Multicultural Area Research Articles

G84(P) Cultural risk of foreign body aspiration

Introduction Wearing a head scarf is practised by certain cultures and religions including Muslim females. The head scarf may be fixed using pins, there have been previous case reports and case series of accidental inhalation of scarf pins from countries where wearing head scarves is common, such as Egypt, Kuwait and Turkey. We present a case series from a city in the UK, of females with accidental scarf pin inhalation. Methods We searched for patients who had accidental scarf pin inhalation/indigestion presenting to a tertiary care Children’s Hospital emergency department and also those that were referred to the Acute Paediatric Department at a District General Hospital from January 2008 to December 2014. Results Over a 6 year period, a total of 12 patients presented with accidental scarf pin inhalation/ingestion. The age range of these patients ranged between 11 to 14 years, with a mean of 12.3 years. All were female Muslims, with no significant past medical history. The history given was that of the scarf pin was held in the mouth, and patients reported that they sneezed, were talking at the same time, laughing or were pushed by another person as a result of which they ingested or inhaled the pin. In 9 out of 12 of these patients, the x-ray’s showed that the pin was in the stomach, and 6 of these patients had a repeat x-ray to ensure that the pin had progressed within the GI tract. In two patients the pin was inhaled and was found to be in the left main bronchus and in one patient the pin was found to be in the upper airway on chest x-ray. All three patients required laryngotracheobronchoscopy and foreign body removal. Conclusion Health professionals working in a multi-cultural area need to be aware of this presentation and appropriate management. Wider educational measures are required in order to increase awareness regarding avoidance of placing the scarf pins in the mouth whilst placing head scarves.

English

In varying degrees, Arabic poetry is rich with natural images but they are employed differently by Arab poets. This article analyses some selected Arabic poems through the lens of ecocriticism to explore how the natural environment is always a shaping force of individuals and contribute to the greening of resistance through parts of the biotic community in the Arab world. The premise of this article has its roots in the recent ecocritical arguments on the elastic and permeable boundaries of the field and its applicability as a lens through which to read any literary text. The discussion is focused on some selected Arabic poems which lend themselves well to the ecocritical interpretation and show how the Arab poets such as Mahmoud Darwish, Tawfiq Zayyad, Fadwa Tuqan, and Salem Jubran engage the natural environment in their poems. The analysis of the selected poems, which represent the other Arabic poems of their genre, advocates the ecocritical way of expressing resistance in Arabic poetry to signify the profound presence and engagement of the natural world in exhibiting the human resistance to the occupation of the land. It also reveals that the Arab poets have highlighted the interconnectedness between the human and nonhuman world in their poetry. By incorporating the Arab viewpoints and voices such as the ones we presented in this article, ecocriticism is instrumental in meeting its targeted scope as a multinational, multi vocal, multicultural area of scholarship. Keywords: ecocriticism; natural environment; resistance; Arabic poetry; Arab poets DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/3L-2015-2101-02

Lenzgesund – quartiersbezogene Gesundheitsförderung durch den kommunalen ÖGD

Einleitung Langfristige Kooperationen zwischen Gesundheitsämtern, Einrichtungen der Praxis und Forschungseinrichtungen sind immer noch recht selten. In mehr als 10jähriger gemeinsamer Arbeit hat das Gesundheitsamt des Hamburger Bezirks Eimsbüttel mit zahlreichen Kooperationspartnern und dem Institut für Medizin-Soziologie in der Lenzsiedlung, einem multi-kulturellen Quartier (3.000 Einw.) mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf, umfangreiche Maßnahmen quartiersbezogener Gesundheitsförderung durchgeführt und teilweise nachhaltig etabliert.

