Multinational Institutions Research Articles

The Influence and Challenges of Global Education on Transnational Education

The rise of multinational educational institutions in todays global landscape presents both substantial opportunities and significant challenges. These institutions, by expanding across borders, can capitalize on the growing demand for international education, which in turn strengthens their global reputation, increases student diversity, and opens up new markets for educational services. The research primarily focuses on the dual impact of globalization on these institutions, analyzing how they adapt to thrive in various international contexts. However, this expansion is accompanied by a series of challenges, including navigating complex regulatory environments, addressing and respecting cultural differences, and meeting a wide range of educational standards across regions. These institutions must continuously refine and adapt their curricula, technologies, and teaching methodologies to meet the needs of a diverse, international student body. The findings indicate that multinational institutions that strategically balance these opportunities with the challenges posed by globalization are better positioned to succeed in a competitive global education market. In conclusion, while the global educational landscape offers substantial potential for growth, it also requires resilience and strategic planning. Institutions that effectively balance these dynamics are more likely to establish a sustainable foothold in the complex and evolving world of global education.

Will the SDGs and the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing Leave Older People Behind?

Since the 1950s, multinational institutions have taken a number of positions towards population ageing and later life. In 1994, the World Bank (WB) saw population ageing as a crisis that needed ‘averting’. The United Nations (UN) approach evolved from the individualized, compassionate ageism of 1981 to a developmental, ‘society for all ages’, perspective in 2002. Yet the UN made comparatively little headway. In 2021 the UN launched its Decade of Healthy Ageing to support the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda’s ‘leave no one behind’ goal. The UN rightly sees ageing as a lifelong, societal and developmental process and strongly supported the evidence that unequal resource distribution is the main contributor to health inequalities across the lifespan. Despite this evidence, the focus is now on a biomedical framing of impaired health and on a multi-stakeholder approach that emphasizes the Silver Economy’s economic potential. The first two years of the decade saw significant efforts to generate private-sector support. While the Decade of Healthy Ageing is still young, there is much good, harm and missed opportunity that can happen in a decade, justifying early consideration of what the Silver Economy’s biomedical approach will do for older people in low and middle income countries (LMICs).

Cytopathology of mesenchymal tumors of the thyroid gland: analysis of 12 cases from multinational institutions with review of the literature

Mesenchymal tumors of the thyroid gland are extremely rare. We report the cytomorphologic characteristics of 12 mesenchymal tumors occurring in the thyroid gland and highlight the diagnostic difficulties encountered in their cytologic evaluation. The cytopathology and surgical pathology archives from 5 large institutions were searched for thyroid mesenchymal tumors that had an FNA available for review. Clinicopathologic and cytomorphologic characteristics for each case were evaluated. Twelve cases of mesenchymal tumors occurring in the thyroid were identified in our search. Patient age ranged from 28 to 84 years (median, 60 years). The cases occurred in 7 women and 5 men. The tumor size ranged from 1.4 to 14 cm (median, 3.3 cm). The tumors were as follows: hemangioma (n = 4; 33.3%), angiosarcoma (n = 2; 16.7%), schwannoma (n = 2; 16.7%), solitary fibrous tumor (n = 2, 16.7%), metastatic synovial sarcoma (n = 1, 8.3%) and metastatic pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1, 8.3%). The cytomorphologic features of the tumors were similar to those of their counterparts occurring in different sites. An accurate diagnosis was achieved in six primary thyroid mesenchymal cases (60%). Five patients (41.7%) underwent total thyroidectomy, and 3 patients received partial thyroidectomy (25%). Three patients (25%) did not receive a thyroidectomy and subsequent surgical information was not available in 1 case (8.3%). Mesenchymal tumors of the thyroid are extremely uncommon. Cytologic diagnosis of these tumors is often challenging due to the morphologic overlap with diverse epithelial and non-epithelial thyroid lesions. Ancillary studies such as immunohistochemistry and molecular studies are essential for accurate diagnosis.

