Multilevel Study Research Articles

Evaluating the implementation of a multi-level mHealth study to improve hydroxyurea utilization in sickle cell disease.

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a progressive genetic disease that causes organ damage and reduces longevity. Hydroxyurea is an underutilized evidence-based medication that reduces complications and improves survival in SCD. In a multi-site clinical trial, part of the NIH-funded Sickle Cell Disease Implementation Consortium (SCDIC), we evaluate the implementation of a multi-level and multi-component mobile health (mHealth) patient and provider intervention to target the determinants and context of low hydroxyurea use. Given the complexity of the intervention and contextual variability in its implementation, we combined different behavioral and implementation theories, models, and frameworks to facilitate the evaluation of the intervention implementation. In this report, we describe engagement with stakeholders, planning of the implementation process, and final analytical plan to evaluate the implementation outcomes. During 19 meetings, a 16-member multidisciplinary SCDIC implementation team created, conceived, and implemented a project that utilized Intervention Mapping to guide designing an intervention and its evaluation plan. The process included five steps: (1) needs assessment of low hydroxyurea utilization, (2) conceptual framework development, (3) intervention design process, (4) selection of models and frameworks, and (5) designing evaluation of the intervention implementation. Behavioral theories guided the needs assessment and the design of the multi-level mHealth intervention. In designing the evaluation approach, we combined two implementation frameworks to best account for the contextual complexity at the organizational, provider, and patient levels: (1) the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) that details barriers and facilitators to implementing the mHealth intervention at multiple levels (users, organization, intervention characteristics, broader community), and (2) the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a conceptual model specific for explaining the intent to use new information technology (including mHealth). The Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was used to measure the outcomes. Our research project can serve as a case study of a potential approach to combining different models/frameworks to help organize and plan the evaluation of interventions to increase medication adherence. The description of our process may serve as a blueprint for future studies developing and testing new strategies to foster evidence-based treatments for individuals living with SCD.

Labor market dualism and the heterogeneous wage gap for temporary employment: a multilevel study across 30 countries

Abstract This study investigates the hourly wage gap between 25- and 55-year-old temporary and permanent employees across 30 countries worldwide based on Luxembourg Income Study data from 2000 to 2019 supplemented by other survey data. Two-stage multilevel regressions reveal wage disadvantages for temporary workers, particularly for prime-age workers and those working in medium-/high-level occupations. There is no evidence that a stronger institutional dualization in terms of stronger employment protection for permanent contracts increases the wage gap. Instead partial deregulation matters: In countries where permanent workers are strongly protected, the wage gap is larger if the use of temporary contracts is deregulated. Moreover, results suggest that the larger the size of the temporary employment segment the larger the wage gap. Thus, our findings indicate that stronger institutional and structural labor market dualism amplifies labor market inequality in terms of wage gaps between temporary and permanent workers.

Abstract A012: The effect of neighborhood deprivation on colorectal cancer patients in Louisiana: A multilevel study

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer incidence in Louisiana and the US exhibit profound racial and ethnic disparities, determined not only by individual-level predictors but also by neighborhood-level characteristics. Aggregate-level factors such as neighborhood deprivation level, rural/urban status, and accessibility to healthcare facilities are associated with geographic health disparities. This study examines the effect of area neighborhood deprivation on overall and early-onset (age < 50 years) CRC cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and survival. Methods From the Louisiana Tumor Registry we identified 18,903 eligible CRC cancer patients using ICD-O-3 codes C180-C189, C199, C209-C212, C218, and C260, with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage 0-IV between 2009 and 2018. The census tract (CT) level Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was calculated for the years 2010-2014 for all CTs where eligible patients reside. We convert the ADI to quantiles such that higher quantiles indicated more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Trend analysis of CRC cancer incidence by CT-level deprivation was conducted. Multilevel models were constructed to evaluate the influence of neighborhood deprivation on risk of advanced stage cancer diagnosis and death. Variables including sex, race/ethnicity, insurance, marital, smoking status, and primary subsite at the individual level and rural/urban status at the neighborhood level were adjusted. Results We observed a positive relationship between neighborhood deprivation and CRC cancer incidence, with an incidence rate of 38.91 (95% CI 37.32-40.50) cases per 100,000 for the least deprived areas and 57.29 (95% CI 55.20-59.37) cases per 100,000 among the CTs with the highest deprivation (P <.0001). For both males and females, CRC incidence increased linearly with higher deprivation, but males experienced stronger association than females. The incidence of early-onset CRC cancer ranged from 7.62 (95% CI 6.82-8.43) cases per 100,000 population in the least deprived quantile to 11.14 (95% CI 9.99-12.29) cases per 100,000 population in the most deprived ADI quantile (P < .0001). Multilevel model results estimate that the probability of advanced stage (AJCC stage II-IV) CRC cancer diagnosis increases as the deprivation index increases. Compared with patients in the least deprived group, living in the most deprived group was associated with the highest risk (OR: 1.31, 95% CI 1.14-1.52). Although the adjusted survival is similar across deprivation quantiles (HR = 1), an advanced stage of diagnosis significantly increases the overall and cause-specific risk of death. Conclusion Overall and early-onset CRC cancer incidence increases in areas with higher neighborhood deprivation level. Greater neighborhood derivation is associated with more advanced stage (AJCC II-IV) CRC cancer diagnosis. Acknowledgment Supported by NIH/NCI 1R01CA259420. Citation Format: Tingting Li, Ariane L. Rung, Madhav KC, Mei-Chin Hsieh, Laura S. Rozek, Edward S. Peters. The effect of neighborhood deprivation on colorectal cancer patients in Louisiana: A multilevel study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A012.

