanically, miR-146a-5p target to silence the expression of ubiquitin ligase 3 gene NEDD4L, thereby inhibiting DVL2 ubiquitination, activating the Wnt pathway, and promoting intestinal development.ConclusionThese findings demonstrated the beneficial role of mEVs in the connection between maternal fiber rich diet and offspring intestinal growth. In addition, we identified a novel miRNA-146a-5p-NEDD4L-β-catenin/Wnt signaling axis in regulating early intestinal development. This work provided a new perspective for studying the influence of maternal diet on offspring development.Graphical

Optimization of distillation configurations for multicomponent-product distillations

Several optimization formulations exist in the literature for optimizing distillation configurations for unicomponent-product distillations (UPD), i.e., distillations where each product consists of only a single component. However, many separations either desire product streams composed of multiple components based on their end-use property requirements or tolerate such multicomponent products in exchange for savings in the objective, e.g., reductions in energy consumption. In this work, we propose an easy-to-use transformation that allows any UPD configuration to be used for multicomponent-product distillations (MPD) while controlling the composition of the product. This transformation is used in our optimization model to minimize the heat duty of MPD configurations derived from UPD for zeotropic separations. We apply this formulation to identify and rank energy-efficient configurations for an industrial crude petroleum case study, and show that the ordering of configurations on an energy efficiency basis is quite different using the MPD model compared to the UPD model.

Insight into the scaling behavior of capacitive deionization for the removal of multiple cation components in the single-pass mode

Capacitive deionization (CDI) can effectively remove various ions in seawater and brackish water. However, due to the complex cation components in natural water, the desalination stability of CDI is challenged by cation scaling. In this study, the scaling behavior of CDI for the removal of multiple cation components in the single-pass mode was investigated. Three feed solutions containing various compositions (FS1 for Na+, FS2 for Na+/Ca2+/Mg2+, and FS3 for Na+/Ca/Mg2+/Fe3+) were tested. The results showed that the desalination stability was affected by cation components. Especially, the salt adsorption capacity for FS3 dramatically decreased from 7.16 to 3.53 mg/g over multiple cycles. Characterization demonstrated that the scaling of Ca and Mg for FS2 was slight while the scaling of Fe for FS3 was noticeable. Additionally, compared to FS2 scale, Fe significantly aggravated the scaling of Ca and Mg. The severe scaling behavior led to a decrease in specific capacitance, and an increase in charge transfer resistance and ion diffusion resistance of CDI electrodes. Finally, the correlation between scaling behavior and Faradaic reactions was comprehensively explored. The study provides insight into the scaling behavior of CDI, which is crucial for desalination stability in actual operation.

Interferon-β deficiency alters brain response to chronic HIV-1 envelope protein exposure in a transgenic model of NeuroHIV

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in about half of the population living with the virus despite combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). HIV-1 activates the innate immune system, including the production of type 1 interferons (IFNs) α and β. Transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (HIVgp120tg) in the CNS develop memory impairment and share key neuropathological features and differential CNS gene expression with HIV patients, including the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). Here we show that knocking out IFNβ (IFNβKO) in HIVgp120tg and non-tg control mice impairs recognition and spatial memory, but does not affect anxiety-like behavior, locomotion, or vision. The neuropathology of HIVgp120tg mice is only moderately affected by the KO of IFNβ but in a sex-dependent fashion. Notably, in cerebral cortex of IFNβKO animals presynaptic terminals are reduced in males while neuronal dendrites are reduced in females. The IFNβKO results in the hippocampal CA1 region of both male and female HIVgp120tg mice in an ameliorated loss of neuronal presynaptic terminals but no protection of neuronal dendrites. Only female IFNβ-deficient HIVgp120tg mice display diminished microglial activation in cortex and hippocampus and increased astrocytosis in hippocampus compared to their IFNβ-expressing counterparts. RNA expression for some immune genes and ISGs is also affected in a sex-dependent way. The IFNβKO abrogates or diminishes the induction of MX1, DDX58, IRF7 and IRF9 in HIVgp120tg brains of both sexes. Expression analysis of neurotransmission related genes reveals an influence of IFNβ on multiple components with more pronounced changes in IFNβKO females. In contrast, the effects of IFNβKO on MAPK activities are independent of sex with pronounced reduction of active ERK1/2 but also of active p38 in the HIVgp120tg brain. In summary, our findings show that the absence of IFNβ impairs memory dependent behavior and modulates neuropathology in HIVgp120tg brains, indicating that its absence may facilitate development of HAND. Moreover, our data suggests that endogenous IFNβ plays a vital role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and memory function.

