Multimedia Carrier Research Articles

Using mono chrome image in secure data transfer based on book cipher

In the current digitalized world human race confront huge and fast technical progress in communication networks, That contribute to exposure of data and information that is transmitted through these networks to different levels of exposure and attack Also, the authentication of the digital products and services become very important to both makers and customers and can be separated from those that are invalid , The science of transfer secret data in several multimedia carriers like audio , text, video or image so that can achieve the authentication requirements that were mentioned is called steganography. This paper introduces a new steganography technique that will increase the difficulty of exhaustive key search, it based on book cipher combined with ASCII (American Standard for Information interchange) mapping technique using image as reference key.

A Study on Reversible Data Hiding Technique Based on Three-Dimensional Prediction-Error Histogram Modification and a Multilayer Perceptron

In the past few years, with the development of information technology and the focus on information security, many studies have gradually been aimed at data hiding technology. The embedding and extraction algorithms are mainly used by the technology to hide the data that requires secret transmission into a multimedia carrier so that the data transmission cannot be realized to achieve secure communication. Among them, reversible data hiding (RDH) is a technology for the applications that demand the secret data extraction as well as the original carrier recovery without distortion, such as remote medical diagnosis or military secret transmission. In this work, we hypothesize that the RDH performance can be enhanced by a more accurate pixel value predictor. We propose a new RDH scheme of prediction-error expansion (PEE) based on a multilayer perceptron, which is an extensively used artificial neural network in plenty of applications. The scheme utilizes the correlation between image pixel values and their adjacent pixels to obtain a well-trained multilayer perceptron so that we are capable of achieving more accurate pixel prediction results. Our data mapping method based on the three-dimensional prediction-error histogram modification uses all eight octants in the three-dimensional space for secret data embedding. The experimental results of our RDH scheme show that the embedding capacity greatly increases and the image quality is still well maintained.

TERA: Screen-to-Camera Image Code With Transparency, Efficiency, Robustness and Adaptability

With the rapid development of digital devices, the issue of how to transmit information among different devices with multimedia carriers has drawn much attention from the research community. This paper focuses on the important user scenario of “screen-to-camera information transmission”. Along this direction, image coding-based techniques have been shown to be the most popular and effective methods in the past decades. However, after careful study, we find that none of the existing methods can satisfy the four important properties simultaneously, i.e., <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high transparency</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high embedding efficiency</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">strong transmission robustness</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">high adaptability to device types</i> . This is mainly because these properties are contradictory with each other. In this paper, we thus propose a screen-to-camera image code dubbed “TERA” ( <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</b> ransparency, <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</b> fficiency, <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</b> obustness and <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</b> daptability), which makes it possible to circumvent the contradiction among the above four properties for the first time. Generally, TERA adopts the color decomposition principle to ensure the visual quality and the superposition-based scheme to ensure embedding efficiency. BCH-coding-based information arrangement and a powerful attention-guided information decoding network are further designed to guarantee the robustness and adaptability. Through extensive experiments, the superiority and broad applications of our method are demonstrated.

Chaos-based Color Image Steganography Method Using 3 D Cat Map

Steganography is a technique to hide a secret message within a different multimedia carrier so that the secret message cannot be identified. The goals of steganography techniques include improvements in imperceptibility, information hiding, capacity, security, and robustness. In spite of numerous secure methodologies that have been introduced, there are ongoing attempts to develop these techniques to make them more secure and robust. This paper introduces a color image steganographic method based on a secret map, namely 3-D cat. The proposed method aims to embed data using a secure structure of chaotic steganography, ensuring better security. Rather than using the complete image for data hiding, the selection of the image band and pixel coordination is adopted, using the 3D map that produces irregular outputs for embedding a secret message randomly in the least significant bit (LSB) of the cover image. This increases the complexity encountered by the attackers. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated and the results reveal that the proposed method provides a high level of security through defeating various attacks, such as statistical attacks, with no detectable distortion in the stego-image. Comparison results ensure that the proposed method surpasses other existing steganographic methods regarding the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR).

Quality Analysis of Multimedia Teaching in Vocal Music Class Combining Elitist Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm

With the social and economic development, there have been more and more abundant multimedia carriers. In this paper, based on the elitist teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm, the factors that affect the quality of teaching are analyzed mainly from the perspective of teachers in terms of the teaching philosophy, the design level of informatization teaching, the application of new teaching models, the evaluation of teaching effects, and other aspects. The quality of multimedia teaching in vocal music class is analyzed, aiming to improve the quality of teaching. The results of this study indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective.