Immigration and Public Security: The Implementation of Municipal Bylaws in Milan

On 13 February 2010, in Via Padova, a multicultural area of Milan, a young Egyptian was stabbed and killed by native of the Dominican Republic. After the murder, several members of the city's North African community exploded in a running street riot. The events were followed by a harsh political debate, leading to two bylaws were issued by the Mayor of Milan, which sought to impose severe restrictions on life in the area. 
 These two bylaws, N°14/2010 and N°15/2010, are part of a wave of administrative acts about urban security that were approved by different local governments in Italian cities, after the birth of the “Security Emergency” in 2006-2008. These measures can't be considered traditional means of law enforcement in Italy: the municipal bylaws are administrative acts approved by local government of each city without any direct link to the Parliament or the Central Government. 
 Although public order is competence of the Central Government, since the early 90s local governments claimed more power in order to deal with urban security. 
 Moreover, in 2009 was approved a specific group of regulations, the “Pacchetto sicurezza” that increased the controls on immigration in the cities by police, the army and citizens' participation “ronde cittadine”. This is something new in the field of immigration control in Italy: moving from the national borders, control on immigration comes in the cities and in the neighbourhoods. 
 This paper firstly depicts the new powers of local governments dealing with urban security as they move beyond the traditional limits of Law enforcement, and provides descriptions of the army and private citizens as new actors of urban social control against immigration. Secondly, the case of Via Padova is taken as a concrete example of administrative acts in the realm of urban security that create a “state of exception” in a specific neighbourhoods, targeting the immigrants and the places where they gather. The link between this exceptional situation and the Zero Tolerance approach that supported the measures creates a space where the legal aspect of security administrative acts is ambiguous: the Milan bylaws can be considered as an actual mechanism to move beyond the traditional criminalization of immigrants.

Targeting educational disadvantage by area: continuity and change in urban areas in England, 1968–2014

Focusing on data and policies from England, trends in educational disadvantage by area are traced from the late 1960s when the first pilot projects were established in the UK, to the present. The origins of these developments and the subsequent rises and falls of such area-based policies in England are reviewed. Specially collected data for the pilot areas from the 1960s and national data for England from 2000 are used to draw out some striking patterns of changes over the period. Though many of the areas remain highly disadvantaged, educational measures at age 16 and at entry to higher education (HE) indicate some important changes. Thus the settled, white working-class pilot area in the 1960s with just below average results had fallen back very substantially by 2013, particularly in entry to HE. By contrast the newly settled Asian immigrant area in Birmingham where educational performance was exceptionally poor in the 1960s had moved above average despite remaining highly disadvantaged. Analysis of the national results since 2000 using local area data showed that these trends were widespread across England. Disadvantaged ‘multicultural urban areas’ were doing markedly better than the disadvantaged white working-class urban areas, where in many cases traditional industries had closed. This was especially marked at entry to HE where multicultural areas had rates close to the national average of 40% while white working-class urban areas had rates of entry to HE of between 10% and 15% of the age group and this gap has widened rapidly in recent years. These trends are likely to be the source of major resentment, with one group finding itself increasingly excluded from higher level employment opportunities, and the other failing to find opportunities that match their expectations once they leave education.

TOŻSAMOŚĆ LUDZI W ZMIENIAJĄCEJ SIĘ PAŃSTWOWOŚCI – STUDIUM PRZYPADKU

This article is a comparative analysis of biographies of the two women. One of them lives inElk, Poland and the other in Swiecionys, Lithuania. Both of them live in the areas where camefrom their ancestors, from generation to generation. Both of them were born in the 20’s of the 20thcentury in the villages situated nearby the towns they are currently living, however their homesused to be in different countries than nowadays.Before the World War 2, both Vilnius Region and Eastern Prussia were multicultural,multilingual and multi-denominational with one major religion, to which followers belonged bothcharacters of the analysed biographies. Local customs of different provenance were characteristicfor the whole village, irrespectively of its inhabitants’ identities.The end of World War 2 and the change of the borders became a traumatic experience foryoung at that time girls. They were forced to make difficult decisions, to choose their state and theirnationality, to decide about their personal life and about separation from their close family.The both women were not involved in the war, neither military nor politically. However,they both were afflicted by political decisions made by the victors of the war, which were theconsequences of the actions of those who started that war.The sense of identity of ordinary people living in multicultural areas, which are changing theirstatehood in different historical periods, is very complex and difficult.The aim of this article is to show the factors which can influence on national and culturalidentity of ordinary people living in areas, where the statehood has changed.

Baccalaureate nursing students' perspectives on learning about caring in China: a qualitative descriptive study.