Continuously variable Fourier filters fabricated using varying angle glancing angle deposition for chip-scale spectroscopy.

Low-cost spectroscopy has received a great deal of attention in recent years in applications such as food inspection, disease detection, and manufacturing. Current spectroscopic systems rely on multiple optical components, making them mechanically fragile systems. In our previous work, we demonstrated the use of Fourier filtering using thin dielectric films. The sampling effect from the cavity resonances can be used to decompose a signal into its Fourier components. Although the thin films were deposited directly on the face of the detectors, filters of varying thicknesses were needed, which required multiple lithographic processes. To overcome this challenge, in this work, we use a continuously variable filters deposited by a single-step electron-beam evaporation technique. We demonstrate a novel, to our knowledge, method that utilizes the glancing angle deposition technique with a continuously varying angle in order to produce tens of variable Fourier filters in a single deposition run. To prove this technique, we deposit this variable filter on a 38-channel linear detector and show the results from this device.

A comprehensive technology strategy for microbial identification and contamination investigation in the sterile drug manufacturing facility-a case study.

A comprehensive strategy for microbial identification and contamination investigation during sterile drug manufacturing was innovatively established in this study, mainly based on MALDI-TOF MS for the identification and complemented by sequencing technology on strain typing. It was implemented to monitor the bacterial contamination of a sterile drug manufacturing facility, including its bacterial distribution features and patterns. In three months, two hundred ninety-two samples were collected covering multiple critical components of raw materials, personnel, environment, and production water. Based on our strategy, the bacterial profile across the production process was determined: 241/292 bacterial identities were obtained, and Staphylococcus spp. (40.25%), Micrococcus spp.(11.20%), Bacillus spp. (8.30%), Actinobacteria (5.81%), and Paenibacillus spp. (4.56%) are shown to be the most dominant microbial contaminants. With 75.8% species-level and 95.4% genus-level identification capability, MALDI-TOF MS was promising to be a first-line tool for environmental monitoring routine. Furthermore, to determine the source of the most frequently occurring Staphylococcus cohnii, which evidenced a widespread presence in the entire process, a more discriminating S. cohnii whole-genome SNP typing method was developed to track the transmission routes. Phylogenetic analysis based on SNP results indicated critical environment contamination is highly relevant to personnel flow in this case. The strain typing results provide robust and accurate information for the following risk assessment step and support effective preventive and corrective measures. In general, the strategy presented in this research will facilitate the development of improved production and environmental control processes for the pharmaceutical industry, and give insights about how to provide more sound and reliable evidence for the optimization of its control program.

State-Dependent Model Based on Singular Spectrum Analysis Vector for Modeling Structural Breaks: Forecasting Indonesian Export

Standard time-series modeling requires the stability of model parameters over time. The instability of model parameters is often caused by structural breaks, leading to the formation of nonlinear models. A state-dependent model (SDM) is a more general and flexible scheme in nonlinear modeling. On the other hand, time-series data often exhibit multiple frequency components, such as trends, seasonality, cycles, and noise. These frequency components can be optimized in forecasting using Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). Furthermore, the two most widely used approaches in SSA are Linear Recurrent Formula (SSAR) and Vector (SSAV). SSAV has better accuracy and robustness than SSAR, especially in handling structural breaks. Therefore, this research proposes modeling the SSAV coefficient with an SDM approach to take structural breaks called SDM-SSAV. SDM recursively updates the SSAV coefficient to adapt over time and between states using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Empirical results with Indonesian Export data and simulation studies show that the accuracy of SDM-SSAV outperforms SSAR, SSAV, SDM-SSAR, hybrid ARIMA-LSTM, and VARI.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of Magnolia officinalis leaves based on wavelength fusion fingerprint, content determination, and antioxidant activity analysis

Abstract A valid, novel, and comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the quality of Magnolia officinalis leaves (MOLs) from different origins has been established based on multiwavelength fusion fingerprint, quantitative analysis, and antioxidant activity screening. The four wavelength fingerprints for MOL samples at 258, 266, 290, and 327 nm were collected by high performance liquid chromatography, and then data fusion was conducted. In addition, the content of multiple components was determined by high performance liquid chromatography at four wavelengths. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-pyridyl hydrazine scavenging assay was applied to study in vitro antioxidant activity. The effective distinction of 18 batches of MOLs was realized based on hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis combined with multiwavelength fusion fingerprint. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis model exhibited huge advantages in distinguishing among different samples and screening three quality markers of the tested samples, including rutin, isoquercitrin, and chlorogenic acid. This established method of multitechnology fusion is simple, reliable, and efficient for the qualitative and quantitative bioactivity evaluation of MOLs. This study aims to investigate the development of new medicinal parts of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), so as to enhance the efficiency of utilizing TCM resources and promote the high-quality development of the TCM industry.