A Survey of the Various Steganography Techniques Using Soft Computing Techniques

Steganography is the method of storing information by hiding that information’s existence. It can be used to carry out hidden exchanges and hence can enhance individual privacy. Steganography aims at communicating the secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier. In this paper, the various techniques used to perform Steganography in a secure way are studied and reviewed. In this the various Artificial Intelligence techniques used for steganography are reviewed and analyzed.

Steganography-assisted secure localization of smart devices in internet of multimedia things (IoMT)

Steganography is a secure way of communicating secret visual data/information from one place to another via multimedia carriers. Digital steganography, spatial and frequency domain has taken several methods over the past two decades. In this work, we present steganography-assisted secure localization of smart devices for Visual Sensor Network (VSN). The proposed system is based on achromatic-component (Y-Plane) of the YCbCr color space and maximum likelihood estimation algorithm (MLEA) in the spatial domain. Data/information security via multimedia carriers is the main concern in this technological era, if secret information is captured by a Visual Sensor network, (VSN) then the capture information in the case to send from one place to another needs fundamental security to keep the information confidential. In the proposed steganography-assisted Visual Sensor Network (VSN) the camera nodes are intelligent to process the image data and to extract the important information and the rich-description are provided to the system’s user for further action. In the proposed technique first, the input image is rotated on 90 degrees and transformed into YCbCr color space. Furthermore, the secret data is separated into different blocks of the same size based on key giving sub-blocks in Y-Plane, secret information is then encrypted using an MLE algorithm (MLEA) and the corresponding blocks of secret data is embedded in the sub-image of Y-Plane. The experimental results authenticate that the proposed technique does not only boost the visual quality of stegno-images but also delivers good imperceptibility, robustness, and security as compared to state-of-the-art approaches.

Hiding Encrypted Messages in Medical Images using Dwt Technique

Today, with the invent of modern technological applications, it requires a greater security measure to transmit confidential data over various unsecure networks particularly in the fields of military, medical Infrastructure and so on. It can be sent through various communication channels that includes multimedia media like audio/video, electronic signals etc. To transmit information securely, different methods like steganography or cryptography can be used. The term steganography has its derivative from the Greek words “steganos” meaning hidden or covert and graphia meaning writing.Steganography can be defined as a way of hiding a confidential file, text information, or any other multimedia content (image, video or audio)into any other multimedia carrier file. In this work, steganography based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method is proposed where in the secret data is inserted in the modified coefficients of the cover image. The proposed steganography method is implemented in the frequency domain. This approach caters to the needs of users based on the capacity and quality of inclusion data to be transmitted using medical images. To attain this, the recommended algorithm comprises of converting the message into encrypted text using the modified AES algorithm with 8x8 state matrix and incorporating information of encrypted text into medical images. Contrasting to the spatial domain methods, the encrypted confidential messages will be are assimilated into the high frequency coefficients which are obtained by applying discrete Wavelet transformation. Experimental results reveal that embedding encrypted data using DWT technique gives good PSNR values to attain high quality stego images.

AN OPTIMIZED ENCRYPTION BASED STEGANOGRAPHY MODEL TO SECURE MEDICAL IMAGES USING METAHEURISTIC TECHNIQUE.

The implementation of a secret data sharing algorithm along with water marking, steganography and cryptography can have various applications besides medical data privacy. It can be used for improving the authentication ability of confidential data too, so the demand of this type of approaches increases rapidly. We know that, Steganography is a scientific technique that is used to provide safe communication through multimedia carrier, for example, a combination of confidential information might be in the form of images, audio, and video files. If this feature is visible, the attack point is open, so the goal here is always to hide the existence of relevant information. Steganography has a variety of useful applications. But like any science, it can be used for bad intentions. In this research, medial image steganography model is designed to provide the security while transmitting the information in the form of a medical image by utilizing the concept of Discrete Wavelet transformation (DWT) as a decomposition approach with Modified Jamal Encryption Algorithm (MJEA) encryption. In addition the concept of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as an optimization technique used to find out the better hiding location in the medical images. To provide high security different processes are implemented such as pre-processing that is used to resize and conversion of the image with image decomposition. At last, the performance parameters such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), entropy and correlation coefficients are measured and compared with the existing work to validate the proposed model.

