Multidimensional Factor Research Articles

TRUST IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR: A NEW APPROACH TO CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING

Abstract. In the new global economy, public trust in the financial system has become a central issue for financial crises overcoming. There is evidence that trust plays a crucial role in regulating economic agents' relationships. One of the most significant challenges for research is developing the unified methodological basis for element and integrated assessment of public trust level in the financial sector. This study intends to develop the methodology of public trust assessment in the financial sector at all levels, taking into account quantitative and qualitative indicators. This article examines the scientific and applied aspects of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods based on surveys of economic agents and economic-mathematical modeling tools, analyzing the researchers experience and outlines methodological approaches to assessing the public trust in the financial system in modern conditions. Important aspects are outlined, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches for element and integrated assessment of public trust on different levels of the financial system are systematized.
 In order to estimate the public trust in the financial system, the multidimensional factor analysis was conducted based on a set of standardized financial indicators for the period from 2010 to 2020. Multidimensional factor analysis employed for data processing and analysis was performed in the computational system STATISTICA. The multidimensional factor analysis results show that trust in the financial sector was grouped into three levels: macro-, mezo-, and micro-level. The results show that the increase in nominal salary and an increase in the share of deposits and loans in the national currency in the loan and deposit portfolio of deposit-taking corporations are statistically significant and positively affect the level of trust in the financial sector. However, the deepening crisis of trust, in turn, is due to the dollarization of the banking sector, increasing the growth of cash outside deposit-taking corporations. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is represented by a set of theoretical and practical aspects of the study, namely the methodology of public trust assessment in the financial sector at all levels of manifestation, taking into account quantitative and qualitative indicators.
 Keywords: public trust in the financial sector, integrated assessment, element-by-element assessment, factor analysis, levels of public trust in the financial sector, monetary authority, financial institutions, financial services
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The impact of state fragility on FDI inflows: The moderating role of natural resources and democratic governance in the MENA region

AbstractThe main contribution of this study to international business research is to integrate state fragility as a multidimensional factor determining FDI inflows. After considering 17 countries in the MENA region for the period between 2002 and 2018, our results reveal that state fragility has a negative impact on inward FDI. However, this negative relationship turns out to be moderated by natural resource endowment and democratic governance. While lower levels of democratic governance strengthen the negative impact of state fragility on FDI, it appears that, contrary to our expectations, higher levels of natural resource endowment accentuate this negative impact, thus providing evidence for the resource curse phenomenon.

An alternative to STEBI-A: validation of the T-STEM science scale

BackgroundThe Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument A (STEBI-A; Riggs & Enochs, 1990 in Science Education, 74(6), 625-637) has been the dominant measurement tool of in-service science teacher self-efficacy and outcome expectancy for nearly 30 years. However, concerns about certain aspects of the STEBI-A have arisen, including the wording, validity, reliability, and dimensionality. In the present study, we revised the STEBI-A by addressing many concerns research has identified, and developed a new instrument called the T-STEM Science Scale. The T-STEM Science Scale was reviewed by expert panels and piloted first before it was administered to 727 elementary and secondary science teachers. The combination of classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) approaches were used to validate the instrument. Multidimensional Rasch analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were run.ResultsBased on the results, the negatively worded items were found to be problematic and thus removed from the instrument. We also found that the three-dimensional model fit our data the best, in line with our theoretical conceptualization. Based on the literature review and analysis, although the personal science teaching efficacy beliefs (PTSEB) construct remained intact, the original outcome expectancy construct was renamed science teacher responsibility for learning outcomes beliefs (STRLOB) and was divided into two dimensions, above- and below-average student interest or performance. The T-STEM Science Scale had satisfactory reliability values as well.ConclusionsThrough the development and validation of the T-STEM Science Scale, we have addressed some critical concerns emergent from prior research concerning the STEBI-A. Psychometrically, the refinement of the wording, item removal, and the separation into three constructs have resulted in better reliability values compared to STEBI-A. While two distinct theoretical foundations are now used to explain the constructs of the new T-STEM instrument, prior literature and our empirical results note the important interrelationship of these constructs. The preservation of these constructs preserves a bridge, though imperfect, to the large body of legacy research using the STEBI-A.

