Multi-storey Residential Buildings Research Articles

Analysis of Certification Results and Items of G-SEED Multi-residential Buildings

Analysis of Certification Results and Items of G-SEED Multi-residential Buildings

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FORMING THE NUMERICAL COMPOSITION OF THE COMPLEX BRIGADE OF MASON-INSTALLERS

The design of the flow method of the construction of a multi-story residential building with stone walls and prefabricated reinforced concrete floor structures has its own features, namely, the presence of mechanized and non-mechanized (manual) processes, which implies a significant difference in the number of performers when coordinating flows among themselves. Taking into account the importance of ensuring the rhythmic execution of construction processes, the formation of the optimal numerical composition of the complex brigade is an urgent issue.
 As a result of the research, the complex process of building stone houses with prefabricated floors was divided into two streams: The first stream - assembly, transport and auxiliary processes: the first tier - delivery of pallets with bricks, delivery of boxes with construction mortar, monotonization of the gaps between the slabs; the second tier – installation of scaffolding, delivery of pallets with bricks, delivery of boxes with construction mortar, installation of the intermediate staircase and the first flight of stairs; the third tier – raising scaffolding, supplying pallets with bricks, supplying boxes with construction solution, dismantling scaffolding, installing floor slabs and the second flight of stairs; The second flow is the masonry of stone structures of the first, second and third tiers.
 As a result of the conducted research, the theoretical dependence of the numerical composition of the complex brigade on the volume of work on the fence, the norms of labor costs and the conditions of performance of the work were established. At the same time, the limitations of the minimum numerical composition of the link were taken into account, with the condition of its ability to perform the most complex process from the components of the flow, which determines the need for the largest number of performers.
 Also, restrictions on the maximum number of performers are taken into account, provided that each performer is provided with a sufficient front of work to perform it during the shift, and restrictions on the workload of performers depending on the accepted number of construction machines. The obtained results make it possible to optimize the technological design process.

НОВІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ У ФОРМУВАННІ СУЧАСНОГО ОБРАЗУ БАГАТОПОВЕРХОВОГО ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДИНКУ

The article is devoted to a thematic study of new directions in the design of multistorey residential complexes. The factors affecting the conceptual and design decisions of architects are analyzed. The article provides examples of the most famous multistorey residential complexes built recently in different countries. The most famous building is the residential complex. «Interlacing» in Singapore. The project uses the principle of intersection of individual and public spaces in both horizontal and vertical directions. The author of the project abandoned the traditional vertical development scheme for Singapore, resulting in a unique example of a modern urban approach to housing design and organization of the natural environment. The second considered example of high-rise housing is the «Beirut Terraces» complex. The building is designed as a high-rise «shelf» at different levels of which there are apartments of different terraces that form the main artistic accent of the entire building. The building fits well into the surrounding dense urban development, while demonstrating the achievements of modern building technologies. The third example is the «Vancouver House», a multistorey residential complex with public premises on the first floors. structure, which fits into the so-called “parametrism” style, which has become especially relevant recently. The solution of the main building of the complex is interesting, especially its “anti-gravity” silhouette image. To create it, an internal cable-stayed system with vertically stretched metal cables was used. Multistorey residential buildings successfully solve the problem of compaction of residential development and increase the efficiency of the use of free territories, create economic prerequisites for organizing public spaces in the immediate vicinity of housing, which significantly increases the comfort and prestige of living in these complexes.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The article analyzes the design solutions for the outer walls of residential buildings built in 2020-2022 in a city that belongs to the II temperature zone of Ukraine. The outer walls of the monolithic reinforced concrete frame of the building are made of hollow brick 250 mm thick with a façade system of heat-insulating and finishing class A. A verification thermotechnical calculation of the outer wall was carried out, taking into account heat-conducting inclusions, the reduced heat transfer resistance of an opaque enclosing structure (wall) does not correspond to the minimum allowable value of heat transfer resistance of the corresponding structure according to DBN V.2.6 – 31:2016 for the II temperature zone. When taking into account the effect of air permeability on reducing the overall level of thermal protection of the fence, it was determined that the calculated reduced value of the resistance to heat transfer of the outer wall will be even lower due to the fact that the structure consists of light cellular materials with a significant breathability. External enclosing structures and internal, dividing rooms with a temperature difference of 4 ° C or more, have insufficient insulation thickness. When developing insulation measures, the effect of air filtration through wall structures made of lightweight materials is not taken into account. The requirements for the insulation of complex structural units of enclosing structures to prevent the formation of "cold bridges", for example, a balcony slab, are not met. Translucent structures, which occupy more than 50% of the facades, are the cheapest, their heat transfer resistance is less than the minimum allowable value. Based on the results of the analysis, the main measures to improve the energy efficiency of residential multi-storey buildings were identified to enable the installation of large windows in residential and public buildings in the climatic conditions of Ukraine.