BackgroundThe need to provide humanistic care in the contemporary healthcare system is more imperative now and the importance of cultivating caring in nursing education is urgent. Caring as the primary work of nursing has been discussed extensively, such as the meaning of caring, and teaching and learning strategies to improve nursing students’ caring ability. Yet attempts to understand students’ perspectives on learning about caring and to know their learning needs are seldom presented. The aim of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore the baccalaureate nursing students’ perspectives on learning about caring in China.MethodsA qualitative descriptive study using focus group interviews were undertaken in two colleges in Yunnan Province, China from February 2010 to April 2010. Purposeful sampling of 20 baccalaureate nursing students were recruited. Content analysis of the transcribed data was adopted to identify the themes.ResultsFour categories with some sub-categories related to students’ perspectives on learning about caring were identified from the data: 1) Learning caring by role model; 2) conducive learning environment as the incentive to the learning about caring; 3) lack of directive substantive way of learning as the hindrance to the learning about caring; 4) lack of cultural competency as the barrier to the learning about caring.ConclusionsBoth caring and uncaring experiences can promote the learning about caring in a way of reflective practice. The formal, informal and hidden curricula play an important role in the learning about caring. Cultural awareness, sensitivity and humility are important in the process of learning to care in a multicultural area.

Katalikybė, Marija ir istorija : Aušros vartų Švč . Mergelės Marijos paveikslo karūnavimas (1927 m.) kaip lenkų atminimo ir lietuvių užmiršimo sureikšminimas

Picture crowning is a form of honouring widespread throughout Christianity. The crowning ceremony of the Virgin of the Gate of Dawn is an example of how in multilingual and multicultural areas the political elite can use signifiers common to all local religious community and change/actualize theirs signified as a way to integrate masses lacking a clear ethnic/national identification into the nation. The political elite of the Second Polish Republic used the ceremony as a means to actualize an image of memory (Mary) as the guard and defender (Hetmanka) of the Polish state in the Vilnius cityscape. The crowning of the Hetmanka therefore celebrated univocally the rule of Piłsudski in the new Poland and used a religious symbol that the rural Catholic population identified themselves with as a means to stimulate the populace’s feelings of belonging to the state. Conversely, Lithuanian intelligentsia counteracted the Polish actualization of the memory Mary of the Gate of Dawn by stressing the canonical Catholic image of the Virgin and her maternal meaning.

Characteristics of Itaewon as a Religious Area and Its Understanding as a Multicultural Space

This paper begins with a premise that it will help understand better Itaewon as a multicultural space to analyse characteristics of Itaewon as a religious area. The range of Itaewon considered in this study is from Itaewon 1dong and 2dong, Hanman dong to Bokwang dong. The reason why the four areas are put together as Itaewon is because they share cultural characteristics (cultural hybridity) of a multicultural space. The research has focused on religious groups that are registered in Itaewon and six organizations that are in activity such as Sharmanism, Christianity, Catholic, Islam, Buddhism, and Yipjeongkyosunghoi(在家佛敎韓國立正?成會). Itaewon has developed as a multicultural space of various foods, streets, religions according to cultures, languages, and religions that have been brought into by different ethnics groups. In particular, the establishment of various religious organizations has formed a religious area in multicultural space. The formation and enlargement of religious area can be understood to mean that religious organizations are spreading their religious beliefs. On the basis of the analysis of religious map in Itaewon, this papers examines that each religious group enlarges their beliefs by understanding their own religion, other religions, Itaewon as a multicultural area, and immigrants of the area, etc. The characteristics of Itaewon as a multicultural area can be summed up in three points. First, as Itaewon is transformed into a multicultural area, each religious organization spreads their beliefs by strengthening or modifying their religious rituals. Second, there is change in understanding other religions in the area. Third, in comparison to multicultural space of other areas, religious activities in Itaewon are less active towards its immigrants. The multicultural characteristics of Itaewon at the current times can be observed through shops in streets and the central association of Islam. This shows that the multicultural characteristics of Itaewon are developed by immigrant labourers rather than immigrant women on marriage. Thus, it is expected that religious groups in Itaewon would focus on immigrant labourers for the enlargement of their beliefs. This kind of response by religious groups would play an important role in changing the religious map in Itaewon. This study is only a introductory essay on the issue, and leaves further study in detail for later.

Translating Oral Literature in Indigenous Societies: Ethnic Aesthetic Performances in Multicultural and Multilingual Settings

This article is about translating oral literature in indigenous societies, especially in multilingual and multicultural areas such as, Northwestern California, where shared, regional material becomes ethnically marked when seemingly small changes are introduced. Though Dell Hymes was deeply concerned with questions of translation, he rarely applied his analytical framework to translations within indigenous cultural settings; more often, he focused on the subtleties of translating oral literature into English, with emphasis on faithfully representing aspects of the structure and style. One way to build on Hymes's legacy would be to apply his careful attention to matters of structure and style, to a discussion of translation within indigenous traditions, where this approach can tease out minor differences that take on great symbolic significance. Translation is a practical, daily matter in much of the world, and in this sense Hymes's groundbreaking work on the poetics of translation continues to shed light on the subtleties of creating meaning and ethnic distinction in multilingual areas.