Using Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction to examine English language learning: A multilevel study in three lower- and middle-income countries

This study examines the determinants of the gaps in learning outcomes of students in three lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) – Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam. We examined the extent to which English language performance relates to Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction, using the Young Lives international school survey data in the three countries. We employed a three-level multilevel model, to investigate variables at the individual, classroom and school levels that may influence English language skills of students. We find that differences in English test performance are attributable to both home background and school factors in all three contexts. Within countries, we find evidence of a high degree of variation in the English test scores of students between schools, indicating the importance of schooling quality and school characteristics for the development of English language skills. We conclude that the process of cultural reproduction through schooling is different for each country, with school-level factors found to reinforce social stratification in countries that are less equitable. This study provides a robust quantitative contribution to the literature base on English language learning in LMICs, where large-scale cross-country comparisons are relatively uncommon due to a relative lack of suitable data. The results and recommendations would be of interest to education stakeholders within LMIC contexts.

Fatores associados à espera para o serviço de fisioterapia: análise a partir do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ)

Abstract Introduction Historically, the difficulty of referrals to specialized health services has been discussed. Objective To analyze the factors associated with waiting time for specialized physiotherapy services. Methods Cross-sectional, multilevel study, with secondary data, based on the external evaluation of the second cycle of the Access and Quality Improvement Program and the United Nations Development Program. The explanatory variables for the outcome "Estimated waiting time of users for specialized consultations – Physiotherapy" were grouped according to the characteristics of the family health teams and contextual factors. In the statistical analysis, Poisson’s Multilevel Regression was used. A significance level of 5% was adopted (p < 0.05). Results Observed association of the time of referral to physiotherapy with the health teams that receive support for the planning of the work process (n = 25.476; 83,4%; p < 0.0001), that the management provides information about the health situation (n = 26.505; 86,8%; p < 0.0016), receives support for the discussion of monitoring data (n = 24.149; 79,1%; p < 0.0001), receives permanent institutional support (n = 25.140; 82,3%; p < 0.0001), gets feedback from the evaluation carried out by the specialists (n = 22.801; 76,6%; p < 0.0001) and in the teams that are supported by the NASF physiotherapist (n = 5.666; 18,6%; p < 0.0001), with an association for the Gini Index (p < 0.044) and the HDI (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The referral time to the specialized physiotherapy service was shown to be associated with both system organization and management factors, as well as contextual variables.

ASSESSMENT OF LABORATORY ANIMAL FUNCTIONAL STATUS: MODERN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CONDUCTING BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

Aim: to outline modern scientific approaches for evaluating the functional condition of small laboratory animals in experimental research. Materials and Methods: Scientific publications on the rules of using laboratory animals in scientific experiments, testing, educational process have been studied. The bioethical norms and principles of animal care and use of material for medical, veterinary and biological profiles were also studied, for example modern methodological approaches for conducting biomedical research, since it is the responsibility of the scientist to achieve reproducible research results using the minimum number of laboratory animals. Conclusions: The main conditions for their implementation and effectiveness include: adherence to the “Ethical Code” published by the International Council for Medical Scientific Organizations in the early 1980s, the principles of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 18 March 1986), and Directive 2010/63/EU adopted on 22 September 2010; the use of advanced and modern diagnostic equipment that enables low-invasive yet highly informative research on small laboratory animals; conducting comprehensive, multi-level studies on an optimal number of animals in laboratories that meet international standards.