Meeting urban GHG reduction goals with waste diversion: multi-residential buildings

Waste diversion targets are a common characteristic of municipal climate change mitigation plans because about two-thirds of residential waste sent to landfills is degradable and thus contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper focuses on the challenge of achieving waste diversion targets in multi-residential buildings because their diversion rates are much lower than those for single-family homes. A case study of 15 high-rise condominium and cooperative housing buildings compares modes of governance by the City of Toronto and by multi-residential buildings to address waste diversion challenges. City responses to the challenges included mandatory building standards making waste diversion as convenient as garbage disposal, voluntary standards for in-suite storage of recyclables and organics, phase-in of organics collection and pay-as-you-throw collection fees, and delivery of promotion and education programs. For buildings, the responses were fines for poor-quality sorting, conversion of the garbage chute to an organics chute, the delivery of education material to residents, and monitoring bin capacity. Despite these initiatives, Toronto is very unlikely to meet its target of diverting 70% of residential waste away from disposal in landfill by 2030. Seven actions are recommended to increase the rate of diversion. <em><strong>Policy relevance</strong></em> Recommended actions for Toronto and other municipalities facing similar waste diversion deficits in the multi-residential sector include: studying the potential for converting garbage chutes to organic chutes, assessing the effectiveness of different chute systems, modifying waste collection service agreements or city bylaws to incorporate obligations for promotion and education around waste diversion, revising building standards to require more space for diversion facilities inside buildings, adopting voluntary building standards for building operations, and advocating with higher levels of government to regulate packaging complexity.

Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China: Vertical distribution and potential health risks

In this study, we conducted a preliminary investigation of the vertical distribution and potential health risks of short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in indoor dust from a multistory residential building in Beijing, China. Forty-eight SCCP and MCCP congener groups in dust from different floors of the multistory residential building were determined by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The concentration ranges for SCCPs and MCCPs in the dust samples were 0.0239–207 μg/g and 0.135–2903 μg/g, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant group, on average accounting for 76.8 % of ∑CPs. Generally, the concentrations of both SCCPs and MCCPs greatly decreased as the floor level increased, which indicated that the CP contamination was attributed to exogenous atmospheric transport and deposition. C13Cl7–8 and C14Cl7–8 were the dominant SCCP and MCCP congener groups, possibly indicating the use of industrial CP-52 products was the main source of CPs. In the worst-case scenario using the maximum concentrations of CPs, the daily intake of SCCPs for toddlers was of the same order of magnitude as the reference dose. It should be noted that CPs exposure may be more serious when indoor decorations, furniture, and various plastic products are taken into consideration. Overall, more attention should be paid to CPs exposure and control measures in high-rise buildings.

