Multifunctional Nano Device Research Articles

Effect of edge dual-hydrogenation on electronic and magnetic properties of armchair silicon carbide nanoribbons

Using the first-principles calculations, we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of armchair silicon carbide nanoribbon (aSiCNR) with different combinations of edge dual-hydrogenation. The dual-hydrogenation on the boundary Si or C atom changes it from sp2 hybridization to sp3 hybridization, which will have an important role on the stability of aSiCNR. Only the full dual-hydrogenation on the one edge or two edges don't change the band structure and magnetic moment of aSiCNR. However, the other different combinations of edge dual-hydrogenation can result in aSiCNR exhibiting metallic, semiconductor, and half-metallic properties under non-magnetism state, ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic states. These results may present a new avenue for band engineering of aSiCNR, as well as valuable suggestions for the practical application of SiC based nanomaterials in spintronics and multifunctional nanodevices.

Self-Assembled TiN-Metal Nanocomposites Integrated on Flexible Mica Substrates towards Flexible Devices.

The integration of nanocomposite thin films with combined multifunctionalities on flexible substrates is desired for flexible device design and applications. For example, combined plasmonic and magnetic properties could lead to unique optical switchable magnetic devices and sensors. In this work, a multiphase TiN-Au-Ni nanocomposite system with core-shell-like Au-Ni nanopillars embedded in a TiN matrix has been demonstrated on flexible mica substrates. The three-phase nanocomposite film has been compared with its single metal nanocomposite counterparts, i.e., TiN-Au and TiN-Ni. Magnetic measurement results suggest that both TiN-Au-Ni/mica and TiN-Ni/mica present room-temperature ferromagnetic property. Tunable plasmonic property has been achieved by varying the metallic component of the nanocomposite films. The cyclic bending test was performed to verify the property reliability of the flexible nanocomposite thin films upon bending. This work opens a new path for integrating complex nitride-based nanocomposite designs on mica towards multifunctional flexible nanodevice applications.

Bowl Shaped Oxide‐Templated Gold Nanostructured Arrays and Structure‐Induced Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Transition and Molecular Trapping Effect

AbstractA facile and versatile methodology is developed for the synthesis of diverse gold nanostructured arrays employing an oxide secondary template combined with sputtering deposition. A bowl‐shaped tin oxide‐built array, with fine structure on its bowl edges, is first designed and prepared by solution‐dipping of an organic colloidal monolayer, drying, and heating treatment. This array is then used as a secondary template for a gold nanostructured array by sputtering deposition on it. By controlling the solution's concentration and drying rate to adjust the fine structure of the secondary template, various new gold nanostructured arrays with hexagonal arrangement are fabricated, including “graphene‐structured” gold nanoarray, non‐contact nanoparticle's ring array, closely contacted nanoring array, and bowl/nanoparticle binary composite nanoarray, achieving the structural diversity and morphological tunability of nanoarrays. Additionally, these gold nanostructured arrays can transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties solely by adjusting their surface architecture. Importantly, the bowl‐shaped structural units within these gold nanoarrays demonstrate a marked capability for capturing target molecules that can only very weakly interact with plasmonic metals. This work offers an efficient route to achieve the structural diversity of nanoarrays, which is of significance in designing and fabricating foundational materials for the next generation of multifunctional nanodevices.

Ferroelectric Domain Wall Delayer and Low-Dropout Regulator.

A switching-type power converter providing an accurate and stable switching output voltage against line/load variations and power supply ripple is mostly complicated in system-on-chip power management integrated circuits (PMICs) within a limited occupation area. Here we fabricated domain wall (DW) nanodevices using an X-cut LiNbO3 thin film on silicon. The domain switching event occurs after a delay time predicted by Merz's law under the applied voltage. But the output current is irrespective of the applied voltage and can be adjusted by conducting wall width as well as input resistance in the circuit. The regulating currents appear repetitively across the volatile interfacial domains between the nanodevice and electrode under intermittently applied voltages. A wall-current-limited domain switching model is developed to explain the phenomenon. The multifunctional DW nanodevices with smaller occupation areas can serve as compact low-dropout regulators in PMICs, time-domain delayers in energy-efficient neural network systems, and on-chip electrostatic discharge protection besides nonvolatile memories and selectors.

