Multiple Classification Analyses Research Articles

Self-management Behaviours among Nurses and Midwives during Pregnancy and Associated Factors: A Cross-sectional Study

The high rate of perinatal abnormality among pregnant nurses and midwives attributable to their working environment is a serious international occupational health concern. Self-management behaviours can prevent abnormalities, but nurses and midwives have difficulty carrying out these behaviours during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine self-management behaviours and associated factors during pregnancy among nurses and midwives. The partic­ipants were 232 pregnant or postpartum registered nurses and midwives from four Japanese general hospitals. Participant recruitment and questionnaire distribution were undertaken through hospital management. Data were collected from July to November 2022. Instruments included the Personal Demographic and Obstetric Conditions Questionnaire, the Self-Management Behaviours Questionnaire, the Working Conditions during Pregnancy Questionnaire, the Social and Workplace Support Scale, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and Self-Management Difficulties Scale. Data analysis used univariate and multiple classification analysis. Results indicated that participants demonstrated good compliance with contraindications among self-management behaviours but scored lower in knowledge and self-monitoring, abnormalities prevention, and avoiding burden movements. Multiple classification analyses revealed that parity, profession, overtime, acquisition of maternity protection provisions, managers support, family support, and prioritising the foetus were significantly associated with self-management behaviors. Nursing administrators must provide adequate information and adjust the work of pregnant staff. Policymakers need to propose measures to reinforce maternity protection provisions for pregnant nurses and midwives. Pregnant nurses and midwives need to be proactively educated on occupational health and safety. Learning the importance of acquiring maternity protection provisions, receiving support and prioritising the foetus will contribute to effective self-management practices in them. Further research is needed to promote self-management behaviours among pregnant nurses and midwives.

Increased Attention Through Kinetic Life Aith A Level Of Concentration On Physical Education Learning: A Study In Elementary School Students

This research examines the effect of the learning model using life kinetics on increasing learning attention as seen from the concentration level of students in one of the elementary schools in Kab. Bandung. The research method used in this research is an experimental method adapted to the research objectives of wanting to know the truth of hypotheses regarding causal relationships with a Quasi-Experimental Design research design. The analysis technique in this study uses multiple classification analyses of variance, using two ways (two-way ANOVA). Two-way analysis of variance to analyze the effect of the two independent variables, namely learning models using life kinetics and conventional learning models (not using life kinetics) with attribute variables of concentration levels (high and low). Through two-way analysis of variance and statistical data analysis techniques of IBM SPSS Version 25 software, a significant increase in attendance was found in student study groups using the life kinetic learning model.

Comparative analysis of trip generation models: results using home-based work trips in the Seoul metropolitan area

This paper compares the performance of trip generation models. Trip generation estimates the number of trips to and from a traffic analysis zone. This process is the first stage of the conventional four-step travel forecasting framework. Although many approaches have been suggested for this step, regression and category analyses have been widely applied. The two methods have generated an acceptable level of performance from the perspective of transport planning. Critical problems, however, have also been observed. In the regression analysis, trip rates are treated as continuous variables that can be negative, which is obviously unrealistic. Furthermore, the method does not incorporate traveler behavior. For the category analysis, its arbitrary way of choosing independent variables and their strata has drawn critiques. The cell-by-cell calculation in this method also increases the concerns about unreliable estimation of trip rates. Censored regression, count data, and discrete choice models have been visited for the alternative of regression approach while the multiple classification method has been conceived for the substitute of the category analysis. A systematic examination of the performance among the models has not been discussed sufficiently yet, which is the motive of this paper. Six representative models – regression, tobit, Poisson, ordered logit, category, and multiple classification analyses – were applied to the home-based work trips in the Seoul metropolitan area. Cross-validation and back-casting were the key for checking the performance among the models. In this process, the measures of correlation, variance, and coincidence were compared. The category-type model was superior in overall performance.

