Multipath Distance Vector Routing Research Articles

Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on Node State

To improve the performance of Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol, we proposed NS-AOMDV which is short for “AOMDV based on node state”. In NS-AOMDV, we introduce node state to improve AOMDV’s performance in selecting main path. In route discovery process, the routing update rule calculates the node weight of each path and sorts the path weight by descending value in route list, and we choose the path which has the largest path weight for data transmission. NS-AOMDV also uses the technology of route request (RREQ) packet delay forwarding and energy threshold to ease network congestion, limit the RREQ broadcast storm, and avoid low energy nodes to participate in the establishment of the path. The results of simulation show that NS-AOMDV can effectively improve the networks’packets delivery rate, throughput and normalized routing overhead in the situation of dynamic network topology and heavy load.

Digital Signature-Based Secure Node Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing.

Impact of trust model on on-demand multi-path routing in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of limited range wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are trusty and behave cooperatively. However, MANETs are subjected to a variety of attacks by malicious nodes. In order to reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of network, this paper presents a trust prediction model to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes, which is based on the nodes’ historical behaviors and fuzzy logic rules prediction method. As an application of the proposed trust model, extended from the ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector routing (AOMDV) protocol, a trust-based reactive multi-path routing protocol, named as ad hoc on-demand trusted multi-path distance vector routing (AOTMDV) protocol, is proposed for MANETs. This new protocol provides a flexible and feasible approach to choose the shortest path that meets the security requirements of data packets transmission, malicious node detection in multi-agent systems and threat mitigation from those nodes. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in malicious node identification and attack resistance. Experimental results show that AOTMDV achieves a remarkable improvement in the packet delivery ratio, network throughput and malicious attack resistance.

Research of On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on QoS and Node Movement Speed in Wireless Sensor Network

Research of On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on QoS and Node Movement Speed in Wireless Sensor Network

Power aware stability-based routing protocol for hybrid ad hoc networks

Energy efficiency is an important design consideration in hybrid ad hoc network due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. The network lifetime will be improved by suitably reducing the requirement of power for connections. The objective of this paper is to develop a novel routing protocol for hybrid ad hoc networks. We proposed the enhanced version of ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing called power aware link stability routing (PALSR) protocol for energy conservation and establish a desired hybrid connection between MANET and internet. The proposed PALSR protocol uses a new metric to find the route with higher transmission rate, less latency and better stability. It checks bandwidth and delay constraint during route request and uses as well new mobility prediction mechanism to determine the stability of link during a path selection. We evaluate the performance of PALSR using NS-2.34 simulation tool and compare it with AOMDV protocol. The simulation results show that the performance of new routing protocol significantly improves the network performance by discovering the required path with minimal power and delay.

Secure Video Transmission Against Black Hole Attack in MANETs

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are open to a wide range of attacks due to their unique characteristics like dynamic topology, shared medium, absence of infrastructure, and resource constraints. Data packets sent by a source node may reach destination through a number of intermediate nodes. In the absence of security mechanism, it is easy for an intermediate node to intercept or modify the messages, thus attacking the normal operation of MANET. One such attack is Black hole attack, in which, a malicious node called Black hole node attracts all the traffic of the network towards itself, and discards all the packets without forwarding them to the intended recipients. This paper evaluates the performance of Adhoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and its multi-path variant Adhoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocols under black hole attack. Non-cryptographic solutions Secure Blackhole AODV (SBAODV) and Secure Blackhole AOMDV (SBAOMDV) have been proposed to mitigate the effect of black hole attack. Through NS-2 simulations, the performance of the proposed protocols with video streaming is analyzed. The results show that the proposed solutions provide better performance than the conventional AODV and AOMDV.

Multi-Path Routing Protocol with Unavailable Areas Identification in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, some areas often become unavailable due to the exhaustion of nodes' energy, congestion, or disaster. In this paper, we propose a new micro sensor multi-path routing protocol (MSMRP) to avoid the unavailable areas when constructing the routes. A neighbor node table exchanging mechanism in MSMRP is used to avoid the multiple paths intersect and to build a new route around the unavailable areas. We have implemented the proposed protocol in a network with real sensor nodes and conducted experiments to demonstrate the operation and the capability of the MSMRP. Furthermore, we illustrate the performance of MSMRP comparing to ad hoc on demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with NS-2 simulations.