Switchable diode effect in 2D van der Waals ferroelectric CuCrP2S6

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics has emerged as a promising building block for nonvolatile memory devices. In this work, we demonstrate the out-of-plane ferroelectricity of 2D CuCrP2S6 (CCPS) at the room temperature and the switchable diode effect in 2D CCPS-based ferroelectric nanodevices. The spontaneous out-of-plane ferroelectric polarization switching and hysteresis loops are directly evidenced by the piezoresponse force microscopy. The intrinsic ferroelectricity originates from the non-centrosymmetric structure of 2D CCPS, which is confirmed by optical second-harmonic generation technique. A ferroelectric tunnel junction was built up by using 2D CCPS as a function layer. The observed diode-like forward rectification effect of CCPS diode is opposite to the direction of remnant polarization, which is attributed to the ferroelectric polarization modulation of Schottky barrier. Our work highlights the great potential of 2D CCPS in ultrathin ferroelectric memory device and motivates the development of multifunctional nanodevices.

Spin-Chirality-Driven Multiferroicity in van der Waals Monolayers.

Driven by the expected contribution of two-dimensional multiferroic systems with strong magnetoelectric coupling to the development of multifunctional nanodevices, here we propose, by means of first-principles calculations, vanadium-halide monolayers as a new class of spin-chirality-driven van der Waals multiferroics. The frustrated 120-deg magnetic structure in the triangular lattice induces a ferroelectric polarization perpendicular to the spin-spiral plane, whose sign is switched by a spin-chirality change. It follows that, in the presence of an applied electric field perpendicular to the monolayers, one magnetic chirality can be stabilized over the other, thereby allowing the long-sought electrical control of spin textures. Moreover, we demonstrate the remarkable role of spin-lattice coupling on magnetoelectricity, which adds to the expected contribution of spin-orbit interaction determined by an anion. Indeed, such compounds exhibit sizeable spin-driven structural distortions, thereby promoting the investigation of multifunctional spin-electric-lattice couplings.

Prediction of the two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor Janus 2H-ZrTeI monolayer with large valley and piezoelectric polarizations.

Two-dimensional room-temperature Janus ferrovalley semiconductors with valley polarization and piezoelectric polarization offer new perspectives for designing multifunctional nanodevices. Herein, using first-principles calculations, we predict that the Janus 2H-ZrTeI monolayer is an intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductor with in-plane magnetic anisotropy and a Curie temperature of 111 K. The Janus ZrTeI monolayer possesses a significant valley polarization of 141 meV due to time-reversal and inversion symmetry breaking. Based on the valley-contrasting Berry curvature, the anomalous valley Hall effect can be observed under an in-plane electric field. Meanwhile, the breaking of the inversion symmetry and mirror symmetry results in large longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients. By applying biaxial strain, the Janus 2H-ZrTeI monolayer can also be transformed into a Weyl nodal line semimetal. Furthermore, bilayers of ZrTeI with AB and BA stacking configurations allow the coexistence of valley polarization and ferroelectricity, enabling the manipulation of magnetism, ferroelectric polarization, and valley polarization through interlayer sliding. Our work provides a platform for studying valley polarization, piezoelectricity, and multiferroic coupling, which is significant for the application of multifunctional devices.

Effect of vacancy defects on anisotropic electronic transport behaviors of CoN4C2 based 2D devices: a first-principles study