On Regularized Optimal Execution Problems and Their Singular Limits

We investigate the portfolio execution problem under a framework in which volatility and liquidity are both uncertain. In our model, we assume that a multidimensional Markovian stochastic factor drives both of them. Moreover, we model indirect liquidity costs as temporary price impact, stipulating a power law to relate it to the agent's turnover rate. We first analyse the regularized setting, in which the admissible strategies do not ensure complete execution of the initial inventory. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a continuous and bounded viscosity solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, whence we obtain a characterization of the optimal trading rate. As a byproduct of our proof, we obtain a numerical algorithm. Then, we analyse the constrained problem, in which admissible strategies must guarantee complete execution to the trader. We solve it through a monotonicity argument, obtaining the optimal strategy as a singular limit of the regularized counterparts.

L’impact de la fragilité de l’État sur les IDE entrants: Le rôle modérateur des ressources naturelles et de la gouvernance démocratique dans la région MENA

AbstractThe main contribution of this study to the research in international business is to integrate “state fragility” as a multidimensional factor determining FDI inflows. By examining 17 countries in the MENA region during the period from 2002 to 2018, our results reveal that state fragility has a negative impact on inward FDI. However, this negative relationship turns out to be moderated by the host‐country natural resource endowment and democratic governance. While lower levels of democratic governance strengthen the negative impact of state fragility on FDI, contrary to our expectations, higher levels of natural resource endowment accentuate this negative impact, thus providing evidence for the “resource curse” phenomenon.

Exploring Teacher Reflection in the English as a Foreign Language Context: Testing Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance.

The current study aimed to verify the multidimensional factor structure of teacher reflection and to examine the psychometric properties of a widely used teacher reflection scale using a large-scale representative dataset of 1,611 practicing Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. Furthermore, the measurement invariance of the hypothesized, a priori six-factor model of teacher reflection as measured by the adapted scale was assessed across gender and educational degree in Mplus program. In addition, the differences in latent factor means of the same groups were examined. The result of confirmatory factor analysis revealed that teacher reflection was a multidimensional construct, encompassing six underlying factors. Overall, the adapted teacher reflection scale based on the 6-factor model showed an overall good fit. The results also indicated metric and scalar invariance which manifests that the factors underlying the adapted scale had an identical theoretical structure across educational degree/gender groups. Finally, there were significant factor mean differences in reflection components across gender and educational degree groups. A discussion of the results and their implications ensue.

Item wording effects in self-report measures and reading achievement: Does removing careless respondents help?

This study examined the impact of item wording effects on the factor structure of the Student Confidence in Reading (SCR) scale in the 2016 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). First, using a large sample of students from seven English-speaking countries, item wording effects in the SCR scale were investigated for the entire sample and the subgroups of students based on their reading achievement levels in PIRLS 2016. Second, the presence of item wording effects was re-examined after identifying and removing students who answered negatively worded items inconsistently. The results showed that the use of negatively worded items distorted the factor structure of the SCR scale, leading to an unintentionally multidimensional factor structure. Removing students with careless responses had a negligible impact on the model fit for students at the lowest achievement level, whereas it considerably improved the model fit for other students with moderate to high reading achievement.

Factors Associated With Disordered Eating Behavior Among Adolescent Girls: Screening and Education

Introduction/Objectives:An unhealthy relationship with food can lead to disordered eating in adolescence, highlighting the importance of screening. This study describes the frequency of disordered eating behavior among female adolescents, as well as associated characteristics and health behaviors.Methods:Data are from a multidimensional risk factor screening survey administered at a university medical center’s adolescent clinic from 2016 to 2018. The instrument was adapted from existing screening tools such as the Rapid Assessment for Adolescent Preventive Services (RAAPS), the American Medical Association’s Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS), and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Analysis was limited to self-reported responses provided by females aged 10 to 21 years (N = 915). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and independent sample T-tests.Results:Of the N = 915 females who reported on disordered eating behavior, n = 57 (6.2%) had engaged in some form of disordered eating behavior within the past 12 months. Disordered eating was significantly associated (P < .001) with not consistently wearing a helmet while biking, having tried e-cigarettes, being bullied in the past 30 days, having an adverse childhood experience (ACE), and being African American (P = .005). Subgroup analysis of the relationship between disordered eating and bullying, by race, yielded significant findings: disordered eating was more highly associated with being bullied in the past 30 days among African American females (P = .038). The relationship between disordered eating and ACE was also significant (P < .001) among Caucasian girls when stratified by race.Conclusions:Adolescent risk behaviors often co-occur, and disordered eating behavior may be differentially observed by race. Findings highlight the importance of education and screening to prevent the development of disordered eating, and identify those who may be struggling. These results can be useful to community health education and in healthcare to develop and implement health promotion and eating disorder prevention strategies. Further studies are needed to assess additional factors that promote or protect against disordered eating to improve prevention.