Salud comunitaria. Innovando en la formación de residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria

ObjectiveTo know the opinions of the agents involved in the training of family and community medicine residents in order to improve the training process of the «Project to Support the Revitalization of Primary Care; Assets for Community Health» (PARAC) taking into account its adequacy, contextualization and the methodologies used. MethodQualitative interpretative-explanatory study of phenomenological orientation, multilevel and multicenter, in which the opinion of the participants is analyzed. Between 2018 and 2020, 12 focus groups and 24 semi-structured interviews were carried out, with the participation of sixty-seven professionals from six health districts of Andalusia (Spain), who were involved in the PARAC training process. ResultsThe participants consider it necessary to broaden training in community health for residents. To this end, they consider it necessary to make changes in the training plan of the specialty, giving more importance to primary health care than to hospital rotations. They value positively the methodologies used in the PARAC training process, which they consider «novel», and the choice of young teachers to serve as references. In order for their interventions in the territory to be carried out with quality and safety for the population, they ask that specific times and spaces be guaranteed for community health, as well as adequate supervision to help ensure the coherence and continuity of their interventions. ConclusionsTraining in community health for family and community medicine residents requires a pedagogical, didactic and curricular effort that prepares them for work with the community, as well as the guarantee of organizational conditions that allow this work.

Is Stress Among Street Level Bureaucrats Associated With Experiences of Administrative Burden Among Clients? A Multilevel Study of the Danish Unemployment Sector

Is Stress Among Street Level Bureaucrats Associated With Experiences of Administrative Burden Among Clients? A Multilevel Study of the Danish Unemployment Sector

Load reduction instruction in mathematics and English classrooms: A multilevel study of student and teacher reports

Load reduction instruction (LRI) is a practical instructional framework aimed at managing the cognitive demands experienced by students as they learn. LRI comprises five key instructional principles: (1) difficulty reduction during initial learning, as appropriate to students’ prior learning, (2) support and scaffolding, (3) structured practice, (4) feedback-feedforward, and (5) guided independent application. The present investigation explored student- and teacher-reports of LRI in both mathematics and English. The Load Reduction Instruction Scale – Short was administered to 1773 students and their teachers in 93 mathematics classrooms and 94 English classrooms. Multilevel (Level 1 student; Level 2 classroom) confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) supported a Level 1 student LRI factor and a Level 2 class-average LRI factor in each of mathematics and English. However, two LRI factors emerged for teachers in each of mathematics and English: one factor related to Principle 1 (difficulty reduction) and one factor related to Principles 2–5 (scaffolding to autonomy). Follow-up multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) revealed that teachers adjusted their application of LRI Principle 1 (but not Principles 2–5) as a function of class-average prior learning (lower prior learning was associated with greater application of Principle 1). MCFA also showed that correlations between student- and teacher-reported LRI were low. Follow-up MSEM revealed that student- and teacher-reports of LRI uniquely predicted students’ effort and achievement—suggesting that students and teachers provide distinct insights into instruction (hence the low correlation between them) and highlighting the important role of both informants in capturing a comprehensive perspective on instruction in the classroom.

REFRAME, REFORM, AND TRANSFORM: POLICY APPROACHES TO IMPROVE NURSING HOME QUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Nursing homes (NHs) are one of the most heavily regulated industries in the United States. However, concerns about quality of care remain, especially for more vulnerable residents, including those with dementia. Concerns only increased during recent natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic. Community and industry advocates have suggested diverse reforms that prompted new federal policies. This study poses the following research questions: (1) How do federal policies compare with proposals by community (staff and patient advocates) and industry (NH) advocates to improve quality of care in NHs before and during the pandemic; and (2) How do federal policies address micro, mezzo, and macro level issues? To address these questions, this study employs a multi-level comparison case study design. Primary data includes systematically collected and analyzed federal bills, CMS regulations, and community and industry reports, press releases, and website data from 2018 through 2022. Findings revealed that policy proposals fell into three categories: reframe, reform, and transform. Reframe approaches included minimal transformation at the micro-level. Reform approaches involved more mezzo and macro-level changes. Transform approaches proposed significant structural changes at the macro-level. Community advocates presented far more transformative changes than industry advocates and federal policymakers. Federal policies focused on reframe and reform solutions at the micro level and rarely proposed transforming macro-level structures (e.g., workforce structural inequities). This study has important implications for research, policy, and practice by exposing limitations and strengths of proposed solutions for addressing resident care and concludes with suggestions for better aligning with community advocates.