MRI Pattern Recognition in Multiple Sclerosis Normal-Appearing Brain Areas

ObjectiveHere, we use pattern-classification to investigate diagnostic information for multiple sclerosis (MS; relapsing­remitting type) in lesioned areas, areas of normal­appearing grey matter (NAGM), and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) as measured by standard MR techniques.MethodsA lesion mapping was carried out by an experienced neurologist for Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude (TIRM) images of individual subjects. Combining this mapping with templates from a neuroanatomic atlas, the TIRM images were segmented into three areas of homogenous tissue types (Lesions, NAGM, and NAWM) after spatial standardization. For each area, a linear Support Vector Machine algorithm was used in multiple local classification analyses to determine the diagnostic accuracy in separating MS patients from healthy controls based on voxel tissue intensity patterns extracted from small spherical subregions of these larger areas. To control for covariates, we also excluded group-specific biases in deformation fields as a potential source of information.ResultsAmong regions containing lesions a posterior parietal WM area was maximally informative about the clinical status (96% accuracy, p<10−13). Cerebellar regions were maximally informative among NAGM areas (84% accuracy, p<10−7). A posterior brain region was maximally informative among NAWM areas (91% accuracy, p<10−10).InterpretationWe identified regions indicating MS in lesioned, but also NAGM, and NAWM areas. This complements the current perception that standard MR techniques mainly capture macroscopic tissue variations due to focal lesion processes. Compared to current diagnostic guidelines for MS that define areas of diagnostic information with moderate spatial specificity, we identified hotspots of MS associated tissue alterations with high specificity defined on a millimeter scale.

2A2-E14 車輪型移動ロボットのための環境認識システム : 第4報:自己組織化テンプレート作成手法の導入

Recently, various mechanism have been developed combining linkage mechanisms and wheels, especially, the combination of passive linkage mechanisms and small wheels is one of main research trends, because, standard wheeled mobile mechanisms have difficulties on rough terrain movements. In our research, a 6-wheeled mobile robot employing a passive linkage mechanism has been developed to enhance maneuverability and achieved climbing capability over a 0.20[m] height of bump. In this paper, we propose environment recognition system for wheeled mobile robot which consists of multiple classification analyses like self-organizing map, and image processing for self-localization.

Environment Recognition System Based on Multiple Classification Analyses for Mobile Robots

Various mechanisms have recently been developed that combine linkage mechanisms and wheels. In particular, the combination of passive linkage mechanisms and small wheels is a main research trend because standard wheeled mobile mechanisms find it difficult to move on rough terrain. In our previous research, a six-wheel mobile robot employing a passive linkage mechanism has been developed to enhance maneuverability and was able to climb over a 0.20 m bump and stairs. We designed a hybrid velocity and torque controller using a neural network since simple velocity controllers fail to climb up. In this paper, we propose an environment recognition system for a wheeled mobile robot that consists of multiple classification analyses to make the robot more adaptive to various environments by selecting a suitable system such as decision making, navigation and controller using the result of the environment recognition system. We evaluate the recognition performance in operation environments; slopes, bumps and stairs by comparing principle component, k-means and self-organizing map analyses.

2P2-D15 車輪型移動ロボットのための環境認識システム : 第2報 : 環境に応じた制御器の選択と未学習環境に対する環境認識性能(車輪移動ロボット)

Recently, various mechanisms have been developed combining linkage mechanisms and wheels. Especially passive linkage mechanisms and small wheel type robots are proposed, because a wheel type mobile mechanism has difficulty on the rough terrain movement. In our research, a 6-wheeled mobile robot employing the linkage mechanism has been developed to enhance maneuverability, and achieved climbing over a 0.20[m] height of bump. We designed controller using neural network for high energy efficiency. This controller has same performance with PID. In this paper, we propose environment recognition system for wheel type mobile robot on rough terrain environment. This system consists of multiple classification analyses. We compared with some methods.

Predictor evaluation of postoperative morbidity after surgical removal of mandibular third molars.

The effect of several pre- and per-operative variables on indicators of postoperative morbidity was assessed in 204 patients after unilateral mandibular third-molar surgery. The variables included gender, age, use of tobacco and alcohol, state of eruption, depth and angulation of the tooth, duration of the operation, pericoronitis, and time of day of surgery. Visual analogue scales were used for patient assessment of pain and swelling and for clinical assessment of swelling. Maximum pain was indicated 6 h postoperatively and maximum swelling the first postoperative evening. The results showed a mean reduction of mouth opening capacity (trismus) of 31% the 1st postoperative day. Mean analgesic consumption was 3.7 tablets, mean number of days of inability to work 1.1, and the rate of postoperative alveolitis 1.9%. The variation of the morbidity indicators was considerable. Multiple classification analyses showed that the predictors explained from 17% (clinically assessed swelling) to 8% (pain 6 h postoperatively) of the variance of these indicators. It is concluded that these commonly used predictors only to a minor extent can explain the wide variation in postoperative morbidity after mandibular third-molar surgery.