Економічне стимулювання праці менеджерів стратегічного рівня управління підприємствами за результатами їх діяльності

The article examines the feasibility of stimulating the work of employees of the strategic level of enterprise management, taking into account the achieved economic results of enterprises’ performance. The existing proposals for the selection and application of criterion indicators, for the achievement of which top managers are stimulated by enterprises, are generalized, and the conclusion drawn is that they are insufficiently substantiated. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to closer define the theoretical and methodological provisions of stimulating the work of employees of the strategic level of enterprise management on the basis of an objective assessment of the results of performance of economic entities concerning the use of economic resources. The objectives of the article are: a closer defining of the theoretical provisions of stimulating the work of employees of the strategic level of management; substantiation of influential indicators of the enterprise’s performance, according to which it is advisable to stimulate the work of top managers; formation of a methodological approach to stimulating the work of top managers on the basis of an objective assessment of the results of performance of economic entities concerning the use of economic resources. The object of the study is the process of stimulating the work of top managers of enterprises. The subject of the study are the theoretical and methodological provisions of stimulating the work of top managers of enterprises. The main research methods are methods of theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, structural-logical analysis, theoretical-logical analysis, canonical analysis, multidimensional factor analysis, method of analysis of factor loads in the equations of latent factors. The main results of the article are presented as follows. The theoretical provisions of labor stimulation of top managers are closer defined, the content of which is to allocate the dual nature of stimulation: objective – regarding the achieved economic results of enterprises and subjective – regarding the perception by top managers of valence and sufficiency of incentives, which constitute two aspects of the study of the process of labor stimulation. Methodological approach to substantiation of indicators of economic performance of the enterprise, for the achievement of which it is advisable to stimulate top managers, is formed using canonical analysis and multidimensional factor analysis according to statistical data of 19 industrial enterprises of the Kharkiv region.

A psychometric study of the Emotional Availability Scales: Construct validity and measurement invariance between depressed and nondepressed mother-infant dyads.

The Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) are the most widely reported observational assessment measure of parent-child relationships and has been of particular interest in understanding differences between samples of depressed and nondepressed mothers and their offspring. Despite its widespread use, psychometric validation of the factor structure in normative samples and the measurement of invariance within clinical samples has not been published. We evaluated the internal structure (dimensionality, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity) of the EAS fourth edition using a nondepressed sample of 157 Australian women and their infants aged 6 months, including testing the measurement invariance of the EAS between the same nondepressed sample (n = 157), and a depressed group (n = 185) of mother-infant dyads, using MPlus. Participants were recruited from tertiary hospitals, and depression status was established using a diagnostic measure. Higher-order confirmatory factor analyses on the EAS' six dimensions supported a unidimensional factor solution in our data. Full measurement invariance was not demonstrated due to metric noninvariance of the maternal nonintrusiveness and child responsiveness dimensions. Full scalar invariance supported mean comparisons, and a medium effect of .78SD lower mean emotional availability for the depressed group was found; Cohen's d = .63, 95% CI [.41, .85]. While arguments exist for the clinical utility of differentiating between multiple dimensions of emotional availability, the current findings do not support a multidimensional factor structure or full multigroup measurement invariance of the EAS. Similar psychometric investigations of the EAS in clinical and nonclinical samples are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL SERVICES IN UKRAINE AND EU COUNTRIES