Ghana Beyond Aid: A Bargaining Chip for Draconian Economic Policies in Ghana

Abstract This article evaluates the austere economic policies implemented by the Akufo- Addo-Administration using the Ghana Beyond Aid vision as a guarantee. For a state that virtually depends on the benevolence of the external world for its economic growth and national development, the enactment of policies to wean its political economy from the generosity of industrialized nations and multinational institutions is not only politically expedient, but also socially gratifying. Nonetheless, instead of the government to concentrate on formulating pragmatic policies that form the niches of the Ghana Beyond Aid agenda with public support, it has rather taken a uniquely detested trajectory of dedicating little attention to the vision in pursuit of policies that have lost touch with the public, but which the vision is occasionally cited as the bargaining chip. This article examines these political nuances using the case study strategy. The paper argues that while it is prudent to implement policies towards the attainment of the Ghana Beyond Aid vision, the political leadership should be guided by public opinion and consensus building to reduce the degree of adversities posed by these policies. The study also makes a case for policy initiatives and strategies to make the beyond aid agenda feasible.

Traffic in Asian Women

Traffic in Asian Women

Development and Validation of the Radiology Common Data Model (R-CDM) for the International Standardization of Medical Imaging Data.

PurposeDigital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), a standard file format for medical imaging data, contains metadata describing each file. However, metadata are often incomplete, and there is no standardized format for recording metadata, leading to inefficiency during the metadata-based data retrieval process. Here, we propose a novel standardization method for DICOM metadata termed the Radiology Common Data Model (R-CDM).Materials and MethodsR-CDM was designed to be compatible with Health Level Seven International (HL7)/Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) and linked with the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP)-CDM to achieve a seamless link between clinical data and medical imaging data. The terminology system was standardized using the RadLex playbook, a comprehensive lexicon of radiology. As a proof of concept, the R-CDM conversion process was conducted with 41.7 TB of data from the Ajou University Hospital. The R-CDM database visualizer was developed to visualize the main characteristics of the R-CDM database.ResultsInformation from 2801360 cases and 87203226 DICOM files was organized into two tables constituting the R-CDM. Information on imaging device and image resolution was recorded with more than 99.9% accuracy. Furthermore, OMOP-CDM and R-CDM were linked to efficiently extract specific types of images from specific patient cohorts.ConclusionR-CDM standardizes the structure and terminology for recording medical imaging data to eliminate incomplete and unstandardized information. Successful standardization was achieved by the extract, transform, and load process and image classifier. We hope that the R-CDM will contribute to deep learning research in the medical imaging field by enabling the securement of large-scale medical imaging data from multinational institutions.

The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018

Throughout decades, conflicts related to the access and usage of various energy sources have caused political tensions between nations and confederations of states. Thus, partially to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels, a thorough transition towards renewable energies has been promoted by several regional and national governments as well as by multinational institutions such as the European Union. In this context, the automotive industry has particularly been held responsible for the production of negative externalities, such as global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), noise and air pollution. To a notable extent, these externalities were caused by vehicles running on fossil fuels such as petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Accordingly, it is often argued that replacing vehicles run by internal combustion engines (ICEs) with so-called alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), particularly with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), is crucial to increase the sustainability of the transport sector. Moreover, several EU-member states aim to reduce the vehicle-related petrol and diesel demand to decrease their dependence on foreign energy sources. However, one must consider that there are important economic costs related to such a transition process. This paper evaluates the short-term and long-term effects of fiscal policies on the European automotive market in the period from 2010 to 2018, focusing on the impact of mentioned public incentives for AFVs. This public interventionism will be critically evaluated to examine the effectiveness of government incentives in promoting AFVs, particularly for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The author argues that the rather positive sales evolution of AFVs was not caused by corresponding actual customer demand but mainly by governmental policies in an increasingly interventionist market. He acknowledges that the growing variety of available PEV models, the increasing driving range of electric vehicles, as well as their decreasing production costs due to economies of scale, have helped PEVs to become more competitive. However, the concern should be raised that mentioned public interventionism is unsustainable from a macroeconomic perspective, possibly leading to significant market distortion and a new artificial market bubble. The narrowed focus on battery electric vehicles prevents the market from further elaborating on other potentially more sustainable technologies. Moreover, from a geostrategic perspective, the transition of the European automotive industry towards electrification is likely to reduce the EU’s dependency on imported fossil fuels but enables several non-European automotive brands to conquer a significant market with their new competitive plug-in electric vehicle technologies.