Channel-Aware Routing in MANETs with Route Handoff

In wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), packet transmission is impaired by radio link fluctuations. This paper proposes a novel channel adaptive routing protocol which extends the Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol to accommodate channel fading. Specifically, the proposed Channel-Aware AOMDV (CA-AOMDV) uses the channel average nonfading duration as a routing metric to select stable links for path discovery, and applies a preemptive handoff strategy to maintain reliable connections by exploiting channel state information. Using the same information, paths can be reused when they become available again, rather than being discarded. We provide new theoretical results for the downtime and lifetime of a live-die-live multiple path system, as well as detailed theoretical expressions for common network performance measures, providing useful insights into the differences in performance between CA-AOMDV and AOMDV. Simulation and theoretical results show that CA-AOMDV has greatly improved network performance over AOMDV.

Performance Study of Multi-Path in VANETs and Their Impact on Routing Protocols

Modeling complicated vehicular traffic behavior and analyzing effects on the communication performance of routing protocols taken by environmental factors have been a challenging task for the past several years. In this paper, we study the performance of multi-path routing protocol. Then, we investigate both multi-path and single-path routing protocol and analyze characteristics such as network connectivity, vehicle-node density etc. To better understand this phenomenon, we use mobility model with different parameters and evaluate the performance of routing protocols (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector and Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocols) through NS2 platform. The simulation results show the significance of multi-path on the throughput, loss and average delay of VANETs. The results of this paper may be used to study designing route protocols and applications of VANET.

Trust-based on-demand multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-organised system comprised of mobile wireless nodes. All nodes act as both communicators and routers. Owing to multi-hop routing and absence of centralised administration in open environment, MANETs are vulnerable to attacks by malicious nodes. In order to decrease the hazards from malicious nodes, the authors incorporate the concept of trust to MANETs and build a simple trust model to evaluate neighbours’ behaviours – forwarding packets. Extended from the ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol and the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol, a trust-based reactive multipath routing protocol, ad hoc on-demand trusted-path distance vector (AOTDV), is proposed for MANETs. This protocol is able to discover multiple loop-free paths as candidates in one route discovery. These paths are evaluated by two aspects: hop counts and trust values. This two-dimensional evaluation provides a flexible and feasible approach to choose the shortest path from the candidates that meet the requirements of data packets for dependability or trust. Furthermore, the authors give a routing example in details to describe the procedures of route discovery and the differences among AODV, AOMDV and AOTDV. Several experiments have been conducted to compare these protocols and the results show that AOTDV improves packet delivery ratio and mitigates the impairment from black hole, grey hole and modification attacks.

A cross-layer stability-based routing mechanism for ultra wideband networks

Ultra wideband (UWB) radio is emerging as an attractive physical layer for mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Routing in MANET is a challenge owing to the dynamic nature of network topology and resource constraints. A stable routing mechanism is proposed for UWB network in this paper, focusing on the instability problem derived from communication gray zone. This mechanism is a cross-layer enhancement of ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV) routing protocol, which is named as CLS_AODV. The routing discovery algorithm is extended by introducing the notion of source routing and ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing. A computing model is established to map received signal strengths into link stability factor and route stability factor which serves as a routing metric for path selection. In contrast to the reactive way in AODV, the received signal strength can be used to reveal the link state information for gray zone prediction, as well as for route state monitoring. A HELLO-based preemptive local route repair algorithm is presented to prevent the occurrence of link breakage. HELLO message is extended not only for neighbor sensing and neighborhood information exchanging, but also as an ON/OFF command to control the position location scheme and HELLO scheme of neighbor nodes. The simulation results show the improvements of CLS_AODV in terms of packet loss ratio and average end-to-end delay without compromising the throughput performance compared with AODV.