Personal Determinants of the First Postretirement Move

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of preretirees that predict perception of the likelihood of their making a move at retirement. The random sample included employees, 40 years or older, of nine land grant universities. Data were collected from 5,662 people via a mail survey and analyzed by frequency distributions and multiple classification analysis. Twenty‐six characteristics of preretirees were divided into four variable groups for separate multiple classification analyses. The 10 best predictors were then segregated from their variable groups and combined for a final analysis. Together, they explained 31.1% of the variance in perceived likelihood of postretirement migration. A model of personal determinants of the first postretirement move was created to conceptualize how the characteristics of preretirees interact in producing postretirement migration decisions. The four best predictors were in the perceptions of retirement and relocation variables group. Also, people who thought they would not experience difficulty in makings move, who had decided when to retire but not where, were renters, or who preferred to be near oceans rather than mountains were more likely to perceive that they were likely to move on retirement. Further research could determine if perceptions of likelihood of moving result in an actual move.

Lone Parent Canadian Families and the Socioeconomic Achievements of Children as Adults

This study focuses on the intergenerational transmission of status in Canada by examining the educational and occupational achievements of women and men raised in dual parent, female headed lone parent, and male headed lone parent families. The net effects of the two separate multiple classification analyses indicate that: offspring from dual parent families have the highest levels of educational and occupational achievement; offspring from male-headed families have the lowest levels of educational achievement; and females from male-headed families and males from female-headed families have the lowest levels of occupational achievement.

Mercury excretion and occupational exposure of dental personnel

At the annual congresses of the Norwegian Dental Association in 1986 and 1987 surveys were conducted to assess the significance of potential sources of mercury exposure. Morning urine samples and questionnaires were collected from 672 participants in 1986 and 273 participants in 1987. The mean values of the urinary mercury excretion were 39 nmol/L (SD = 29) in 1986, and 43 nmol/L (SD = 36) in 1987. The excretion values were correlated to the answers on questionnaires supplied from each participant. The data was analyzed using ANOVA, multiple classification analyses, and Pearson correlation. The correlations between environment and practice characteristics and the mercury excretion values reconfirm in general results from previous investigations. In addition, the data indicate that urinary mercury excretion may be gender dependent and that the restorative status of the participants contribute to the daily mercury exposure. Moreover, the excretion correlates not only to the number of placed restorations per week, but also to the number of polished and replaced amalgam restorations per week. Participants working in environments with wooden floors had significantly higher mean mercury values than other dental personnel. Elevated mercury values were also observed for participants working in clinics with installed amalgam separators or other filtering devices. The possibility that the storage of collected scrap amalgam and mercury from the filtering devices increases the mercury vapor in the work environment warrants further investigation.

Quantitative cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex of schizophrenics.

Quantitative morphometric determinations of neuronal and glial density, neuron-glia ratios, and neuronal size were performed in the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and primary motor cortex of ten controls and ten schizophrenics diagnosed by Feighner criteria under blind conditions to assess whether neuronal degeneration had occurred. Stepwise multiple regression and multiple classification analyses were used to evaluate the effect of potential confounding variables such as age, postmortem interval, fixation, hypoxia, and neuroleptic exposure on the measures studied. The neuronal density was significantly lower in layer VI of the prefrontal, layer V of the cingulate, and layer III of motor cortex. There was also a trend toward fewer neurons in most layers of both prefrontal and motor cortex, although by discriminant analysis this generalized pattern was significant only for the prefrontal area. The glial density also tended to be lower throughout most layers of all three cortical regions. There were no differences in the neuron-glia ratios or neuronal size between the two groups. The data do not support the presence of neuronal degeneration in schizophrenic cortex as it is conventionally described by neuropathologists, but do suggest the possibility that cytoarchitectural variations in cortical structure might exist in this group of schizophrenics.