Objective. The objective of the present article is to study the trends in the development of the market of hotel services in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union, to determine their common and distinctive features. Methods. A complex of general scientific methods is used: analogy, analysis, synthesis, logical generalization; statistical, comparative methods; multidimensional factor analysis. The initial fact of the study is the determination of the dependence of the development trends of the hotel market of Ukraine on the trends of the development of the European hotel market due to the geographical, economic and cultural-historical proximity of the regions. Based on the concept of concentric circles and the leading position of the European hotel market in the world, the hotel market of Ukraine developed to a greater extent under the weakened influence of the European, which is evidenced by both the geographical location of hotels and similar means of accommodation in Ukraine and service and technological innovations. Results. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of the development of hotels and similar means of accommodation in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union was carried out according to the following indicators: the total number of hotels and similar means of accommodation; the ratio of the number of hotels and similar means of accommodation in the city and the countryside, on the coast and on the mainland; the number of beds in them; the number of overnight stays in hotels and similar places of accommodation; occupancy of beds; average length of stay in hotels and similar means of accommodation; dynamics of inbound and outbound tourism. It was established that tourism acted as a catalyst for the development of the hotel market, both in Europe and in Ukraine. The level of development of the hotel industry was higher in those countries where there was a larger number of tourists. At the same time, if inbound tourism dominated in Europe, then in Ukraine, on the contrary, outbound tourism prevailed. The accommodation services market, during the studied period, developed dynamically and had the same growth rates. Hotels developed most actively in large cities, which became centers of the hotel business and pioneers of development. At the same time, there was a tendency to move hotels to the coast. During 2015-2019, a significant number of accommodation facilities were built there. These innovations were also typical for Ukraine. The loss of control over the Crimean peninsula intensified the interest of investors and vacationers in Odesa. This contributed to its rise to the first places in the state in terms of the rate of development of the hotel business. The indicators of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union were radically different in the ratio of the number of institutions and beds between the city and the village. Surprisingly, the majority of bed places in the countries of the European Union were located in rural areas. This explains well the reasons for the dominance of small-capacity hotels in the countries of the European Union and, as a result, higher bed occupancy rates in the EU countries - 45%, against 35% - Ukraine. It is proven that under these conditions, the hotel market of Ukraine tried to adapt and integrate into the European one. According to quantitative indicators, Ukraine and the countries of the European Union were almost at the same level, with the exception of: Germany; France; Spain; of Italy They had higher development indicators and formed the axis of influence: Madrid-Paris-Berlin. The distance from this axis, according to the theory of concentric circles, determined the activity of the Ukrainian hotel market and the peculiarities of the internal location of accommodation establishments and their functioning.

A novel distribution system state estimator based on robust cubature particle filter used for non‐gaussian noise and bad data scenarios

State estimation is the core function of distribution management system, and its estimation accuracy directly affects the operation of other advanced application functions of distribution management system. However, the access of a large number of distributed generation brings non-Gaussian noise and bad data problems, which affect the accuracy of state estimation. Therefore, based on the conventional cubature particle filter (CPF), two new state estimation operators, robust cubature filter 1 (RCPF1) and robust cubature filter 2 (RCPF2), are proposed by introducing the Huber's M-estimation theory into the CPF algorithm and integrating a time-varying, multi-dimensional scale factor with the CPF, respectively. The simulation results based on IEEE33 bus system showed that: (1) RCPF has better estimation accuracy and robustness than conventional cubature particle filter and cubature Kalman filter; (2) RCPF2 has better estimation performance than RCPF1 in the case of non-Gaussian noise and bad data.

Multidimensional Factor Structure of the Modified Child Rearing Practices Report questionnaire (CRPR-Q) in a sample of Portuguese mothers: A bifactor approach

Parental attitudes toward child socialization influence their child-rearing practices, the quality of parent-child relationships, and children’s developmental outcomes. The Modified Child Rearing Practices Questionnaire (CRPR-Q) has been widely used to assess parenting practices across children’s development. However, the few studies investigating its two-factorial structure (nurturance and restrictiveness) have shown inconsistent findings and have not explored measurement invariance across children’s sex and age groups. The aims of this study were to (1) further investigate the factorial structure of the CRPR-Q, by using bifactor solutions (b-confirmatory factor analysis [B-CFA] and b-exploratory structural equation modeling [B-ESEM]) and (2) examine the measurement invariance of CRPR-Q across children’s sex and age groups. A community sample of 589 Portuguese mothers of children aged 3 to 15 years completed the CRPR-Q. Our findings revealed that the B-ESEM model best fit the data. A clear differentiation between the two a priori factors (nurturance and restrictiveness) was found. However, our findings suggest the need to control for content specificity and rely on a broader perspective regarding the nurturance factor. Measurement invariance was observed across children’s sex but not across children’s age groups. These findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the underlying relationships among the CRPR-Q items.