The strong anisotropic electronic transport properties of the single-atom-thick material CoN4C2 monolayer hold immense importance for the advancement of the electronics industry. Using density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function systematically studied the electronic structural properties and anisotropic electronic transport properties of the CoN4C2 monolayer. The results show that Co, N, and C single-atom vacancy defects do not change the electronic properties of the CoN4C2 monolayer, which remains metallic. The pristine device and the devices composed of Co, N single-atom vacancy defects exhibit stronger electronic transport along the armchair direction than the zigzag direction, which exhibit strong anisotropy, and a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect can be observed. In contrast to the results mentioned above, the device with C single-atom vacancy defects only exhibits the NDR effect. Among them, the device with the N single-atom vacancy defect regime exhibits the strongest anisotropy, with an I Z/I A of up to 7.95. Moreover, based on the strongest anisotropy exhibited by N single-atom vacancy defects, we further studied the influence of different sites of the N-atom vacancy on the electronic transport properties of the devices. The results indicate that N-1, N-2, N-3, N-12, N-23, N-123, N-1234, and N-12345 model devices did not change the high anisotropy and NDR effect of the device, and among them the N-1234 exhibits the strongest anisotropy, the I Z/I A reaches 6.12. A significant NDR effect is also observed for the electronic transport along the armchair direction in these devices. However, the current gradually decreases as an increase of the number of N defects. These findings showcase the considerable potential for integration of the CoN4C2 monolayer in switching devices and NDR-based multifunctional nanodevices.

Direct observation of intrinsic room-temperature ferroelectricity in 2D layered CuCrP2S6

Multiferroic materials have ignited enormous interest owing to their co-existence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, which hold substantial promise for advanced device applications. However, the size effect, dangling bonds, and interface effect in traditional multiferroics severely hinder their potential in nanoscale device applications. Recent theoretical and experimental studies have evidenced the possibility of realizing two-dimensional (2D) multiferroicity in van der Waals (vdW) layered CuCrP2S6. However, the incorporation of magnetic Cr ions in the ferroelectric framework leads to antiferroelectric and antiferromagnetic orderings, while macroscopic spontaneous polarization is always absent. Herein, we report the direct observation of robust out-of-plane ferroelectricity in 2D vdW CuCrP2S6 at room temperature with a comprehensive investigation. Modification of the ferroelectric polarization states in 2D CuCrP2S6 nanoflakes is experimentally demonstrated. Moreover, external electric field-induced polarization switching and hysteresis loops are obtained in CuCrP2S6 down to ~2.6 nm (4 layers). By using atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy, we unveil the origin of the emerged room-temperature ferroelectricity in 2D CuCrP2S6. Our work can facilitate the development of multifunctional nanodevices and provide important insights into the nature of ferroelectric ordering of this 2D vdW material.

Structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, and electronic band structures of room-temperature ferromagnetic monolayers ScMP2 (M = Mn and Cr)

Two-dimensional (2D) auxetic properties and ferromagnetism are two major focuses of research for next-generation nanomechanical and spintronic devices. However, 2D materials with the two properties at the same time are rarely reported. Based on first-principles calculations, we propose the 2D bimetallic phosphide ScMP2 (M = Mn and Cr), including three stable tetragonal monolayers. The monolayer ScMnP2 exhibit the square structural phase while there is a structural phase transition between the square ScCrP2 and the rectangular ScCrP2, which originates from the mechanism of ferroelasticity and ferroelectricity. Both monolayers ScCrP2 exhibit in-plane auxetic properties, and the value of the negative Poisson’s ratio can reach –0.322. All the three monolayers show a ferromagnetic ground state with high Curie temperature, and are a Dirac half-metal without spin–orbit coupling (SOC). When considering SOC, a nontrivial bandgap can be found in the monolayer ScMnP2, which further becomes a half-Chern insulator. Importantly, the structural phase transitions from the square lattice to the rectangular lattice in the monolayers ScCrP2 will enable a significant improvement in the values of negative Poisson’s ratio and magnetic anisotropic energy simultaneously. Taking the multiferroic (ferroelastic, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic), auxetic, and topological properties into consideration, the 2D system of ScMP2 provide promising applications for future multifunctional nanodevices.