School collective efficacy and gambling: A multilevel study of 11th grade students in Stockholm.

The aim of the present study was to investigate variations between schools when it comes to gambling and risk gambling, and, in particular, to analyse the links between school collective efficacy and student gambling and risk gambling. The data consists of official register information on schools as well as survey data collected in 2016 among 1,061 teachers and 5,191 students in 46 Stockholm upper secondary schools. School collective efficacy was operationalized on the basis of teacher responses, which were aggregated to the school level. Gambling and risk gambling were based on students' self-reports. Two-level binary logistic regression analyses were performed. The results show that there is between-school variation in gambling and in all the study's indicators of risk gambling. Both gambling and risk gambling were more commonly reported by students attending schools with weak collective efficacy, even when adjusting for student- and school-level sociodemographic characteristics. The findings suggest that conditions at school may counteract students' engagement in gambling and risk gambling.

The impact of stress, recovery and coping on burnout symptoms of young elite table-tennis players: A prospective multilevel study.

The aim of the present study was to explore the role of stress, recovery, and coping on table-tennis athlete burnout symptoms in considering both the roles of individual and contextual (training center) factors. One hundred and fifty-nine youth elite table-tennis players (Mage = 14.07, SD = 2.13) involved in 15 intensive training centers completed self-report questionnaires and socio-demographic data. When time 1 (T1) levels 1 (individual) and 2 (training group, contextual factor) stress, recovery, and coping were simultaneously entered as predictors of each of the three burnout symptoms (physical and emotional exhaustion, sport devaluation, reduced accomplishment) at T2 (controlling for levels 1 and 2 burnout at T1), the results of multilevel analyses revealed that: (a) T1 level 1 recovery significantly negatively predicted T2 reduced accomplishment (β = -0.23, p = 0.03); (b) T1 level 2 disengagement-oriented coping significantly negatively predicted T2 reduced accomplishment (β = -0.71, p = 0.03); and (c) T1 level 2 task-oriented coping marginally significantly positively predicted T2 physical and emotional exhaustion (β = 0.99, p = 0.06). Results of the present study provided evidence for the usefulness to disentangle the variances attributable to the individual (level 1) and contextual (level 2; training group) levels of the predictors (recovery, stress and coping) of athlete burnout. Moreover, rather than examining the antecedent role of stress on athlete burnout, it could be particularly fruitful to explore theoretical constructs able to annihilate the maladaptive effects of chronic stress such as coping and recovery.

The mental health impact of multiple deprivations under protracted conflict: A multi-level study in the occupied Palestinian territory.

Building on the literatures examining the impacts of deprivation and war and conflict on mental health, in this study, we investigate the impact of different forms of deprivation on mental health within a context of prolonged conflict in the occupied Palestinian territory(oPt). We expand the operationalization go deprivation while accounting for more acute exposures to conflict and political violence and spatial variations. We use multilevel modelling of data from the Socio-Economic & Food Security Survey 2014 conducted by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, which included a sample size of 7827 households in the West Bank(WB) and Gaza Strip(GS). We conduct the analysis for the combined sample, as for the WB and GS separately. We use a General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ12) score as our main outcome measure of poor health. We used various measures of deprivation including subjective deprivation, material deprivation, food deprivation, and political deprivation. In addition to the different measures of deprivation, we included acute political, health, and economic shocks in our analysis along with background socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate significant variance at the locality level. We find a significant association between poor mental health and subjective, economic, political, and food deprivation; health, economic, and political stressors; age, and being a woman. Post-secondary education and wealth have a significant inverse association with poor mental health. Subjective deprivation is the strongest predictor of GHQ12 score in the models whereby people who feel very deprived have GHQ12 scores that are almost 4-points higher than people who do not feel deprived. Economic conditions, particularly subjective measures, are significant predictors of mental health status. Our findings confirm that political and social factors are determinants of health. Feeling deprived is an important determinant of mental health. The community effect suggests that spatial characteristics are influencing mental health, and warrant further investigation.