Deep learning for real-time image steganalysis: a survey

Steganography is a technique that transmits secret data or message in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio, and video files. It comes under the assumption that if the feature is visible, the point of attack is evident. However, such technology is always used by criminals who do not want to be easily discovered to hide harmful information in various media, especially in images. Massive spreading of those harmful information will increase the difficulty of social security management. In this case, excellent image steganalysis should be developed and applied. Specially, real-time image steganalysis is necessary when information timelines need to be protected. If detection scene has large amounts of users, deep learning can be applied to improve performance of image steganalysis benefiting from its powerful processing capability. Using deep learning, real-time image steganalysis system gets higher accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we give an account of preliminary knowledge first. A brief overview of the deep neural networks (DNN) is also presented. The combination of DNN and real-time image steganalysis is introduced. Then, we import the concept of CNN in DNN, and expound theory as well as advantages of combining CNN and image steganalysis. For multi-user scenarios, we analyze a practical real-time image steganalysis application based on outlier detection methods. At last, we prospect the future issues of real-time image steganalysis.

Developing an End-to-End Secure Emailing Add-in using Steganography

Thanks to the emergence and spread of the internet, email is one of the main and fastest communication tools in both daily and business life. The amount and the importance of data exchanged in emailing have been continuously increasing. This brings the security-related issues. To be able to protect the security of the information, there has been a need to develop innovative ways. Although most email servers are already including some measures, there could some cases in which higher level security measures would be needed. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end secure emailing add-in using the steganographic method, which involves communicating secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio, and video files. The purpose of the system outlined in this paper is to implement the concept of “information confidentially” through both steganographic and cryptographic techniques. This system is integrated into one of the most commonly used commercial emailing software, Microsoft Outlook as an add-in

An Implementation of Text and Color Image Steganography Technique Using Cryptographic Algorithm

The craft of data stowing away has gotten much consideration in the ongoing years as security of data has turned into a major worry in this web time. As sharing of delicate data by means of a typical correspondence channel have become inevitable, Steganography techniques aimed at secretly hiding data in a multimedia carrier such as text, audio, image or video, without raising any suspicion of alteration to its contents. The original carrier is referred to as the cover object. In this paper, we proposed a mechanism of end user data security by means of image steganography technique using ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman) algorithm for improving image quality while we hide data in image. Our proposed approach is simplified yet efficient algorithm that can be implemented for end user application that strictly enforces the data integrity over the communication channel. The performance of the proposed approach is measured in terms of time, memory, MSE and PSNR which was better improved from the previous approach in the similar parameters.

Efficient Steganography Algorithm Based On DCT And Entropy Thresholding Technique

Steganography is the special art of hidding important and confidential information in appropriate multimedia carrier. It also restrict the detection of hidden messages. In this paper we proposes steganographic method based on dct and entropy thresholding technique. The steganographic algorithm uses random function in order to select block of the image where the elements of the binary sequence of a secret message will be inserted. Insertion takes place at the lower frequency AC coefficients of the block. Before we insert the secret message. Image under goes dc transformations after insertion of the secret message we apply inverse dc transformations. Secret message will only be inserted into a particular block if entropy value of that particular block is greater then threshold value of the entropy and if block is selected by the random function. In Experimental work we calculated the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), Absolute difference , Relative entropy. Proposed algorithm give high value of PSNR and low value of Absolute difference which clearly indicate level of distortion in image due to insertion of secret message is reduced. Also value of relative entropy is close to zero which clearly indicate proposed algorithm is sufficiently secure.

Comparative Study on different Steganographic Techniques

The high speed digital world of today has eased the process of data transmission. Today, large amount of data can be transferred in small amount of time which has raised a big question on the secrecy of data, since it can easily be accessed by any third party. Digital Steganography is the science that involves communicating secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier such that the existence of communication is hidden. The art of information hiding has gained much importance in past few years because after having solved the issue of speed and amount of data to be transferred, the other big concern is the security of that data as the information is being transmitted via common channels of communication. Steganography is a technology where data compression, cryptography and information theory like methods are brought together to provide the required amount of secrecy to transfer data. Classification of steganography techniques into multiple categories is based on the cover modification applied in the embedding process and the type of cover used for secret communication. This is totally a review paper, in which we provide the comparison of available steganography methods of hiding text in an image file, audio file, text file or a video file using some basic techniques namely Substitution System, Transform Domain, Spread Spectrum technique, Statistical Method, Distortions Technique and Cover Generating Methods which are categorised accordingly in their respective domains. These types of files act as a cover file for sending the secret message in embedded form.