Factors associated with cannabis nonuse and cessation of use: Between and within survey replications of findings

Multivariate analyses (Multiple Classification Analyses) of data obtained from repeated surveys (1981 and 1983) of students (grades 7–13) supported the separate consideration of three aspects of cannabis use and nonuse: (a) not trying cannabis; (b) trying and quitting cannabis use; and (c) trying and continuing cannabis use. Marked consistency was found in results obtained from between and within-survey replications. Many variables which exhibited bivariate relationships with cannabis use were not significant when considered multivariately. Few variables were related to both trying vs. continuing cannabis use. Variables which were expected to be related to cannabis use failed to show a significant relationship, most notably those measuring perceived threat of legal consequences, problems at home, problems outside the home, and threats to health. Methodological and substantive, especially educational/prevention, implications are highlighted.

Sex roles and depression among working spouses in the rural south

Two explanations for sex differences in psychiatric impairment (depressive symptomatology) are tested on a rural sample of white respondents drawn from Middle Tennessee. Gove's notions of role strain and role overload and Radloff's ideas concerning learned helplessness are placed in the context of traditional rural values undergoing change. The results reveal that there are no overall sex differences in depressive symptom scores among these respondents except when considering employment and marital status; married working females are more depressed than their male counterparts. Multiple Classification Analyses indicate that helplessness is the most efficacious explanation of sex differences. The implications of these findings for future research on depressive symptoms are discussed.

Contraceptive Availability and Family Limitation in Mexico and Rural Korea

In a comparative study of World Fertility Survey (WFS) data from the rural portion of the 1974 Korean survey and from the 1976 Mexican survey, the levels of perceived availability and actual accessibility of contraceptive services are assessed, and their joint relationship with contraceptive use and fertility is examined. In Mexico, 53 percent of married women exposed to the risk of childbearing say that they know of a place where they can obtain contraceptives; the proportion ranges from 25 percent of women in areas where there is no source within five km of their communities to 72 percent in areas with five or more sources. In rural Korea, regardless of actual accessibility, 86 percent of women say that they know where they can get contraceptives. This knowledge is uniformly distributed across all levels of actual accessibility. Perceived availability is significantly correlated with actual accessibility in both Mexico and rural Korea; the proportion of women who report that a source of contraceptive services is fairly close to their homes increases steadily with rising actual accessibility. Overall, 31 percent of Mexican women live in areas where both perceived and actual availability are low or nonexistent, compared with only eight percent of rural Korean women. Twenty-eight percent of both Mexican and rural Korean women live in areas where services are highly accessible and report that contraceptives are easy to obtain; women in Mexico more frequently underestimate than overestimate accessibility, but rural Korean women more often perceive contraceptive accessibility to be better than it actually is. In Mexico, variations in levels of perceived and actual availability are found to have a statistically significant effect on current contraceptive use, current use of effective methods, discontinuation of use and unmet need; in rural Korea, such variations affect all the use-categories except discontinuation. Multiple classification analyses show that, independent of other background factors and of accessibility, wife's education and urban residence each have a significant impact on prevalence of contraceptive use in Mexico. Husband's occupation and the desire for more children have significant net effects on current use in both countries. Combined perceived and actual availability is also found to significantly influence levels of contraceptive use, net of the other factors. Bivariate analyses show that combined perceived and actual availability has a statistically significant impact on recent fertility rates in Mexico, but not in rural Korea. Multiple classification analyses indicate, however, that there is no significant independent effect on recent fertility in either Mexico or rural Korea. Perceived and actual availability does significantly affect the likelihood that a woman is currently pregnant, though, in both countries. The desire for more children significantly affects both fertility measures in each country as well. There may be many different reasons for the varying effects of contraceptive availability in the two countries. Family planning programs have only recently been begun in Mexico, while Korea's program has been in operation for more than 20 years. In addition, Korean women depend on abortion much more frequently than do Mexican women. This study finds that increasing perceived and actual availability of contraceptive outlets can increase contraceptive prevalence and reduce unmet need for family planning services. Maximizing contraceptive availability and accessibility is vital for successfully meeting the potential demand for family planning services in Mexico and for achieving higher levels of contraceptive practice in rural Korea.