Team emotional intelligence buffers the impact of negative emotions on satisfaction with the team: a multilevel study

ABSTRACT This study analyzes Team Emotional Intelligence (TEI) in project teams in higher education. Specifically, we tested the direct effects of TEI on team satisfaction, as well as the relationship between negative emotions that emerge during teamwork and team satisfaction, and whether this relationship is moderated by TEI. Multilevel analyses were conducted with 76 Spanish undergraduate psychology students nested in 26 teams. Results suggest that one dimension of TEI (‘Other Management’) was positively related to team satisfaction (direct effects). Besides, negative emotions decreased team satisfaction, particularly for teams lacking in TEI, while three dimensions of TEI (‘Own Management’, ‘Other Awareness’, and ‘Other Management’) attenuated the relationship between negative emotions and team satisfaction (moderating effects). These results provide empirical evidence for the positive effect of TEI at the team level on student satisfaction and its protective role against negative emotions. We discuss how universities might enhance the student experience when working in project teams (e.g., receiving educational training in TEI).

Employees' reactions to CSR perception and disclosure in the presence of multilevel contingencies

PurposePrimarily, this research aims to examine how and when firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) translates into individual-level attitudes and behaviors of employees under cross-level boundary conditions of firm-level family ownership (FO) and group-level ethical leadership.Design/methodology/approachPhilosophically, the present research comes under the post-positivist paradigm, with a deductive approach. The multilevel, multisource and multimethod data for this research were collected by employing a time-lagged design through the survey strategy and from annual reports of 60 manufacturing firms in Pakistan. The multilevel path analysis was conducted using MPlus.FindingsThe authors found that organizational identification (OID) statistically and significantly mediates the impact of firms' CSR disclosure on employees' innovative job performance (EIJP). However, the partial mediation of OID between firm-level CSR perception and EIJP was noticed. Moreover, a firm-level contingency of FO and group-level ethical leadership further intensifies the impact of CSR disclosure and perception on EIJP through OID.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this research widens the current understanding of employees' reactions to firms' CSR disclosure and perception by investigating the contingencies of firm-level FO and group-level ethical leadership. Practically, the managers can consider the underlying framework presented in this research in defining CSR as the antecedent of the OID and EIJP. For example, organizations must deliberately concentrate on not only their CSR initiatives and engagements but also immense attentiveness should be given to CSR disclosure because disclosing CSR will assist the top management in achieving the desired workplace attitudes and behaviors of employees. This research will also help business leaders to understand the integration of CSR and ethical leadership while making CSR-related strategic decisions.Originality/valueExisting research on CSR still needs advancement due to competing explanations, inconsistencies in the findings, and a lack of multilevel studies. Although few studies on CSR have considered multilevel aspects by devising and testing multilevel mechanisms but largely remained deficient concerning cross-level boundary conditions. Furthermore, the authors also noticed that the academic literature predominantly analyses the impact of perceived CSR either at the individual level or the firm aggregated level on employee attitudes and behaviors. However, research on the effect of organizational CSR disclosure on the behaviors and attitudes of employees remains scarce.

Social inequalities in utilization of a feminist telehealth abortion service in Brazil: A multilevel analysis.

The disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on health services around the world boosted interest over telehealth models of care. In Brazil, where abortion is heavily restricted, abortion seekers have long relied on international telehealth services to access abortion pills. We conducted a cross-sectional multilevel study to assess the effect of individual and contextual social factors on utilization of one such service. For the individual-level, we analyzed data from the records of abortion seekers contacting this feminist international telehealth organization during 2019 (n = 25,920). Individual-level variables were age, race, education level and pregnancy length. Contextual-level units were states, for which we used data from the national Demographic Census and Household Surveys. Contextual-level variables were household income per capita, adjusted net school attendance rate, percentage of racialized women and income Gini Index. We fitted five multilevel Poisson Mixed-effects models with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) of service utilization, which was defined as receiving abortion pills through the service. We found that only 8.2% of requesters got abortion pills through the service. Utilization was higher among women who were older, white, more educated and 5-8-weeks pregnant. Independently of this, service utilization was higher in states with higher income and education access, with lower proportions of racialized women, and located in the South, Southeast and Central-West regions. We concluded that while feminist telehealth abortion initiatives provide a life-saving service for some abortion seekers, they are not fully equipped to overcome entrenched social inequalities in their utilization, both at individual and contextual levels.