Residential indoor thermal environment investigation and analysis on energy saving of air conditioning in hot summer and warm winter zone in China

The increasing sharply penetration of air conditioning causes a large number of energy consumption, it is crucial to identify a solution to reduce energy consumption. In this study, the operation pattern of air conditioning (A/C), indoor thermal environment, residents' thermal comfort and energy consumption in multi-residential buildings in hot summer and warm winter zone are analyzed by means of field measurements and questionnaire surveys. Most observed indoor temperature fell within the range of 28–30 °C. Because the relative humidity reached up to more than 90%, some residential indoor thermal environment has the risk of heatstroke. It can be obtained 28.4 °C as the thermal neutral temperature, and the acceptable temperature ranges from 27.1 °C to 29.6 °C, which is much higher than other climate zones. Moreover, the simulation software Energy-Plus was used to simulate and verify the energy consumption of typical multi-residential buildings. Simulation results indicate that each 1 °C increase of setting temperature would lead to an approximately 20% reduction in cooling energy consumption. The appropriate setting temperature of air conditioning is the temperature which could achieve the actual indoor temperature maintain at approximately 28–29 °C, the appropriate service time and switching behavior of A/C also have positive effect on the reduction of energy consumption.

The effect of using vegetated façades on CO2 emissions in multistory residential buildings, in cold semiarid and hot arid climate

CO2 emissions are known as carbon emissions and they are increasing globally, so measures must be taken to reduce their emissions and find solutions that mitigate the effects of high rates of emissions. CO2 emissions are currently increasing, and the construction sector is the largest source of these emissions, accounting for 39% of total emissions; therefore, CO2 emissions must be reduced as much as possible. The research aim is to study the effect of applying vegetated façades, in multistory residential buildings on the CO2 emissions under two different climates, cold semiarid and hot arid. The tool which is used is a DesignBuilder to evaluate the CO2 emissions. Thermal insulation contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of the building and consider as an additional layer applied to the bare wall façade as the same as the vegetation layer therefore in this research the comparison will be between the use of insulation materials and green façade with a bare wall façade of residential buildings to determine the effectiveness of using vegetated facades in reducing CO2 emissions. The study found that vegetated facades reduce CO2 emissions from 36.2 to 51.4 in cold semiarid climates and from 18% to 37.6% in hot arid climates.

Assessing the construction and demolition waste volume for a typical Mediterranean residential building

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) effective management is of vital importance, especially regarding the climate-neutral economy target set for 2050. The common practice of landfilling them during the past decades and ignoring the environmental impacts is now obsolete, with countries around the world adopting national regulations for their proper treatment. The lack of data on the CDW volume produced every year both in the European region and at the Greek national level is evident, in contrast with Asian or American regions, and introduces a great uncertainty in the field. This study aims at estimating the CDW quantities produced by a typical multi-storey residential building in Greece, built in the mid-20th century, made of reinforced concrete and filling masonry walls. The subsidized renovation programs by the European Union, which have a great impact on the Greek domain, are also considered, so two renovation procedures are considered during the building’s lifespan, resulting in an extended lifetime of the building along with additional CDW quantities produced on each renovation procedure. Challenges regarding the disposal, recycling and reuse potential and alternatives of the distinct CDW types produced are presented, based on the international literature available data.

Investigating the energy use in an Australian building: A case study of a west-facing apartment in Sydney

This study presents the simulation of retrofitting measures in a residential apartment located in Sydney based on energy consumption, building characteristics, and climatic conditions through energy audits. From the results, an upgrade to a casement aluminum framed double glazing window with a thermal conductance (U-Value) of 2.3 W/m2/oC, having an initial cost of $6,570, will save 41.2 % and 21 % of the energy used for heating and cooling equipment with a simple payback of 6.3 years and fuel cost savings of $1,046. In addition, 787kWh of electricity saved from white goods by investing $1,050 has a payback of 2.2 years and fuel cost savings of $472. Finally, the building will save 2.7 tons of GHG emissions, equivalent to three people reducing energy use by 20 % in Australia. The research is vital because retrofitting multi-residential buildings in Australia has not been fully explored, leaving 7.8 million existing buildings that are not energy efficient.