Dual phase-detected infrared photothermal microscopy.

Infrared photothermal microscopy (IPM) has recently gained considerable attention as a versatile analytical platform capable of providing spatially resolved molecular insights across diverse research fields. This technique has led to numerous breakthroughs in the study of compositional variations in functional materials and cellular dynamics in living cells. However, its application to investigate multiple components of temporally dynamic systems, such as living cells and operational devices, has been hampered by the limited information content of the IP signal, which only covers a narrow spectral window (< 1 cm-1). Here, we present a straightforward approach for measuring two distinct IPM images utilizing the orthogonality between the in-phase and quadrature outputs of a lock-in amplifier, called dual-phase IR photothermal (DP-IP) detection. We demonstrate the feasibility of DP-IP detection for IPM in distinguishing two different micro-sized polymer beads.

N-Terminal-Specific Dual Modification of Peptides through Copper-Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition.

Site-specific introduction of multiple components into peptides is greatly needed for the preparation of densely functionalized and structurally uniform peptides. In this regard, N-terminal-specific peptide modification is attractive, but it can be difficult due to the presence of highly nucleophilic lysine ϵ-amine. In this work, we developed a method for the N-terminal-specific dual modification of peptides through a three-component [3+2] cycloaddition with aldehydes and maleimides under mild copper catalysis. This approach enables exclusive functionalization at the glycine N-terminus of iminopeptides, regardless of the presence of lysine ϵ-amine, thus affording the cycloadducts in excellent yields. Tolerating a broad range of functional groups and molecules, the present method provides the opportunity to rapidly construct doubly functionalized peptides using readily accessible aldehyde and maleimide modules.

System Fragility Analysis of Bridges Based on Response Variables Dimensionality Reduction

Earthquake resistance of bridge structures is an important part of ensuring the functionality of transportation network systems. The structural system of a bridge is composed of multiple components, and the damage of different components may affect the function of the bridge, while the system seismic fragility analysis provides an effective way to evaluate the overall seismic performance of the bridge. In the past, the failure probability of a system is often estimated by the correlation between components, but the complex correlation between components brings certain difficulties to the actual calculation. In this paper, an efficient, accurate and universal method of system fragility analysis is proposed. This method decouples the correlation between components from the perspective of relative damage, adopts the critical demand-to-capacity ratio as the response variable of the system, realizing the dimensionality reduction of the response variables and simplifying the system fragility analysis from high-dimensional fragility analysis to one-dimensional fragility analysis. This methodology offers a viable solution to the challenges posed by the wide estimation of fragility boundaries in the boundaries estimation method and the complexities involved in analyzing correlation of components in the joint probability method. Comparison with traditional methods indicates that the proposed method exhibits high efficiency and convenience, making it suitable for practical engineering applications in system fragility computation. The proposed method holds great potential for future applications in the field of complex bridge structure fragility analysis, large-scale regional seismic damage prediction, rapid assessment, and beyond.

Investigation of recent advances related to AI in mathematics education

The integration of mathematics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an immensely promising field, making a comprehensive overview in this domain highly essential. This article provides an overview of two methodologies: Sofia and ITS. Sofia is an AI mathematical analysis model that engages in dialogues with multiple components and robots, performing calculations by processing sentences through Unix file system paths. ITS, on the other hand, is an intelligent tutoring system, comprising domain, student, tutor, and interface components, facilitating interactions within the teaching and learning processes. This article intricately delineates the implementation and functionalities of these two methodologies, encompassing their constituents, applications, and limitations. The applications of these methodologies are far-reaching in both mathematics and AI domains. For instance, in the realm of education, ITS can furnish personalized learning experiences by offering feedback and suggestions tailored to students' knowledge and behaviors. In the arena of mathematical analysis, Sofia can aid in analyzing and solving intricate mathematical problems, rendering support and guidance to students and professionals alike. In conclusion, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the amalgamation of mathematics and AI, introducing the implementations and applications of the Sofia and ITS methodologies. These approaches hold substantial potential within the fields of mathematics and AI, providing valuable references for future research and applications.