Tailoring angle dependent ferroelectricity in nanoribbons of group-IV monochalcogenides

Ferroelectricity is significant in low dimensional structures due to the potential applications in multifunctional nanodevices. In this work, the tailoring angle dependent ferroelectricity is systematically investigated for the nanoribbons and nanowires of puckered group-IV monochalcogenides MX (M = ; X = ). Based on first-principles calculations, it is found that the ferroelectricity of nanoribbon and nanowire strongly depends on the tailoring angle. Firstly, the critical width for the bare nanoribbon of group-IV monochalcogenide is obtained and discussed. As the nanowires are concerned, the ferroelectricity will disappear when the tailoring angle becomes small. At last, H-passivation on the edge and the strain engineering are employed to improve the ferroelectricity of nanoribbon, and it is obtained that H-passivation is beneficial to the enhancement of polarization for nanoribbons tailored near the armchair direction, while the polarization of nanoribbons tailored along the diagonal direction will decrease when the edges are passivated with H atoms, and the tensile strain along the length direction always favors the improvement of ferroelectricity of the considered nanoribbons. Therefore, tailoring angle has great influence on the ferroelectricity of nanoribbons and nanowires, which may be used as an effective way to tune the ferroelectricity and further the electronic structures of nanostructures in the field of nanoelectronics.

Structural and optical properties of gadolinium doped barium titanate nano-crystal for multifunctional nanodevices

Barium titanate has been the subject of extensive research due to its interesting electronic, optical, and ferroelectric properties, and its potential for use in various technological applications. In present work, the effects of gadolinium-doping (0.00–0.04 mol%) on structural and optical properties of Barium Titanate has been investigated. Structural information including lattice parameters, volume of unit cell, crystalline size and density, and typical microstrain size is examined from the x-ray diffraction data using the Rietveld refinement method. The lattice parameters of crystal increased (a= 3.9943 Å to 3.9975 Å, c= 4.0326 Å to 4.0381 Å) with increase in Gd-doping concentration. Also, an increase in strain from 2.93 × 10−3 to 3.08 × 10−3 is observed. Energy Dispersive X-ray technique is identified the doping of Gd. The optical properties has been analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, the direct and indirect band gaps of the samples are estimated in the range of 4.1 eV–3.62 eV. These results imply the aptness of as-synthesized composites for applications in the fabrication of multifunctional nanodevices.

Spin-resolved transport of multifunctional C18 molecule-based nanodevices: a first-principles study

As is well known, Kasier et al first synthesized a cyclic molecule C18, as characterized by high-resolution atomic force microscopy, is a polyalkylene structure in which the 18 carbon atoms are linked by alternating single and triple bonds Kaiser et al (2019 Science 365 1299–301). Early studies have found that the C18 molecule has semiconducting properties, suggesting that a similar straight-chain carbon structure could become a molecular device. Inspired by this, an analysis of spin-resolved electronic transport of nanodevices made by C18 sandwiched between zigzag graphyne nanoribbon leads or zigzag graphene nanoribbon leads presents here. The computational results demonstrate that a good spin-filtering effect, spin rectifying effect and an obvious negative differential resistance behavior in designed model devices can be obtained. Moreover, a stable dual-spin filtering effect or diode effect can be occurred in considered model devices with leads in an antiparallel state. The intrinsic mechanisms of molecular nanodevices are explained in detail by analyzing the transmission spectrum under different bias voltage, local density of states, molecular projection Hamiltonian, Current–Voltage (I–V) characteristics, transmission pathways, et al. These results are particularly significant for the development of multifunctional spintronic nanodevices.

First-Principles Study on Mechanical, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Half-Metal MnNCl Monolayer.

Two-dimensional ferromagnetic (FM) half-metals are highly desirable for the development of multifunctional spintronic nano-devices due to their 100% spin polarization and possible interesting single-spin electronic states. Herein, using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional, we demonstrate that the MnNCl monolayer is a promising FM half-metal for spintronics. Specifically, we systematically investigated its mechanical, magnetic, and electronic properties. The results reveal that the MnNCl monolayer has superb mechanic, dynamic, and thermal (ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation at 900 K) stability. More importantly, its intrinsic FM ground state has a large magnetic moment (6.16 μB), a large magnet anisotropy energy (184.5 μeV), an ultra-high Curie temperature (952 K), and a wide direct band gap (3.10 eV) in the spin-down channel. Furthermore, by applying biaxial strain, the MnNCl monolayer can still maintain its half-metallic properties and shows an enhancement of magnetic properties. These findings establish a promising new two-dimensional (2D) magnetic half-metal material, which should expand the library of 2D magnetic materials.