Effective Tools for Conflict Resolution in Multicultural Teams in Industrial Enterprises

Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of resolving conflicts within multicultural teams in industrial enterprises. The authors build upon the concept of multiculturalism which seeks for possible ways to enable different cultures to coexist and the means of communication between them. In the introduction, the authors explain the importance of increased attention and interest in the area of multiculturalism. Industrial enterprises nowadays are increasingly aware of this issue as they become more open to different cultures and they are confronted with intensive international migration and previously isolated societies become more pluralistic. As a result of these processes, individuals are more frequently in contact with members of different cultures.

'즐거운 생활' 교과에 나타난 다문화 교육 내용 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the `Pleasant Life` textbook in the elementary school focused on the perspective of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. The first- and second-grade textbook `Pleasant Life` of the revised 2007 national curriculum was made to serve build up sound body and mind through activities and play together with different products and life culture which is associated with multicultural education. But in the global world that is changing to the multicultural area, the textbook `Pleasant Life` has a tendency to not to be satisfied this current needs. The analysis criterion is made up six elements: understanding culture, self-identify, human equality, conquest of prejudice and collaboration. The results of analysis on contents related to the multicultural education in the elementary `Pleasant Life` textbook for the 1st and 2nd grade are follows. The first, in the plenty of images and pictures, there are not diverse races in the textbook. Yellow race naturally command an overwhelming majority in the textbook images and pictures. Second, the `Pleasant Life` has a few multicultural contents and if teacher would not have will for teaching multicultural contents, he can`t teach multicultural education. Third, `Pleasant Life` textbook has overmuch ethnocentrism contents which is expressed traditional play and folk songs. These contents lead to exclusiveness for other culture to students. In conclusion, it is needed to grow concerns for multicultural education and the national curriculum should offer precise guidelines on the direction and standards of multicultural education.

Decentralization and Environmental Governance in Multicultural Areas: Lessons from Two Colombian Communities

Most Latin American countries recognized the right to self-determination of ethnic groups and became precursors in community forest management. The paper takes the case of Colombia to evaluate how multicultural areas have adapted to these reforms. I evaluate the effect of local politics on ethnic organizations and environmental governance by comparing an indigenous community settling 1,300 hectares of forested land in Karmata Rua (Antioquia) and a riverine Afro-Colombian community addressing the environmental effects of a hydroelectric company in the Anchicaya River (Valle). The paper argues that in multicultural areas, ethno-political autonomy may lead to environmental governance. Autonomy is affected by the scale and characteristics of ethnic territories and their natural resources, social movement dynamics, type of state presence and inter-government relations, and the reciprocal recognition and adaptation of consuetudinary and statutory norms within multiple layers of governance. I conclude that autonomy rights depend on local faculties to oversee government actions and synchronize customary and statutory rights. This is more likely to happen in the presence of strong social movements that support community empowerment and facilitate governance technology transfers compelling cooperation or acquiescence from government, and other powerful groups. I draw information from primary and secondary documents, participant observation and interviews with stakeholders.

Benefit or burden? How English schools responded to the duty to promote community cohesion

This paper discusses results from a small scale qualitative study of how primary and secondary schools in three English local authorities responded to the introduction and subsequent inspection of a legal duty to promote community cohesion, following a series of ‘race’ riots in 2001 and the London bombings of 2005. The policy itself is seen as reflecting wider discourse and is shown as shifting in focus during the period it was officially inspected between 2008 and 2011. Schools responded differentially to the duty and its inspection, with those in more multi-cultural areas responding with higher degrees of confidence than those in mono-ethnic areas. Some policy ‘slippage’ is seen to occur in the way schools re-framed the duty. Over time, most schools came to identify the curriculum and the school’s ethos as the most important weapons in their armoury. Teachers embraced the new duty with different degrees of enthusiasm – for some it confirmed the importance of holistic approaches to education which they felt had been sidelined in recent years, whilst other showed various forms of resistance. Teachers encountered some subtle and challenging professional dilemmas in the course of discharging the duty. Overall, the respondents in this study felt that the imposition of the duty and its inspection had been more of a benefit than a burden.