Introduction—Stories of the old world: The Narrative Policy Framework in the European context

Introduction—Stories of the old world: The Narrative Policy Framework in the European context

MISTAKES IN SPECIALIST TRANSLATIONS AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES IN THE LEGAL COMMUNICATION

Nowadays, in the age of globalisation and the worldwide flow of information, translator’s work becomes more and more demanding as well as indispensable. International legal communication and functioning of multinational institutions and organisations require an effective work of professional legal translators. The legal translation remains a challenge even for the most experienced and knowledgeable translators. The purpose of this paper is to prove the difficulty of legal translator’s work that may result in various mistakes in the legal specialist translations. Based on researches on translation mistakes, the paper points out types of potential mistakes in translation, the most common translation mistakes and their possible consequences in the legal communication. It also suggests what should be perceived as essential regarding translator’s knowledge and competence and proposes what should be seen as important while trying to avoid some legal translation mistakes.

An Examination of American Diplomacy During the Tehran and Yalta Conferences

Since the end of World War II, the United States has been a leading proponent of liberal internationalism and Western democratic values around the world. Modern historians generally agree that the post-war order, which produced multi-national institutions and promoted democracy, free trade, and peace, was largely shaped by the United States and the other two Allied powers, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. This paper explains how the Tehran and Yalta Conferences served as early examples of President Franklin Roosevelt’s vision for international cooperation and American global leadership. Specifically, this essay analyzes how Roosevelt used these conferences to unite the other Allied powers in an effort to end World War II and establish the foundations for the liberal international post war order. To demonstrate the significance of these conferences and their role in the development of the liberal post-war order, conference minutes between the leaders of the Allied powers and their respective foreign policy experts are analyzed. Academic writings from military and international historians are also used to evaluate the execution and outcomes of the agreements reached during these conferences.

Uma proposta de universidade corporativa pautada nos pilares educação corporativa, gestão do conhecimento e gestão da inovação

Introdução: Devido às constantes mudanças do cenário corporativo, processos e produtos tendem a ser repensados. Admitindo a educação como elemento de sustentação organizacional, este artigo visa discutir a importância da criação de uma Universidade Corporativa – UC, com base nos Pilares Educação Corporativa – EC, Gestão do Conhecimento - GC e Gestão da Inovação – GI. Método: A pesquisa adotou a revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas semiestruturadas em uma amostra de três empresas que já possuem UC. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de discurso. Resultados: Houve a confirmação da importância dos Pilares delimitados, com definição de etapas para a concretização da UC. Conclusão: Percebeu-se a necessidade de alinhar a oferta de ações educacionais às estratégias da organização, proteger os conhecimentos já construídos e gerar oportunidades para a inovação nas empresas, a fim de ajustá-las às demandas do mercado e clientes. Propõem-se novas pesquisas em instituições privadas e multinacionais, investigando não somente práticas de UC, mas também as peculiaridades de GC e GI em diferentes contextos.

The Influence of Firm Characteristics on the Relationship between Foreign Market Entry Strategies and Financial Performance of Listed Multinational Firms in Kenya