English

The image fusion steganographic system embeds encrypted messages in decomposed multimedia carriers using a pseudorandom generator but it fails to evaluate the contents of the cover image. This results in the secret data being embedded in smooth regions, which leads to visible distortion that affects the imperceptibility and confidentiality. To solve this issue, as well as to improve the quality and robustness of the system, the Randomized Symmetric Crypto Spatial Fusion Steganography System is proposed in this study. It comprises three-subsystem bitwise encryption, spatial fusion, and bitwise embedding. First, bitwise encryption encrypts the message using bitwise operation to improve the confidentiality. Then, spatial fusion decomposes and evaluates the region of embedding on the basis of sharp intensity and capacity. This restricts the visibility of distortion and provides a high embedding capacity. Finally, the bitwise embedding system embeds the encrypted message through differencing the pixels in the region by 1, checking even or odd options and not equal to zero constraints. This reduces the modification rate to avoid distortion. The proposed heuristic algorithm is implemented in the blue channel, to which the human visual system is less sensitive. It was tested using standard IST natural images with steganalysis algorithms and resulted in better quality, imperceptibility, embedding capacity and invulnerability to various attacks compared to other steganographic systems.

Steganography Literature Survey, Classification and Comparative Study

Transmitting confidential images between two channels suffer from hacking. Therefore, protecting confidentiality has become a very essential issue. Recently, several methods are developed to protect important information. The main idea is based on embedding important information in multimedia carrier such as: text, image, audio, and video. The developed methods may be classified as steganography and watermarking. Steganography aims to embed huge amount of secret data in multimedia carrier while watermarking aims to hid small amount of secret data in multimedia carrier. This paper first presents a literature survey of information hiding, then classifies the proposed methods, and finally introduces a comparative study between the different methods.

Hex Symbols Algorithm for Anti-Forensic Artifacts on Android Devices

Mobile phones technology has become one of the most common and important technologies that started as a communication tool and then evolved into key reservoirs of personal information and smart applications. With this increased level of complications, increased dangers and increased levels of countermeasures and opposing countermeasures have emerged, such as Mobile Forensics and anti-forensics. One of these anti-forensics tools is steganography, which introduced higher levels of complexity and security against hackers’ attacks but simultaneously create obstacles to forensic investigations. A new anti-forensics approach for embedding data in the steganography field is proposed in this paper. It is based on hiding secret data in hex symbols carrier files rather than the usually used file multimedia carrier including videos, image and sound files. Furthermore, this approach utilizes hexadecimal codes to embed the secret data on the contrary to the conventional steganography approaches which apply changes to binary codes. Accordingly, the resulting data in the carrier files will be unfathomable without the use of special keys yielding a high level of attacking and deciphering difficulty. Besides, embedding the secret data in the form of hex symbols, the agreed upon procedure between communicating parties follows a random embedding manner formulated using WinHex software. Files can be exchanged amongst android devices and/or computers. Experiments were conducted for applying the proposed algorithm on rooted android devices, which also are connected to computers. The proposed methods showed advantages over the currently existing steganography approaches, in terms of character frequency, capacity, security, and robustness.

A New Image Steganography Algorithm Based on MLSB Method with Random Pixels Selection

In recent years, the rapid growth of information technology and digital communication has become very important to secure information transmission between the sender and receiver. Therefore, steganography introduces strongly to hide information and to communicate a secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio and video files. In this paper, a new algorithm for image steganography has been proposed to hide a large amount of secret data presented by secret color image. This algorithm is based on different size image segmentations (DSIS) and modified least significant bits (MLSB), where the DSIS algorithm has been applied to embed a secret image randomly instead of sequentially; this approach has been applied before embedding process. The number of bit to be replaced at each byte is non uniform, it bases on byte characteristics by constructing an effective hypothesis. The simulation results justify that the proposed approach is employed efficiently and satisfied high imperceptible with high payload capacity reached to four bits per byte.

Analysis of Image Steganography Techniques: A Survey

Steganography is the technique of hiding data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio, and video files known as Cover. Images are mostly used as the cover medium due to their pervasiveness in different applications and representation with high redundancy. This paper provides a review and analysis of many existing methods for digital image steganography in the spatial as well as transform domain. The performance evaluation of the algorithms with respect to the proposed analysis parameters are summarized along with their limitations inorder to throw some light on the utility of the algorithm as per the requirement of application. General Terms Steganography

Current status and key issues in image steganography: A survey

Steganography and steganalysis are the prominent research fields in information hiding paradigm. Steganography is the science of invisible communication while steganalysis is the detection of steganography. Steganography means “covered writing” that hides the existence of the message itself. Digital steganography provides potential for private and secure communication that has become the necessity of most of the applications in today’s world. Various multimedia carriers such as audio, text, video, image can act as cover media to carry secret information. In this paper, we have focused only on image steganography. This article provides a review of fundamental concepts, evaluation measures and security aspects of steganography system, various spatial and transform domain embedding schemes. In addition, image quality metrics that can be used for evaluation of stego images and cover selection measures that provide additional security to embedding scheme are also highlighted. Current research trends and directions to improve on existing methods are suggested.