Multistage Parallel Interference Cancellation Research Articles

Multipoint Overlapping Optical Networks

Coherent transmission has drastically evolved in the last decade to provide high flexibility to improve spectral efficiency. This yields a point-to-point capacity close to Shannon's limit. In this work, we present the multipoint overlapping optical network architecture in a multi-transmitter to single-receiver context to boost the network capacity. It overlaps two optical signals, partly reusing network resources, here frequency slots of 12.5 GHz width. We show that a joint digital signal processing, based on multi-stage parallel interference cancellation efficiently compensates inter-channel interference up to 39% spectrum overlap with a 1 dB SNR penalty for PDM-QPSK signals. To investigate the impact of the residual interference penalty, we model the proposed solution as an additional power-independent Gaussian-noise term introduced in the transmission. Experiments and simulations have successfully validated the model and the extra penalty is shown to be dependent only on the chosen overlapping given factor. Finally, with such a model, we study the network gains brought by the proposed architecture. We investigate different networking scenarios assuming either 2-slot and 3-slot of overlapping, resulting in ∼20% and ∼40% of overlapping. We demonstrate a network capacity gain of up to 17%.

Multiuser Detection with Decision-Feedback Detectors and PIC in MC-CDMA System

In this paper we propose an iterative parallel decision feedback (P-DF) receivers associated with parallel interference cancellation (PIC) for multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems in a Rayleigh fading channel (cost 207). First the most widely detection techniques, minimum mean-squared error MMSE, Maximum Likelihood ML and PIC were investigated in order to compare their performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) with parallel feedback detection P-DFD. A MMSE DF detector that employs parallel decision-feedback (MMSE-P-DFD) is considered and shows almost the same BER performance with MMSE and ML, which present a better result than the other techniques. In a second time, an iterative proposed method based on the multi-stage techniques P-DFD (parallel DFD with two stages) and PIC was exploited to improve the performance of the system.

Interference and Complexity Reduction in Multi-stage Multi-user Detection in DS-CDMA

Multi-stage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) technique gives good performance compared to successive interference cancellation (SIC) method, but biased decision statistic and complexity problems are raised due to imperfect estimation of multiple access interference (MAI) as number of stages increases. partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) technique is proposed to cancel the interference partially stage by stage to overcome biased problem. The complexity reduction for PIC detection is based on the convergence nature of interference cancellation which is called the difference PIC (D-PIC) detection technique. In this paper we combine (PPIC and DPIC) these two techniques and propose a multi-stage multi-user (PD-PIC) detector for performance improvement and complexity reduction compared to conventional PIC detector. The performance is degraded as the number of users increases in each technique.

Performance of NLMS-based Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) For Up-Link CDMA Systems

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is a promising detection technique to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) for up-link direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) systems. Adaptive PICs are attractive due to its low implementation complexities and good performance. In this paper, we propose a general framework for analyzing the bit error rate (BER) and convergence performance of the normalized LMS (NLMS) based PIC. To further improve the convergence speed of the PIC system, a novel switch-mode noise-constrained NLMS (SNC-NLMS) algorithm for the adaptive multistage PIC (AMPIC) is also proposed. Simulation results show that the analytical results are reasonably accurate and the SNC-NLMS AMPIC outperforms the NLMS-based one, if the algorithm parameters are properly chosen.

The Behaviour of Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time Algorithm Combined with Multiuser Detection Schemes in Wireless Communication System

This paper provides the performance analysis of multiuser Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) system receiver structures for Multiple-input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel at a base station with assumption of perfect channel estimation and perfect timing delay estimation. In MIMO channels the receivers such as decorrelator, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Multistage Parallel Interference Cancellation (MPIC) receiver outperform the conventional receiver. Withal, since the multiple antenna interference led to a strong impact on the performance degradation of a multistage interference cancellation receiver, the performance of MPIC receiver was highly degraded based on system loading.

VLSI Implementation of an Adaptive Multiuser Detector for Multirate WCDMA Systems

A multirate receiver for WCDMA systems based on the adaptive signature method was designed and implemented. We employed an adaptive signature algorithm to consider two well-known multirate schemes, namely, the low rate and the high rate detector for variable spreading factor systems. In monorate scenarios, numerical experimentations showed that the adaptive signature method outperforms the Rake receiver and reaches the performances of the soft 4-stage multistage parallel interference cancellation receiver. In multirate scenarios, the performance comparison of two multirate schemes in floating-point and fixed-point was analyzed. Reusing the existing hardware architecture previously developed for monorate systems, we targeted the hardware implementation of these two multirate schemes on FPGA components.

Regularised multi-stage parallel interference cancellation for downlink CDMA systems

A hybrid receiver scheme for downlink code division multiple access (CDMA) systems over frequency selective channels is proposed. The proposed receiver combines a linear regularised zero forcing (RZF) equaliser and a parallel interference cancellation scheme with a tanh decision function (TPIC). It is called the RZF-TPIC receiver. The RAKE receiver is used to reduce the channel effects and obtain an initial estimate of the data. Multi-stages of TPIC are then employed to mitigate the multiple access interference (MAI). At the final stage, the RZF equaliser is used to provide a better estimate of the desired user's data. The effect of the decision function used for symbol estimation in the PIC stage is investigated. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with the traditional RAKE receiver by computer simulations. It is found that the proposed scheme offers significant gains, even with a large number of interfering users.