Impact of residential rainwater harvesting on stormwater runoff

Population increase, climate change and soil impermeability are factors causing floods in large urban centres. Such places also always have water shortage problems. This research aims to evaluate the influence of rainwater harvesting in residential buildings on stormwater in a basin located in southern Brazil (Rio Cachoeira Basin). Urbanised and non-urbanised areas, soil types, curve numbers and time of concentration of each sub-basin were taken into account. Through the HEC-HMS programme, it was possible to calculate hydrographs for the base scenario (when there is no rainwater harvesting). Then, rainwater tanks for the residential buildings were sized using the computer programme Netuno. In the second scenario, there is rainwater harvesting in all residential buildings. Thus, the hydrographs for the second scenario were also calculated. The peak flow reduction potentials for the sub-basins ranged from 2.7% to 14.3%. The highest percentage (14.3%) did not occur in the sub-basin with the most extensive roof area; such highest peak flow reduction occurred in Bom Retiro sub-basin. In Bom Retiro sub-basin, there are more houses than multi-storey residential buildings. Even when considering the full potential of rainwater harvesting for roof areas of all existing buildings in the Rio Cachoeira Basin, the average potential reduction in peak flow was 7.2%. The conclusion is that rainwater tanks in residential buildings have little influence on stormwater runoff, and the stormwater runoff will be less affected when the area of the hydrographic basin is larger. Thus, the reduction in peak flows is insignificant when considering the flooding in the region.

Framework of an algorithm-aided BIM approach for modular residential building information models

The digital transformation of the construction industry and the lack of integration of digital technologies in design and construction processes are the motivation for this research. BIM solutions enable new levels of design processes and provide platforms for computational design and novel approaches in the AEC industry. In computational design parametric, generative or algorithmic procedures are utilized to support, optimize, or replace manual processes. The combination of BIM and generative, parametric or algorithmic design forms a hybrid that aims to combine the advantages of both concepts and allows for generative design processes with the creation of BIM objects containing metadata. Along with the digital transformation and novel approaches in the AEC industry, modular construction aims to shift from mass production to mass customization and maximize opportunities for cost-effective, economical, and sustainable buildings. This paper addresses the approach of generating building information models using algorithm-aided design combined with BIM at an early design stage for modular multi-story residential buildings that are affordable and sustainable. In this study, we present the framework of an algorithm-aided BIM approach, from the concept of the generative algorithm to the evaluation approach and the proof of concept as the test of the framework.

What is the Right Size for a Residential Building Parcel Locker?

Common-carrier parcel lockers present a solution for decreasing delivery times, traffic congestion, and emissions in dense urban areas through consolidation of deliveries. Multi-story residential buildings with large number of residents, and thus a high volume of online package orders, are one of the best venues for installing parcel lockers. But what is the right size for a residential building locker that would suit the residents’ and building managers’ needs? Because of the novelty of parcel lockers, there is no clear guideline for determining the right locker size and configuration for a residential building given the resident population. A small locker would result in packages exceeding capacity and being left in the lobby, increasing the building manager’s workload and confusing and inconveniencing users. On the other hand, a large locker is more expensive, more difficult to install, and unappealing to residents. To answer this question, we installed a common-carrier parcel locker in a residential building in downtown Seattle, WA, U.S.A. Through collecting detailed data on locker usage from the locker provider company, we studied and quantified carriers’ delivery patterns and residents’ online shopping and package pickup behaviors. We then used this information to model the locker delivery and pickup process, and simulated several locker configurations to find the one that best suits the delivery needs of the building. These findings could aid urban planners and building managers in choosing the right size for residential building lockers that meet delivery demand while minimizing costs and contributing to environmental benefits.