Canadian counselling psychologists' contributions to applied psychology.

The goal of this paper is to draw attention to the contributions of Canadian counselling psychologists in three key areas central to the discipline: (a) multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy; (b) health, wellness, and prevention, and (c) career psychology. Accordingly, we have situated our discussion within a historical framework of the discipline followed by a discussion of the Canadian context, definitions, and specific contributions. Finally, we offer a summary of the strengths and current challenges faced by Canadian counselling psychologists. Keywords: counselling psychology, multiculturalism, health, career In this article we highlight the unique contributions of Canadian counselling psychology to the broader field of applied psychology. To accomplish this, we focus primarily on works authored by Canadian counselling psychologists. In particular, we begin by providing a brief overview of multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy, wherein we discuss the unique Canadian context within which the discipline of counselling psychology resides. As well, we review the literature on three populations that Canadian counselling psychologists have studied, namely aboriginal peoples, immigrants, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (LGBT) people. We follow this review with a discussion of the multicultural competency literature and the emerging social justice paradigm in the discipline. In keeping with the multicultural framework presented in the first section, we provide a discussion of the vast health-related research conducted by Canadian counsellors and counselling psychologists, and identify their unique contributions. In particular, we categorise these works under the headings of health, wellness, and prevention. To ensure clarity, we offer our current definitions of these three headings. This section is followed by a discussion of the occupation, vocation, and career development literature, wherein we reflect upon the evolution of these areas within the context of career and counselling psychology in Canada. Specifically, we offer current definitions for widely used terms in this domain of the field. In addition, we offer our conceptualisation of career development as psychological transition. Next, to conclude, we briefly discuss the methodological frameworks used in all of these areas of research. Finally, we offer our summary of the strengths and current challenges faced by Canadian counselling psychologists doing all of this important work. Multiculturalism, Social Justice, and Advocacy We begin our overview in the areas of multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy in Canadian counselling psychology noting that, historically, the discipline of counselling psychology, and the multicultural movement therein, was founded in the United States (Young & Nicol, 2007). As a result, Canadian counselling psychologists have largely relied on the United States' infrastructure, including, but not limited to, American publication outlets (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology). Thus, to highlight Canadian counselling psychology research, we will both refer to the foundational American work from which this research emanated as well as the body of scholarship Canadian authors have published both in Canada and the United States. Nevertheless, Canadian counselling psychology has an approach to diversity and multiculturalism that is distinct from that of its American counterparts (Lalande, 2004). In fact, Canada is historically and increasingly a culturally diverse nation with a longstanding policy of multiculturalism, which encourages individuals to maintain their cultural backgrounds while sharing in the common Canadian experience (Berry, 1984). In fact, Canada's first official policy pertaining to multiculturalism dates back to the early 1970s. The Official Languages Act and, later, the Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework were initiated in response both to French Canadians' demand for equal status in Canada and to officially recognise British, French, and other ethnic groups in Canada (Esses & Gardner, 1996). …

Teachers’ perceptions of appropriate multicultural education content areas for young children

Teachers’ perceptions of appropriate multicultural education content areas for young children

An evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of two adult community-based group weight management interventions