Twisted Nanotubes of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Split Optical Modes for Tunable Radiated Light Resonators

AbstractSynthesized micro‐ and nanotubes composed of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as MoS2 are promising for many applications in nanophotonics because they combine the abilities to emit strong exciton luminescence and to act as whispering gallery microcavities even at room temperature. In addition to tubes in the form of hollow cylinders, there is an insufficiently studied class of twisted tubes, the flattened cross‐section of which rotates along the tube axis. As shown by theoretical analysis, in such nanotubes the interaction of electromagnetic waves excited at the opposite sides of the cross‐section can cause splitting of the whispering gallery modes. By studying micro‐photoluminescence spectra measured along individual MoS2 tubes, it has been established that the splitting value, which controls the energies of the split modes, depends exponentially on the aspect ratio of the cross‐section, which varies in “breathing” tubes, while the relative intensity of the modes in a pair is determined by the angle of rotation of the cross‐section. These results open up the possibility of creating multifunctional tubular TMDC nanodevices that provide resonant amplification of self‐emitting light at adjustable frequencies.

The Nanomedicine Revolution

Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained importance in technological advancement due to their changeable chemical, biological, and physical properties with improved efficacy compared to their bulk form. NMs are categorized according to their composition, size, shape, and origin with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm.1 NMs are being widely investigated for their potential use in Nanomedicine, a multifaceted field where biological sciences intersect with nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
 Due to its adaptable platform and design, nanomedicine can be useful in many fields, either by employing a multimodal therapeutic strategy or by developing highly specialized multifunctional nanodevices for the clinical purpose at hand. Nanomedicine research covers a wide range of areas, including the development of vaccines, antibacterial agents, drugs, wearable devices, diagnostic and imaging tools, high-throughput screening platforms, implants, etc., using biological, hybrid, biomimetic, or non-biological materials.
 Nanomedicine has enabled many significant developments in both basic and translational research, particularly in cellular, preclinical, and clinical research. However, most of these developments have been in the area of cancer treatment and detection. Many of these developments are beginning to be translated into viable, commercially available clinical products. For example, in August 2020, a rapid optical sensor-based test for the detection of COVID-19 was developed by a group of researchers at the University of Georgia.
 Their test kit was based on an optical nanosensor based on silver nanotriangle arrays functionalized with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein.2 Studies on functionalized (ligand) nanoparticles that interact with the epitopes of the virus, were shown to rendering it inactive and preventing it from entering cells.3 The lipid nanoparticle-based vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech using COVID -19 mRNA was approved by the UK authorities for emergency use in 2020, followed by Moderna's vaccines. Later, both Pfizer and Moderna were fully approved by the FDA. In addition, researchers involved in nanodevice manufacturing have turned their research interests to other ideas such as artificial organs and antibiotic resistance.
 Given its enormous potential, we believe that nanomedicine will eventually play a central role in all areas of medicine and enter clinics to become part of conventional clinical practice, provided that all aspects of implementation, including safety, regulatory, and ethical criteria, are met. Once this is the case, Nanomedicine should pave the way for the development of improved drugs and tools that can be used for the early detection and treatment of a wide range of diseases with high efficacy and specificity. This will ultimately improve the quality of life of patients.
 Although Nanomedicine offers exciting potential and opportunities to solve many medical problems, there are also certain scientific hurdles, mainly because we do not fully understand how nanomedicines behave in a biological system. A deep understanding of nanomedicine and the biological system can, therefore, pave the way for nanomedicine revolution.
 Editor-in-Chief
 How to cite this: Alamgir W, Haider A. The Nanomedicine Revolution. Life and Science. 2022; 4(2): 86-87. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.389

Selective Dual‐Ion Modulation in Solid‐State Magnetoelectric Heterojunctions for In‐Memory Encryption (Small 16/2023)

Magnetoelectric Multifunctional Nanodevices In article number 2206824, Run-Wei Li, Xiaojian Zhu, and co-workers demonstrate the selective dual-ion manipulation in a Pt/HfO2−x/NiOy/Ni magnetoelectric nanodevice and the reconfiguration of its magnetoresistance. A proof-of-concept magnetoelectric device with integrated memory and encryption functionality is designed for the secure storage of information.