Quantum Computing and Machine Learning on an Integrated Photonics Platform

Integrated photonic chips leverage the recent developments in integrated circuit technology, along with the control and manipulation of light signals, to realize the integration of multiple optical components onto a single chip. By exploiting the power of light, integrated photonic chips offer numerous advantages over traditional optical and electronic systems, including miniaturization, high-speed data processing and improved energy efficiency. In this review, we survey the current status of quantum computation, optical neural networks and the realization of some algorithms on integrated optical chips.

A Multicomponent Linear Frequency Modulation Signal-Separation Network for Multi-Moving-Target Imaging in the SAR-Ground-Moving-Target Indication System

Multi-moving-target imaging in a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system poses a significant challenge owing to target defocusing and being contaminated by strong background clutter. Aiming at this problem, a new deep-convolutional-neural-network (CNN)-assisted method is proposed for multi-moving-target imaging in a SAR-GMTI system. The multi-moving-target signal can be modeled by a multicomponent LFM signal with additive perturbation. A fully convolutional network named MLFMSS-Net was designed based on an encoder–decoder architecture to extract the most-energetic LFM signal component from the multicomponent LFM signal in the time domain. Without prior knowledge of the target number, an iterative signal-separation framework based on the well-trained MLFMSS-Net is proposed to separate the multi-moving-target signal into multiple LFM signal components while eliminating the residual clutter. It works well, exhibiting high imaging robustness and low dependence on the system parameters, making it a suitable solution for practical imaging applications. Consequently, a well-focused multi-moving-target image can be obtained by parameter estimation and secondary azimuth compression for each separated LFM signal component. The simulations and experiments on both airborne and spaceborne SAR data showed that the proposed method is superior to traditional imaging methods in both imaging quality and efficiency.

An Exploratory and Qualitative Analysis of Self-Reported Evaluations for Fever.

Background: Despite the high prevalence of post-operative fever, a variety of approaches are taken as to the components of a fever evaluation, when it should be undertaken, and when empiric antibiotic agents should be started. Hypothesis: There is a lack of consensus surrounding many common components of a post-operative fever evaluation. Patients and Methods: The Surgical Infection Society membership was surveyed to determine practices surrounding evaluation of post-operative fever. Eight scenarios were posed in febrile (38.5°C), post-operative general surgery or trauma patients, with 19 possible components of work-up (physical examination, complete blood count [CBC], fungal biomarkers, lactate and procalcitonin [PCT] concentrations, cultures, imaging) and management (antibiotic agents). Each scenario was then re-considered for intensive care unit (ICU) patients (intubated/unstable hemodynamics). Agreement on a parameter (<1/4 or >3/4 of respondents) achieved consensus, positive or negative. Parameters between had equipoise; α was set at 0.05. Results: Among the examined scenarios, only CBC and physical examination received positive consensus across most scenarios. Blood/urine cultures, imaging, lactate, inflammatory biomarkers, and the empiric administration of antibiotic agents did not reach consensus; support was variable depending on the clinical scenario, illness severity, and the individual preferences of the answering clinician. The qualitative portion of the survey identified "fever threshold and duration," "clinical suspicion," and "physiologic manifestation" as the most important factors for deciding about the initiation of a fever evaluation and the potential empiric administration of antibiotic agents. Conclusions: There is consensus only for physical and examination routine laboratory work when initiating the evaluation of febrile post-operative patients. However, there are multiple components of a fever evaluation that individual respondents would select depending on the clinical scenario and severity of illness. Parameters demonstrating equipoise are potential candidates for formal guidance or pragmatic prospective trials.