Exploratory Likert Scaling as an Alternative to Exploratory Factor Analysis. Methodological Foundation and a Comparative Example Using an Innovative Scaling Procedure

Identifying the dimensional structure of a set of items (e.g., when studying attitudes) is an important and intricate task in empirical social research. In research practice, exploratory factor analysis is usually employed for this purpose. Factor analysis, however, has known problems that may lead to distorted results. One of its central methodological challenges is to select an adequate multidimensional factor space. Purely statistical decision heuristics to determine the number of factors to be extracted are of only limited value. As I will illus­trate using an example from lifestyle research, there is a considerable risk of fragmenting a complex unidimensional construct by extracting too many factors (overextraction) and splitting it across several factors. As an alternative to exploratory factor analysis, this paper presents an innovative scaling procedure called exploratory Likert scaling . This method­ologically based technique is designed to identify multiple unidimensional scales. It reli­ably finds even extensive latent dimensions without fragmenting them. To demonstrate this benefit, this paper takes up an example from lifestyle research and analyzes it using a novel R package for exploratory Likert scaling. The unidimensional scales are constructed se­quentially by means of bottom-up item selection. Exploratory Likert scaling owes its high analytical potential to the principle of multiple scaling, which is adopted from Mokken scale analysis and transferred to classical test theory.

Exploring the Antecedents of Social Support on Social Network Sites

There has been little research to examine the antecedents of social support in the setting of social network sites (SNS). This study uses supplementary fit as an antecedent to explain why people can perceive social support on SNS. The authors collect 550 validated questionnaires from Facebook, Instagram, and PTT. The statistical results reveal the following findings: (1) value-based fit promotes emotional and informational support but not instrumental support; (2) personality-based fit promotes emotional and informational support but not instrumental support. The theoretical contributions are as follows: First, social support was tested as a multi-dimensional factor, which can better identify the types of supports people perceive from SNS. Second, supplementary fit acts as an antecedent to clarify the conditions individuals' perceive as social support, which facilitate a new path for both social support and virtual communities research. Suggestions to facilitate valued-based and personality-based fit on SNS are provided.

Poverty, Racism, and the Public Health Crisis in America.

The purpose of this article is to discuss poverty as a multidimensional factor influencing health. We will also explicate how racism contributes to and perpetuates the economic and financial inequality that diminishes prospects for population health improvement among marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Poverty is one of the most significant challenges for our society in this millennium. Over 40% of the world lives in poverty. The U.S. has one of the highest rates of poverty in the developed world, despite its collective wealth, and the burden falls disproportionately on communities of color. A common narrative for the relatively high prevalence of poverty among marginalized minority communities is predicated on racist notions of racial inferiority and frequent denial of the structural forms of racism and classism that have contributed to public health crises in the United States and across the globe. Importantly, poverty is much more than just a low-income household. It reflects economic well-being, the ability to negotiate society relative to education of an individual, socioeconomic or health status, as well as social exclusion based on institutional policies, practices, and behaviors. Until structural racism and economic injustice can be resolved, the use of evidence-based prevention and early intervention initiatives to mitigate untoward effects of socioeconomic deprivation in communities of color such as the use of social media/culturally concordant health education, social support, such as social networks, primary intervention strategies, and more will be critical to address the persistent racial/ethnic disparities in chronic diseases.

Investigating the Causal Relationships between Project Complexities and Project Cost: An Empirical Study from New Zealand

Project complexity is usually considered as one of the main causes of cost overruns, resulting in poor performance and thus project failure. However, empirical studies focused on evaluating its effects on project cost remain lacking. Given this circumstance, this study attempts to develop the relationship between project cost and the multidimensional project complexity elements. The study assumes complexity as a multidimensional factor including the task, organization, market, legal, and environment complexities. And it adopts an empirical evidence-based structural model to account for the relationships between project cost and project complexity. By doing so, a quantitative assessment of multidimensional project complexity has been developed. The findings suggest that task and organization complexities have direct effects on project cost, while market, legal, and external environment complexities have indirect effects on project cost. The practical contribution is that the findings can improve the understanding of which dimension of complexity significantly influences project cost and the need to focus efforts on strategically addressing those complexities.