Quintuple Function Integration in Two-Dimensional Cr(II) Five-Membered Heterocyclic Metal Organic Frameworks via Tuning Ligand Spin and Lattice Symmetry.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors (SCs) integrated with two or more functions are the cornerstone for constructing multifunctional nanodevices but remain largely limited. Here, by tuning the spin state of organic linkers and the symmetry/topology of crystal lattices, we predict a class of unprecedented multifunctional SCs in 2D Cr(II) five-membered heterocyclic metal organic frameworks that simultaneously possess auxetic effect, room-temperature ferrimagnetism, chiral ferroelectricity (FE), electrically reversible spin polarization, and topological nodal lines/points. Taking 2D Cr(TDZ)2 (TDZ = 1.2.5-thiadiazole) as an exemplification, the auxetic effect is produced by the antitetra-chiral lattice structure. The high temperature ferrimagnetism originates from the strong d-p direct magnetic exchange interaction between Cr cations and TDZ doublet radical anions. Meanwhile, the clockwise-counterclockwise alignment of TDZ's dipoles results in unique 2D chiral FE with atomic-scale vortex-antivortex states. 2D Cr(TDZ)2 is an intrinsic bipolar magnetic SC where half-metallic conduction with switchable spin-polarization direction can be induced by applying a gate voltage. In addition, the symmetry of the little group C4 of the lattice structure endows 2D Cr(TDZ)2 with topological nodal lines and a quadratic nodal point in the Brillouin zone near the Fermi level.

Design and Simulation of an Autonomous Molecular Mechanism Using Spatially Localized DNA Computation.

As a well-established technique, DNA synthesis offers interesting possibilities for designing multifunctional nanodevices. The micro-processing system of modern semiconductor circuits is dependent on strategies organized on silicon chips to achieve the speedy transmission of substances or information. Similarly, spatially localized structures allow for fixed DNA molecules in close proximity to each other during the synthesis of molecular circuits, thus providing a different strategy that of opening up a remarkable new area of inquiry for researchers. Herein, the Visual DSD (DNA strand displacement) modeling language was used to design and analyze the spatially organized DNA reaction network. The execution rules depend on the hybridization reaction caused by directional complementary nucleotide sequences. A series of DNA strand displacement calculations were organized on the locally coded travel track, and autonomous movement and addressing operations are gradually realized. The DNA nanodevice operates in this manner follows the embedded "molecular program", which improves the reusability and scalability of the same sequence domain in different contexts. Through the communication between various building blocks, the DNA device-carrying the target molecule moves in a controlled manner along the programmed track. In this way, a variety of molecular functional group transport and specific partition storage can be realized. The simulation results of the visual DSD tool provide qualitative and quantitative proof for the operation of the system.

Surface-Dependent Adhesion Properties of Graphene on Diamonds for the Fabrication of Nanodevices: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation

The physical performance of a heterostructure is strongly influenced by the adhesion properties. The study of adhesion properties between graphene and diamond lattice is an inescapable issue in the development of diamond-based graphene multifunctional nanodevices. Herein, a series of adhesion intensities have been theoretically examined, and the optimum facet of diamond and theoretically recommended orientation angle were obtained, respectively. Moreover, the atomistic peeling behavior and the effect of three typical graphene topological defects on adhesion intensity were explored. The study demonstrated that the presence of double-vacancy defects impairs the adhesion strength due to the reduction of the contact area. In contrast, the presence of Stone-Wales defects is conducive to enhancing the adhesion strength. Interestingly, the effect of single-vacancy defects mainly depends on the delicate competition between single-atom removal and single-atom attraction enhancement. Meanwhile, the effects of diamond surface morphology on graphene adhesion were systematically elaborated by the modeling of one-dimensional and two-dimensional surfaces, and randomly rough surfaces. The adhesion details of graphene on regularly tunable diamonds were explored, and the relations of adhesion intensity and graphene morphology with the random roughness of a diamond surface were further revealed in depth. Since the mechanical and electrical performance of a graphene–diamond heterostructure is sensitively influenced by the adhesion intensity, our findings provide insight into the substrate design of graphene–diamond hybrid devices.