The main objective of this study was to establish the influence of firm characteristics on the relationship between foreign market entry strategies and the financial performance of multinational firms in Kenya. The study was hinged on Resource-Based View as a theoretical foundation. The literature revealed that numerous studies had been conducted on the influencing factors of firm characteristics such as Size and Age on the financial performance of multinational firms. However, these studies did not put into consideration of other possible factors such as firm characteristics and indicators such as liquidity and leverage. More so, the studies did not consider firm characteristics as a possible influencer of the direct relationship between choice of entry strategies and financial performance of multinational firms. The study utilized a cross-sectional study design which adopted both analytical and descriptive type of studies. Secondary data was used to obtain the desired information from the multinational firms’ annual reports for the financial years 2017, 2016, 2015, and 2014. The study focused on only the publicly listed multinational firms in the Nairobi Security Exchange. Data were obtained from all the 62 listed firms. The study used Sales Growth, ROA, ROE, and ROCE to measure financial performance. Age, Liquidity, and Leverage were used as indicators of firm characteristics with leverage and liquidity further measured as Debt-Equity ratio and Current Assets Ratio respectively. Foreign market entry strategies were measured using Franchising, wholly-owned subsidiaries, Acquisition, and Joint Ventures. The results of the study showed that an interaction between firm characteristics and foreign market entry strategy significantly affected the direct relationship between foreign market entry strategies and the financial performance of multinational firms. The study concludes that firm characteristics have a positive effect on the financial performance of multinational firms through the influence of their choice of entry into foreign markets. It is recommended that multinational firms with desires to expand globally should use their global footprint to maximize on their international operations through leverage activities. In addition, policies governing the liquidity of companies to be revised in order to increase financial performance if previously they affected it. For the study was only limited to the publicly listed multinational institutions, future researchers should consider studying all the multinational firms operating in Kenya. The study provided a contextual understanding of the Resource-Based View. This theory tried to bring in views on choosing the right entry strategy into foreign markets based on the familiarity or unfamiliarity of a foreign market setting given the resources available to a firm. Findings also provided key ingredients for policymakers to embark on an integrated policy formulation in the full understanding of the interplay of a firm’s unique characteristics as far as multinational firms are concerned. And in practice, global business management should be in a better position to identify the right entry strategies into new markets that would yield them great financial profits.

Extending UTAUT Theory to Compare South Korean and Chinese Institutional Investors’ Investment Decision Behavior in Cambodia: A Risk and Asset Model

This study is designed to provide strategic inspiration in multinational institutions’ investment behavior in Cambodia. Most factors affecting the investment decisions of South Korean and Chinese institutional investors in Cambodia are investigated based on UTAUT theory. Perceived asset price and perceived asset quality proves to have a significant effect on perceived asset value, whereas perceived financial risk proves to have a significant negative effect on the relationship between perceived asset value and investment decision for the Chinese group, but not for the South Korean group. Facilitating conditions proves to have an important effect in investment decisions for the South Korean group, but not for the Chinese group. Furthermore, perceived asset value, social influence and performance expectancy prove to have a significant effect on investment decisions for both groups. Although both South Korean and Chinese institutional investors are plentiful in Cambodia, the investigation indicates that they maintain symmetry in investment competition due to their different preferences in investment objects and types. The results reinforce major implications in offering a more symmetrical and fair competition environment for both Cambodian regulators and multinational institutions.

The Myth of Diversification: The Destabilizing Impact of Diversification on Financial Institutions

Abstract This article analyses the impact of asset and activity diversification on the stability of major financial institutions. Diversification is typically viewed as a positive element in risk management. However, examining recent examples concerning diversified multinational financial institutions and a theoretical model of failure risk facing them, this article demonstrates that under certain conditions, diversification can actually increase systemic risk. Financial conglomerates can be ‘too big to manage’, they can become too similar to each other and susceptible to coordinated failure, and, most importantly, catastrophic losses in one part of the firm can overwhelm the whole firm. Based on this finding, this article proposes a number of mitigation measures to limit intra-firm spillover and to make the resolution of troubled financial institutions smoother.

A Decolonial Critique of the Racialized “Localwashing” of Extraction in Central Africa

Responding to calls for increased attention to actions and reactions “from above” within the extractive industry, we offer a decolonial critique of the ways in which corporate entities and multinational institutions draw on racialized rhetoric of “local” suffering, “local” consultation, and “local” culpability in oil as development. Such rhetoric functions to legitimize extractive intervention within a set of practices that we call localwashing. Drawing from a decade of research on and along the Chad–Cameroon Oil Pipeline, we show how multiscalar actors converged to assert knowledge of, responsibility for, and collaborations with “local” people within a racialized politics of scale. These corporate representations of the racialized “local” are coded through long-standing colonial tropes. We identify three interrelated and overlapping flexian elite rhetoric(s) and practices of racialized localwashing: (1) anguishing, (2) arrogating, and (3) admonishing. These elite representations of a racialized “local” reveal diversionary efforts “from above” to manage public opinion, displace blame for project failures, and domesticate dissent in a context of persistent scrutiny and criticism from international and regional advocates and activists. Key Words: coloniality, decolonial, elite, extraction, racism.