Lord\u2013Wingersky Algorithm Version 2.5 with Applications

Item response theory scoring based on summed scores is employed frequently in the practice of educational and psychological measurement. Lord and Wingersky (Appl Psychol Meas 8(4):453–461, 1984) proposed a recursive algorithm to compute the summed score likelihood. Cai (Psychometrika 80(2):535–559, 2015) extended the original Lord–Wingersky algorithm to the case of two-tier multidimensional item factor models and called it Lord–Wingersky algorithm Version 2.0. The 2.0 algorithm utilizes dimension reduction to efficiently compute summed score likelihoods associated with the general dimensions in the model. The output of the algorithm is useful for various purposes, for example, scoring, scale alignment, and model fit checking. In the research reported here, a further extension to the Lord–Wingersky algorithm 2.0 is proposed. The new algorithm, which we call Lord–Wingersky algorithm Version 2.5, yields the summed score likelihoods for all latent variables in the model conditional on observed score combinations. The proposed algorithm is illustrated with empirical data for three potential application areas: (a) describing achievement growth using score combinations across adjacent grades, (b) identification of noteworthy subscores for reporting, and (c) detection of aberrant responses.

Determining Factors of Psychological Performance and Differences among Age Categories in Youth Football Players

Within the determining factors of psychological performance, mental toughness is considered a multidimensional factor, comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioural components together with self-confidence, which is related to success in sports performance as well as psychological health and well-being. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between different factors composing mental toughness and age categories in young football players, in order to determine the presence of specific psychological skills in their formative progression. A total of 118 male players (16.91 ± 2.42 years old) completed the Spanish version by Cernuda (1988) of the original Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI) by Loher (1982, 1986). The results indicated significant differences in four variables (negative energy control, attention control, visual and image control, motivational level) on three different age categories, where the U19 category showed the best results for all the variables, decreasing afterwards in the semi-professional category. Significant correlations were established between mental toughness variables and age categories, where the age category variable was significantly correlated in a positive way with attention control, visual and image control, and motivational level. In the same line, the variable self-confidence correlated positively with negative energy control, attention control, motivational level, attention control, and positive energy. The assessment of psychological variables such as mental toughness, taking into account the formative stage, may be helpful for both coaches and players when selecting adequate mental skill training for improving competitive performance and sporting success, as well as for positive and healthy psychological development and well-being.

Death Anxiety in the Elderly in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objectives: Aging is one of the most critical stages of human development that has its own characteristics and conditions. One of the most common issues in old age is the mental health whose achievement requires special attention from both health system policymakers and service providers to the elderly. Death anxiety is one of the most common mental health issues in old age, because this period is full of feelings of shortcomings and disabilities. Since death anxiety is a multidimensional factor, it is expected to affect many aspects of the elderly. The present study aims to review and analyze published studies in the field of death anxiety in the elderly in Iran. Methods &amp; Materials: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted on the studies related to the death anxiety of the elderly in Iran published in Persian from 2011 to 2019. A search was conducted in national databases, including SID, IranDoc, MagIran, IDML, and CIVILICA using the keywords: Death anxiety, elderly, and older adult. Initial search yielded 61 articles. After screening, 33 studies that met the entry and exit criteria were selected for the final review. We used Stata v. 14 and SPSS v. 22 applications to perform meta-analysis. Results: In the studies, 40.35% of the participants were older women and the rest were older men with a mean age of 67.80±6.44 years. The mean score of death anxiety was higher in men than in women, and the elderly living in nursing homes had the highest score (11.8). Studies were categorized into three sections: comparison (3 studies), intervention (11 studies), and factors affecting the death anxiety (18 studies). The results of meta-analysis showed no significant relationship between spiritual therapy and reduction of death anxiety in the elderly (P&gt;0.05). In studies with spiritual and behavioral therapies, the heterogeneity was significant and, thus, a significant positive relationship was observed between the reduction of death anxiety and these treatments methods. Conclusion: The death anxiety level of the elderly in Iran is low. Religious beliefs, hopes for the intercession of imams and religious leaders, and hopes for freedom from the hardships of worldly life seem to have contributed to low death anxiety in Iran. Different death anxiety scores have been reported for older men and women in Iran may be due to the effect of culture, religion, and traditions, the difference in the roles of men and women, and even the expression of fear and anxiety. Most of men have less tendency to express their emotions, including fear, while women are more likely to express their feelings. Behavioral and spiritual interventions lead to a decrease in the elderly’s death anxiety through affecting their finding meaning in life.