How the interplay of gender and culture shapes crowdfunding performance: a multilevel study

PurposeEmerging evidence regarding crowdfunding challenges long-standing “gender gap” views of traditional entrepreneurial financing and indicates that female entrepreneurs may have an advantage in crowdfunding. Yet, the literature primarily focuses on influences at the individual level, largely overlooking the interaction between gender and higher-level culture. Drawing on Hofstede's cultural dimensions, this paper aims to investigate the associations among entrepreneurs' gender, culture and crowdfunding performance, particularly in how entrepreneurs' gender and culture interact to affect crowdfunding performance.Design/methodology/approachLeveraging a sample of 21,730 Kickstarter crowdfunding campaigns and combining these data with data from Hofstede's study, the World Bank (WB) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), this study applies multilevel models to empirically investigate this question across 22 countries/regions.FindingsThis study confirms that the advantageous effect, that female entrepreneurs are likely to obtain better fundraising performance over their male counterparts, does exist in crowdfunding. Furthermore, the findings reveal that this advantageous effect of female entrepreneurs on crowdfunding performance would be reinforced when cultures of individualism and indulgence are high and culture of long-term orientation is low.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on gender gaps in crowdfunding and entrepreneurial financing by adding an important culture-related boundary condition to the gender preference reported in earlier crowdfunding work. Moreover, the paper extends the knowledge about the impact of culture on crowdfunding performance and enlightens future research on leveraging multilevel modeling approach to examine the complex interplay between individuals and situations in crowdfunding.

Servant leadership, ideology-based culture and job outcomes: A multi-level investigation among hospitality workers

Although previous research has linked leadership, culture and work behaviors, scholars and practitioners lack an understanding of how servant leadership affects employees’ work meaningfulness, diversity-valuing behavior and community citizenship behavior by fostering an ideology-based culture within the hospitality sector. This study addressed these gaps by conducting a multi-level time-lagged field study among full-time employees and their supervisors (310 employees nested in 70 supervisors) working in a large hotel chain in Pakistan. The study examined the direct and indirect effects of supervisory-level servant leadership on individual-level meaningfulness, individual-level community citizenship behavior, and group-level diversity-valuing behavior through group-level ideology-based culture. The findings revealed that supervisors’ servant leadership style was positively related to ideology-based culture within each group. In addition, ideology-based culture was positively related to group’s diversity-valuing behavior as well as each member’s meaningfulness and community citizenship behavior. Finally, servant leadership had a positive indirect effect on all outcomes through ideology-based culture.

Ageing workers’ mental health during COVID-19: a multilevel observational study on the association with the work environment, perceived workplace safety and individual factors

ObjectivesThe stress and anxiety associated with the predisposition of ageing workers to severe COVID-19 illness, once occupationally infected, jeopardise their mental health. This study aimed to investigate the association between...

Workplace bullying as an organizational problem: Spotlight on people management practices.

Though workplace bullying is conceptualized as an organizational problem, there remains a gap in understanding the contexts in which bullying manifests-knowledge vital for addressing bullying in practice. In three studies, we leverage the rich content contained within workplace bullying complaint records to explore this issue then, based on our discoveries, investigate people management practices linked to bullying. First, through content analysis of 342 official complaints lodged with a state health and safety regulator (over 5,500 pages), we discovered that the risk of bullying primarily arises from ineffective people management in 11 different contexts (e.g., managing underperformance, coordinating working hours, and entitlements). Next, we developed a behaviorally anchored rating scale to measure people management practices within a refined set of nine risk contexts. Effective and ineffective behavioral indicators were identified through content analysis of the complaints data and data from 44 critical incident interviews with subject matter experts; indicators were then sorted and rated by two independent samples to form a risk audit tool. Finally, data from a multilevel multisource study of 145 clinical healthcare staff nested in 25 hospital wards showed that the effectiveness of people management practices predicts concurrent exposure to workplace bullying at individual level beyond established organizational antecedents, and at the team level beyond leading indicator psychosocial safety climate. Overall, our findings highlight where the greatest risk of bullying lies within organizational systems and identifies effective ways of managing people within those contexts to reduce the risk, opening new avenues for bullying intervention research and practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).