Analysing Benefit Sharing Scheme as Compensation for Damages Caused by Resource Extraction in Indigenous Territory

In Latin America extractive operations have given rise to the loss and environmental degradation of indigenous peoples’ territories. This, in turn, has implied the denial of the access of indigenous peoples to essential resources for their cultural, economic and social development. To compensate the loss of their livelihood, the Inter-American Court on Human Rights, states, multinational and financial institutions have recognised the right of indigenous peoples to benefit sharing. This article analyses the impact of this mechanism on indigenous peoples’ lives. While the definition and scope of benefit sharing is still being shaping at international level, its implementation depends on the political and economic interests at national level. The case of Shuar communities in Ecuador affected by the Mirador and San Carlos Panatza mining project illustrates how a top-down hierarchical approach to implementation leads to violent confrontation between state, corporations and indigenous peoples.

Cooperation in children

Cooperation is central to what makes us human. It is so deeply entrenched in our nature that it can be seen at the heart of every culture, whether it takes the form of group hunting, shared child-rearing, or large-scale, multi-national institutions such as the UN. And yet in contrast to the constancy of other forms of cooperation in non-human animals, such as termite-mound building or honey bee dancing, the changing face of human cooperation makes it seem more fragile, and its mechanisms more elusive. As with other features of our behaviour, human cooperation is the product of both genetic and cultural evolution. Studying cooperation in children, in different cultural environments, and in contrast to other species, provides a valuable window into the ways in which these two forms of inheritance interact over development, and a chance to distil out its constitutive components.

States Are Not Basic Structures: Against State-Centric Political Theory

Contemporary political philosophy often operates on a ‘two-tiered’ theoretical treatment of global politics, on which domestic political systems and the principles governing their internal dynamics constitute one tier, and on which the relationships between states and governing multinational institutions constitute a second. One way of grounding and justifying this approach, preferred by Rawls, is called constructivism. Constructivists describe the world as containing specific domains and domain-types of political and social interaction, and relativizes principles of justice to important versions of these—states, in the case of contemporary two-tiered political philosophy. In this paper I argue against the specifically Rawlsian account of uniting these three commitments (two-tiered political theory, constructivism, and statism) and gesture towards a general argument against the coherence of this bundle of views.

Uma proposta de universidade corporativa: educação, gestão do conhecimento e gestão da inovação

The objective of this study is to propose a model of Corporate University - UC for the institution Generating Values, considering the pillars Corporative Education - EC, Knowledge Management - GC and Innovation Management - GI, in line with company strategies and for their results. A research was carried out in the literature, through a bibliometric survey, and observations were made in the target organization of this project. As a data collection instrument, interviews were conducted with semi-structured questions in a sample of 3 organizations that already have UC. The collected data were submitted to discourse analysis. The results revealed that there are common aspects in the functioning of UC in different companies, and that the proposed tripod may be the basis for developing a working methodology for the implementation, execution and evaluation of UC. It can be concluded that UC can be an instrument for rescue and maintenance of the competitive advantage for the company of this research, with the focus on the present (EC), past (GC) and future (GI). As a result, it is suggested to expand the sample in future researches, in order to raise best practices not only of UC, but also of GC and GI, in public, private and multinational institutions, verifying how it is implemented and maintained in the medium and long-term.

PROTOCOL: Incentives for climate mitigation in the land use sector: a mixed-methods systematic review of the effectiveness of payment for environment services (PES) on environmental and socio-economic outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.

PROTOCOL: Incentives for climate mitigation in the land use sector: a mixed-methods systematic review of the effectiveness of payment for environment services (PES) on environmental and socio-economic outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.