Re-Examining the Frustrated Homemaker Hypothesis

Multiple Classification Analyses on responses from 946 white women, drawn from the 1972 American National Election Study survey, were used to test the "frustrated homemaker hypothesis" that full-time homemakers are more dissatisfied with their lives than women employed outside the home. The fit between actual and desired roles proved to be a better predictor of personal satisfaction than the traditional dichotomy between homemakers and employed women. Homemakers who had wanted a career were more personally dissatisfied than homemakers who had never wanted a career. The career-oriented homemakers were the ones who expressed greater personal dissatisfaction than employed women. Employed women and career-oriented homemakers were about equally critical of women's collective position in society, while homemakers who had never wanted a career were more accepting of women's status quo. The importance of including evaluations of both personal and collective well-being was shown by the fact that these two domains bore different relationships to employment-homemaker status.

Canadian Public Television and Preschool Children: Predictors of Viewers and Nonviewers

A socialization model of public television viewing among Canadian preschoolers is proposed and analyzed using discriminant and multiple classification analyses. Of the five sets of variables analyzed, the family's media environment (primarily access to cable television and print media use) and the parent's attitude toward television in general were the strongest predictors of both the viewing and frequency of viewing public television programs by preschool age children in the home.

Background, attitudinal and behavioural patterns of individuals occupying eight discrete health states1

Abstract This paper examines the backgrounds, attitudes, and behavioural characteristics of individuals occupying the eight discrete health states posited in Wolinsky's recently developed comprehensive health status model. Analysis of variance indicates that age, occupation, education, income, private indemnity insurance coverage, expecting sick role legitimation, use of physician specialists, and having regular sources and sites of health care delivery are differentially distributed across the eight health states. Multiple classification and discriminant function analyses indicate that the pattern reflected in these data is the traditional relationship of health status to socioeconomic status, its second‐order benefits, and its correlates. Forty‐one per cent of all the individuals studied could be correctly placed into their proper health states by using two discriminant functions reflecting socioeconomic status and related characteristics. Regression models using these same socio‐economic and related characteristics explained 32 per cent of the variance in both an abbreviated form of the polytomous health status measure and a continuously coded version of it. Based on the differential utility of regression models severally predicting the individual health states, we propose merging the social class and drift hypotheses to explain the pervasive relationship between socioeconomic status and health status.

Adolescent Agreement with Perceived Maternal and Paternal Educational Goals

Multiple regression analysis shows that adolescent educational expectations are substantially related to perceived maternal and paternal educational goals for offspring, net of the effects of several relevant variables. The statistical effect of perceived maternal goals is 50 percent greater than that of perceived paternal goals, indicating the importance of differentiating between parents. Tests of hypotheses in multiple-classification analyses show that rates of agreement with perceived maternal and paternal goals are positively associated with: (1) selfreported school grades; (2) formal education of the parent; and (3) perceived agreement between the mother's and father's goals for the adolescent. Also, agreement with perceived paternal goals is somewhat more frequent among sixth and eighth than among tenth and twelfth grade students. Whites agree with perceived maternal goals at a slightly higher rate than blacks.

Ecological and Social Differentials in Mortality: Inequalities by Metropolitan-Nonmetropolitan Residency and Racial Composition

Abstract Studies of differentials in mortality usually have been bivariate and without benefit of a theoretical structure. In this study, mortality is approached through a multivariate framework and conceptualized as an indicator of inequality resulting from differential life chances and styles, which, in turn, reflect general stratification processes. An ecological factor, residency, and a social factor, racial composition, are used to investigate four questions: Do metropolitan counties have lower death rates than nonmetropolitan counties? Does the difference between White and non-White county mortality still favor White counties, and will a racial differential favoring White-designated counties exist when residency status is held constant and when areal social class characteristics are held constant? All counties of the 12-state North Central Region (N = 1056) provide the data. T-test, covariance, and multiple classification analyses are used to investigate the questions. Metropolitan and White counties (with age controlled) displayed lower crude death rates. The latter two questions were answered strongly in the affirmative, indicating, not only that significant residency and racial differences in county mortality exist, but also that, even when controlled for residency status and areal social class, the racial differential persists. Conclusions support the use and conceptualization of mortality as an indicator of inequality. Discussion centers around the persistent racial differential and draws tentatively upon a “theory of insecurity” or “minority group status” hypothesis for explanation.