Descriptors of sound insulation of building structures in residential buildings in Ukraine and Europe

The object of the research is the descriptors (indices/parameters) of sound insulation of construction structures of residential buildings. The work presents a brief overview of modern generally accepted construction technologies in Eastern Europe. The most common sources of noise and the consequences of their impact on people's health and life have been studied. An analysis of the levels of airborne sound insulation indicators of building structures in European countries and Ukraine was carried out. Partitions for standard types of housing (private houses, townhouses, multi-story residential buildings) are considered. As a result, a great diversity of sound insulation requirements in different European countries was shown. And this leads to an imbalance and worsens the quality of connections in the construction sector, due to possible confusion and can cause certain problems in trade and exchange of experience. It is also shown that the difference between the numerical indicators of the sound insulation levels of air noise is not entirely appropriate within the EU, since the subjective indicators of the sound insulation of the population have approximately the same data. Comfortable conditions for people from different countries should be the same. Examples of descriptors of air noise sound insulation indicators of 35 European countries are given. Numerical norms of sound insulation levels of EU countries are detailed. General characteristics and differences between states are highlighted. The paper also examines the diversity of housing types and the relationship between detached, semi-detached (terrace/terraced) and multi-apartment buildings in many countries. This allows for some approximations to calculate the number of neighbors in these countries with adjoining walls and floors in attached housing. Having data on European countries, a conclusion was made with similar characteristics used in Ukraine. On the basis of the obtained data, the strengths and weaknesses of the Ukrainian noise protection regulations were determined, which consist in a small variety of modern types of housing, taken into account in the building regulations, and in a relatively low general level of requirements for sound insulation of building structures. Finally, the quality of life aspect of building occupants and the importance of good design, construction and control are discussed. We hope that the work gained will be used to achieve the goal of creating European-level housing. The already mentioned topic will be of interest to noise and sound insulation specialists, acoustic engineers, ecologists, urban planners and city planners.

Energy renovation of the multi-residential historic building after the Zagreb earthquake – Case study

Historic buildings represent our cultural heritage and identity. Due to their age and building tradition, they are extremely vulnerable to seismic excitations, as confirmed by the recent earthquake in the city of Zagreb. In addition, historic buildings are among the buildings with the worst energy performance and very low indoor comfort. In the scope of this paper, the seismic and energy integrated approach is applied to a typical multi-residential building in Zagreb historical downtown. The main focus of the paper is on building envelope energy efficiency measures. Different variants of thermal insulation (external and internal), secondary windows (maintaining existing ones vs. new efficient ones) and ventilation (natural vs. mechanical with heat recovery) are analysed in terms of building energy performance (3D level). Furthermore, replacement of existing technical systems and installation of RES are also considered. Moreover, the acceptability of the proposed retrofitting solutions for opaque elements is evaluated in terms of thermal bridges (2D level) and long-term hygrothermal performance (1D level). Finally, the results show that it is possible even for a 100-year-old building to meet the current national primary energy requirements for new buildings and provide good indoor environmental quality for occupants while respecting the cultural heritage.

Researches of the pre-evacuation time of people in residential multi-storey buildings without fire warning systems

Introduction. According to statistics, the greatest loss of life from fires in Russia occurs in residential buildings with a height up to 28 m. At the same time, most fire protection systems are not provided in such type of buildings. In particular, in residential buildings of mentioned above height fire alarm system maybe not. That is why the real values of the pre-evacuation time (PET) in the buildings are not known, because domestic research still has not been conducted. Goals and objectives . The aim of the work was to establish the values of the PET of people in a residential building that is not equipped with a fire alarm system. The main tasks were to study the time to warn building occupants about a fire and to research the time of people’s reaction to a fire warning. Methods . The method of scientific research in this work is a full-scale experiment. In the first set of experiments focus were on warning time — it was investigated how much time it took to warn all building occupants by 1, 2 and 3 notifiers. The second set of experiments were aimed to study of people’s reaction time to a fire alarm — it was determined how long it took to start evacuating from their apartments. Results and their discussion . Studies have shown that the value of the alert time of a nine-storey building by one, two and three notifiers averaged was 20.0, 11.6 and 7.2 min, respectively. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model was built that allows predicting the optimal number of notifiers depending on the number of storeys in the building. Studies of people’s reaction time to a fire alarm have shown that during the daytime, on average, people need less time to realize and prepare for evacuation (72 s) than at night (112 s). Combining the results obtained allowed us to determine the optimal number of notifiers to warn all people in residential building. Conclusion . Comparison of the experimental values of the PET with the data of the current Methodology of fire risk calculation for a nine-storey house showed a discrepancy of 2.6 times.