Background: National guidance supports the provision of weight loss group programmes in a community setting using behavioural change methods as the first line intervention for adults (NICE, 2006) and post-natal women (NICE, 2010). The evidence base for the long-term effectiveness for such National Health Service-provided interventions is currently limited (Paul-Ebhohimhen & Avenell, 2009). The aim of this service evaluation of two types of community-based, group weight management, 6-week courses in a multicultural deprived inner city area was to determine whether the weight loss achieved over 6 weeks was sustained over the long term, thus demonstrating that these courses are effective. Methods: All 167 clients, who had attended four or more sessions of a 6-week long Size Down or Post-Natal Size Down weight loss course between 6 and 24 months ago, were telephoned with the purpose of completing a telephone questionnaire to determine a recent weight measure. At least two attempts were made to contact each client. In addition, those who had attended the Post-Natal Size Down course were offered a home visit with electronic scales to obtain a weight measure aiming to lend validity to the reported weights from the telephone questionnaire. The weights obtained were compared with the clients’ weights on completion of the course. Verbal consent was obtained. Results: Seventy-four clients (72 female and two male) completed the telephone questionnaire. Ninety-three (56%) clients were noncontactable. Recent weight measures were obtained for 65 clients, 17 of which were obtained by a home visit. Nine clients refused to report their weight. Since completing the course, 31 (42%) clients had continued to lose weight with a mean further weight loss of 5.5% (Size Down, 4.3%; Post-Natal Size Down, 9%) (range 0.1–21.9%), in addition to the mean weight loss of 1.9% (Size Down, 1.7%; Post-Natal Size Down, 2.2%) over the 6-week course. Twenty-one (28%) clients had maintained their weight and 13 (18%) had gained weight. Overall mean weight change for all clients from the beginning of the course to the telephone questionnaire was −3.8% (Size Down, −3.9%; Post-Natal Size Down, −3.6%). Further analysis of all the 38 clients that had completed both courses ≥12 months ago (mean 17.5 months; range 12–25 months) demonstrated a mean −4.1 kg (3.9%) weight change from baseline weight. Discussion: Given that further weight loss or weight maintenance is reportedly unachievable over the long term for the majority of those who attend weight management groups (Wing, 2005), these data suggest a more positive outcome for these two particular interventions, with two-thirds of clients either continuing to lose more weight or being able to maintain the weight initially lost. The further analysis of the group weight change from baseline values compares favourably with a recent Cochrane review on weight loss interventions (Norris et al., 2009) where, after 1 year, baseline weight was reduced by 2.8 kg (3.3%). The limitations of this evaluation are the accuracy of the telephone interview for obtaining weight data because these weights were self-reported; the majority of the clients were female; the sample size used was small with a large number of clients noncontactable. Conclusions: This service evaluation of Size Down and Post-Natal Size Down suggests that the weight loss achieved over 6 weeks was successfully sustained by two-thirds of the clients over the long term, and that these particular interventions are effective. Further evaluation using actual weight measures and including more male clients is needed.

Multiculture and Community in New City Spaces

Convention suggests that multicultural areas tend to exhibit high levels of residential and educational segregation, high degrees of poverty and deprivation and low rates of contact between culturally distinct individuals and groups. By contrast, with the help of a case study of a fast growing English new town, this paper reflects on the experience of multicultural settlement in what might be described as an ordinary city: one in which that experience is relatively recent and whose identity is constantly in the process of being made and remade. It draws on qualitative research, based around semi-structured interviews, participant observation and the use of focus groups, to develop its conclusions. Moving beyond any notion that minority ethnic communities live ‘parallel lives’, the paper identifies and explores some of the ways in which the new city spaces of Milton Keynes are actively lived, negotiated and understood by the Ghanaian and Somali communities (and particularly by young people from those communities). It highlights the tensions between the ways in which difference is negotiated in practice and attempts to define communities through processes of governance.

Learning opportunities for nurses working within home care

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore home care nurses' experience of learning in a multicultural environment.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on qualitative research design. Data were collected through repeated interviews with registered home care nurses working in a multicultural area. The data were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis with a direct approach.FindingsSix categories describing nurses' experiences of learning were developed in order to define which components were determinative in facilitating or constraining home care in a multicultural environment. The findings show that home care demands high individual nursing skills and also offers many opportunities for further learning. The most important sources of learning were the challenges presented in the daily experience of encountering diversity of patients and families, by informal social interactions and exchange of knowledge with colleagues.Research limitations/implicationsThe strength of this study is that data are collected by two different methods with time for reflection in between. Limitations are that only female nurses participate in the study and from one team of nurses.Practical implicationsThe findings can be used by nurses to create an awareness of the opportunities that exist in everyday work. For managers, this study highlights learning and constraints that exist on the organisation level.Originality/valueThis article adds to existing research by describing the learning environment for home care nurses in relation to the theoretical framework that examines the factors which either facilitate or constrain learning at work.

Home Care Encounters in a Multicultural Context - A Diverse Space for Caring

The aim of this study was to explore care encounters in homes of patients living in a multicultural area. The shadowing method enabled researchers to closely follow nurses in their everyday work. Complexities in the care environment, ambivalent roles played by the family, and varying meanings of care encounters were found. Despite difficulties in communication, nurses and patients created mutual space for caring. Regular meetings were essential for creation of trust, support, and consolation. Nurses’ sensitivity regarding patients’ needs and awareness of diversity of space for caring gave insights into the complexity of home care encounters in multicultural contexts.