Multistage Malware Detection Method for Backup Systems

This paper proposes an innovative solution to address the challenge of detecting latent malware in backup systems. The proposed detection system utilizes a multifaceted approach that combines similarity analysis with machine learning algorithms to improve malware detection. The results demonstrate the potential of advanced similarity search techniques, powered by the Faiss model, in strengthening malware discovery within system backups and network traffic. Implementing these techniques will lead to more resilient cybersecurity practices, protecting essential systems from hidden malware threats. This paper’s findings underscore the potential of advanced similarity search techniques to enhance malware discovery in system backups and network traffic, and the implications of implementing these techniques include more resilient cybersecurity practices and protecting essential systems from malicious threats hidden within backup archives and network data. The integration of AI methods improves the system’s efficiency and speed, making the proposed system more practical for real-world cybersecurity. This paper’s contribution is a novel and comprehensive solution designed to detect latent malware in backups, preventing the backup of compromised systems. The system comprises multiple analytical components, including a system file change detector, an agent to monitor network traffic, and a firewall, all integrated into a central decision-making unit. The current progress of the research and future steps are discussed, highlighting the contributions of this project and potential enhancements to improve cybersecurity practices.

(057) Destabilising Evidence: A Micro-Anatomical Investigation of Penile Suspensory Ligaments (PSL) Using Epoxy Sheet Plastination and Confocal Microscopy

Abstract Introduction Precise anatomy of the PSL remains controversial. It is routinely described as having 3 components: The fundiform (FL), Suspensory (SL) and Arcuate Ligaments (AL). Proponents of penile enlargement surgery (PES) ensure that division of the “superficial” PSL (FL, SL), allows desired distraction between phallus and pubic symphysis (PS) without risking instability. Seemingly in support of this rationale, many publications imply the FL and SL provide less structural integrity as they connect only superficial fascias (Origin: Scarpa’s fascia or linea alba; Insertion: Penile Dartos or Buck’s fascia). AL is reported to be the primary support structure as it connects the corporal tunica albuginea (TA) directly to the bone and preserved in PES given its deeper location. Despite this, significant sexual dysfunction (SD) from PSL deficiency after PES has been reported. An improved understanding of this anatomy is paramount for quality surgical care in both pre-operative counselling and rectification of adverse functional outcomes. Objective (1) To present initial findings of the in-situ PSL anatomy (2) To propose a new anatomical classification system Methods Data from six male cadavers (46-87 years; mean 75) were used in present study. There was no history of genitourinary operations and cause of death were either respiratory or vascular. Following deep-freeze and 0.9mm whole-mount sectioning, specimens were impregnated with epoxy-resin mixture (E12/E1/AE10/AE30). Without specific labelling, this process allows endogenous autofluorescence of collagen/elastin/myofilaments when excited using 488nm-confocal-laser microscope. Select areas were examined using stereoscopic microscopy and scanned at high-resolution. This technique ensures preservation of anatomy in-situ and allowed enhanced examination at both macroscopic and microscopic levels (Figure 1). Results Proposed classification divides PSL by anatomical location: Prepubic, Subpubic, Retropubic. While corresponding to the same distinct structures, it avoids the misnomers and discrepancies that are embedded in existing nomenclature. Findings are summarised in Table 1. The AL does not appear to the PSL apparatus. It fuses with the interosseus fibrocartilaginous lamina deep to it and attaches laterally to the inferior pubic rami. Inferiorly, its semicircular free edge rounds off the apex of the pubic arch but has no corporal attachment. Conclusions Findings of the present study do not support an anatomical rationale for PES, without risking instability. Contrary to previous reports, the subpubic PSL (or suspensory ligament) is the only component that directly connects TA with PS. The purported role of AL appears unfounded. Furthermore, perpendicular fibrous orientation of the subpubic and retropubic PSL suggests a dynamic support mechanism, not dissimilar to the knee’s cruciate ligaments. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first description of the musculotendinous origin of the retropubic PSL, whose fibres extend anteriorly from the urogenital diaphragm. Further studies are required to better characterise the retropubic PSL insertion and may lead to new insights into the origin and architecture of deep penile fascia. Based on present findings, the TA likely consists of multiple fibrous components originating from the musculotendinous aponeuroses of superficial perineal musculature. Disclosure No.

Construction of Trisubstituted Hydrazones via Base-Mediated Cascade Condensation N-Alkylation.

A practical base-promoted tandem condensation N-alkylation reaction for the formation of trisubstituted hydrazones has been developed employing aldehydes and hydrazines with alkyl halides. Crucially, this reaction successfully overcomes chemoselectivity problems, allowing for the reaction of multiple components in a one-pot manner. Halo- and heterofunctional groups, as well as free hydroxyl and amino groups, are tolerated in this transformation to produce a wide range of trisubstituted hydrazones in good to excellent yields.