Staged control of domestic hot water storage tanks to support district heating efficiency

Storage tanks are commonly used for domestic hot water (DHW) preparation in large buildings supplied by district heating (DH), especially to cope with peak demand. The charging control of DHW tank systems is often suboptimal, increasing return temperatures and harming the overall DH operation efficiency. This paper presents two novel control concepts to optimize DHW tank charging, satisfying comfort and hygienic requirements without leading to excessive DH flows. The first, more complex control concept employs the smart energy meter sometimes used for DHW billing. It inspired the development of a second, broadly implementable control concept employing a staged proportional gain with an added temperature sensor. The authors tested and refined this staged-gain concept using a validated Modelica model of a real DHW system in a Danish multistory residential building. The authors subsequently implemented the staged-gain control concept in the field, successfully reducing the energy-weighted DH return temperature by 7 °C and the total DH flow by 23.6% compared to the conventional thermostatic control. This analysis accounted for the variation in DHW tapping, DHW temperature, DH supply temperature, and cold water temperature. Furthermore, the performance was robust to relaxed settings of the valve constraints, demonstrating minimal configuration requirements for new implementations.

Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Shading on Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic Properties of Indoor Environments

Through objective measurement, subjective measurement, and prioritization methods, this study evaluates the impacts of different shading facilities on the indoor environment of multi-story residential buildings, such as dormitories. The objective measurements mainly include the operative temperature, daylight factor, and sound pressure level. The subjective measurement is obtained from occupant votes regarding their satisfaction with the thermal uniformity, natural lighting, external noise, and the overall indoor environment. The results show that the subjective evaluations were significantly more reliable than the objective measurements for predicting indoor environmental satisfaction. The prioritization method of the ordered logistic regression was then used to evaluate the impact of perceived indoor environmental quality on overall satisfaction. The results show that the impact of the perceived indoor environmental quality on overall satisfaction varied with the shading facilities. In addition, the occupants commented on the function of items affecting their application preferences and provided recommendations for improving balconies and sunshades to provide occupants with better indoor environments.

The Effect of Village Morphological Variation Caused by Economic Development on Residents’ Health and Rural Ventilation in Tianjin

Many multi-story residential buildings have been built in villages to improve the living quality of rural residents in China. Therefore, village morphology has dramatically changed compared to the past. Since northern China continues to suffer from environmental problems, improving village ventilation by optimizing village morphology is essential for creating a good rural environment. In this study, 17 morphology models were categorized based on 383 actual villages in Tianjin. In addition, the ventilation capacity of courtyards and streets and residents’ health risks of different morphology cases were analyzed. For the northwest wind direction, the ventilation capacity of the courtyards in the northern part of the village can be improved when there are multi-story residences in the north or west of the village. Accordingly, in the southeast wind direction, multi-story buildings in the south or east of the village can improve the courtyard ventilation in the southern part of the village. In addition, multi-story buildings in the west or east of the village can form ventilation corridors in the northwest or southeast wind direction. The morphologies without multi-story buildings in the west or east of the village were recommended to be applied in the village planning in Tianjin due to good ventilation capacity and low exposure risks.

Comparison Study of the Heating Energy Demand for a Multi-Storey Residential Building in Romania Using Steady-State and Dynamic Methods

The purpose of this study is to determine the differences between the steady-state energetic method and the dynamic energetic method in a multi-storey residential building in Romania. For both methods, there are two values for the heating energy demand, one obtained with the theoretical U value and g value according to Romanian Methodology Mc 001/1-2006 and one with the real U value and g value obtained from in situ measurements. The results of our study revealed a difference between the steady-state method and the dynamic method in both cases of approximately 20%. Because the heating energy demand needs to decrease in value according to European legislation and the classical energy demand determination is shallow, as it does not take into account some important factors, it is important to use a method that produces accurate values so the economic factor does not become overwhelming.