Performance analysis and comparison of AODV and AOMDV routing protocols

Mobile Ad Hoc network is a self-organizing network in which routing protocols play an important role.The authors described the features of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing(AODV)protocol and Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing(AOMDV)protocol and evaluated their performance through a variety of test scenes and different Media Access Control(MAC)protocols in NS2.The experimental results show that AOMDV protocol provides better performance than AODV protocol in terms of average delay and route discovery frequency,and worse performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and normalized rooting load.

Multipath design for 6LoWPAN ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing

Wireless networks of future generation are envisioned to be a combination of diverse networks environment and access technologies that can give us convenient wireless environment. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a low cost, low-rate, low-power wireless personal area network technology. IP for smart objects (IPSO) seeks to extend the use of IP networking into resource-constrained devices over a low-power network. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) is specified by the IETF Working Group, and advanced by the IPSO alliance. 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector routing (LOAD) is based on ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), and simplifies the routing protocol for 6LoWPAN mesh network. Although the LOAD simplifies the AODV for 6LoWPAN mesh network, but the broadcasting route request (RREQ) message of route discovery is still caused whole network overhead. In this paper, we would like to use the concept of Ad Hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) for LOAD to find multipath during the route discovery. If the path fail, we still have alternate path can be used for reducing the overhead of route discovery for the network.

CROSS-LAYERED MAC AND MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS

In this paper, we propose a multipath routing scheme for wireless mobile networks which extends the Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol, by introducing a novel load-balancing approach to concurrently distribute the traffic among the multiple paths. The traffic-path allocation scheme is based on cross-layer measurements of path statistics reflecting the size and congestion level of each path. In order to provide an efficient support to the proposed routing scheme at the MAC layer, we also study the composition effect of a IEEE 802.11-based enhanced MAC forwarding mechanism called Fast Forward (FF), used to reduce the effects of self-contention among frames at the MAC layer. The protocol framework has been modelled and extensively simulated for a large set of metrics and scenarios. Simulation results provide guidelines for multi-hop communication solutions under both static and mobile scenarios and different traffic loads.

Ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector routing

AbstractWe develop an on‐demand, multipath distance vector routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose multipath extensions to a well‐studied single path routing protocol known as ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV). The resulting protocol is referred to as ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). The protocol guarantees loop freedom and disjointness of alternate paths. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns‐2 simulations shows that AOMDV is able to effectively cope with mobility‐induced route failures. In particular, it reduces the packet loss by up to 40% and achieves a remarkable improvement in the end‐to‐end delay (often more than a factor of two). AOMDV also reduces routing overhead by about 30% by reducing the frequency of route discovery operations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) over a distributed TDMA MAC protocol for QoS support in wireless ad hoc networks: integration issues and performance evaluation

AbstractThis paper focuses on the problem of QoS multi‐path in wireless ad hoc networks. An integration of a novel multi‐path routing protocol and a distributed time division multiple access (TDMA) MAC protocol is proposed. The MAC considered is called evolutionary TDMA (E‐TDMA) and the analysed multi‐path routing protocol is the ad hoc on demand multi‐path distance vector (AOMDV) protocol. The integrated approach multi‐path routing and TDMA MAC protocol offers advantages typical of multi‐path routing, in terms of reduced route discovery frequency and increased throughput. The advantage of the E‐TDMA MAC is a higher throughput in comparison with the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC and the reduction of the contention interference due to the slot reservation mechanism for high‐data traffic. Two schemes to build the multi‐route are exploited. The simulation results show the benefits of the integrated routing‐MAC protocol in terms of reduced overhead, higher throughput and reduced end‐to‐end delay for a scenario with very high mobility and heavy data traffic. Copyright © 2006 AEIT

Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing

We present AOMDV, an on-demand multipath distance vector protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. AOMDV is based on a prominent on-demand single path protocol called AODV. AOMDV establishes multiple loop-free and link-disjoint paths. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns-2 simulations under varying node speeds shows that AOMDV provides a factor of two improvement in delay and about 20% reduction in routing overhead, while having similar packet delivery fraction.