Robust blind PIC with adaptive despreader and improved interference estimator

AbstractAn effective design of multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver using blind adaptive (BA) despreader and pre‐respreader interference estimator for uplink CDMA is proposed and analysed. A novel algorithm is designed, which exploits constant modulus (CM) property of the users' transmitted signals and inherent channel condition to perform adaptive despreading based on minimum error variance criteria. This is carried out by BA weighting of each chip signal for accurate tracking of the desired user's signal power and hence for more improved data detection at the output of each stage of PIC. Furthermore, the despreader weights are used within the adaptive pre‐respreader interference estimation and cancellation to obtain online scaling factors during every symbol period, without any knowledge of users' channels or the use of training sequences. It is found that this way of estimation is optimal in minimum mean squared error sense, and hence, significant reduction in interference and noise variance is observed in detection and estimation of the desired users' signals compared with conventional PIC. Bit error probability of the proposed PIC is obtained using Gaussian Approximation method. Extensive simulation results are shown, which demonstrate impressive performance advantage in fading environments, high system loading, and severe near far conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multistage MMSE PIC Space–Time Receiver With Non-Mutually Exclusive Grouping

The arrival of new data services for wireless mobile communications requires an efficient use of the available bandwidth. Interference-limited cellular systems based on code-division multiple access (CDMA) can benefit from multiuser detection (MUD) and beamforming with antenna array to reduce multiple-access interference. Group-based techniques have been proposed to reduce the complexity of space-time MUD and have been shown to provide a performance-complexity tradeoff between matched filtering and full MUD. In this paper, the intergroup interference, which is a limiting factor in group-based systems, is reduced using multistage parallel interference cancellation after group-based minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear filtering. In addition, the extra resources that are available at the receiver are exploited by sharing users among groups. The proposed receiver is shown to converge, as the number of stages increases, to the full space-time MMSE linear MUD filter. The results show that the new approach provides bit error rate (BER) performance close to the full MUD receiver at a fraction of the complexity.

PIC receiver implementations for the asynchronous UMTS scenarios

In this paper, three different implementations of a multistage partial parallel interference cancellation (PIC) receiver for the asynchronous UMTS signal are presented and compared. The proposed structures take into account the scrambling and channelization codes employed in UMTS and two of them are advanced structures specifically designed to attempt to remove completely the multiuser interference thanks to the addition of specific data buffers for this scenario. The advanced structures proposed outperform the direct implementation of the PIC receiver derived from synchronous CDMA scenarios by taking into account the whole set of interference terms. Also, no windowing is necessary at the receiver and no framing transmission is required.

FPGA Implementation of Block Parallel DF-MPIC Detectors for DS-CDMA Systems in Frequency-Nonselective Channels

Multistage parallel interference cancellation- (MPIC-) based detectors allow to mitigate multiple-access interference in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. They are considered serious candidates for practical implementation showing a good tradeoff between performance and complexity. Better performance is obtained when decision feedback (DF) is employed. Although MPIC and DF-MPIC have the same arithmetic complexity, DF-MPIC needs much more FPGA resources when compared to MPIC without decision feedback. In this letter, FPGA implementation of block parallel DF-MPIC (BP-DF-MPIC) is proposed allowing better tradeoff between performance and FPGA area occupancy. To reach an uncoded bit-error rate of10−3, BP-DF-MPIC shows a 1.5 dB improvement over the MPIC without decision feedback with only 8% increase in FPGA resources compared to 69% for DF-MPIC.

Performance analysis of an adaptive two-stage PIC CDMA receiver in AWGN channels

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is considered a simple yet effective multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. However, its performance may deteriorate due to unreliable interference cancellation in the early stages. Thus, a partial PIC detector, in which partial cancellation factors (PCFs) are introduced to control the interference cancellation level, has been developed as a remedy. Recently, an interesting adaptive multistage PIC algorithm was proposed. In this scheme, coefficients combining the channel responses and optimal PCFs are blindly trained with the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. The algorithm is simple to implement, inherently applicable to time-varying environments, and superior to the non-adaptive type of partial PICs. Despite its various advantages, its performance has not been theoretically analyzed yet. The contribution of this paper is to fill the gap by analyzing an adaptive two-stage PIC in AWGN channels. We explicitly derive the analytical results for optimal weights, weight-error means, and weight-error variances. Based on these results, we finally derive the output bit error rate (BER) for each user. Simulation results indicate that our analytical results highly agree with empirical ones.

A Novel Joint Detection of Frequency Offset and MAI for MC-CDMA Systems

While multicarrier CDMA techniques are used to reduce interference and improve the performance of the system in fading channel, carrier frequency offset and multiple access interference remain major obstacles for a multicarrier CDMA system's performance. In this article we propose a novel joint detection method called modified maximum likelihood multistage parallel interference canceller (M-ML-MPIC) to eliminate the frequency offset and MAI simultaneously. The main idea of our approach is to combine PIC multiuser detection and frequency offset estimation based on a maximum likelihood function with guard interval. We discuss our scheme and report on its performance using a set of simulation experiments.

DS-CDMA Non-linear Interference Canceller with Multiple-Beam Reception

In this paper, a multistage parallel interference canceller (MPIC) with multiple-beam reception for a DS-CDMA system is proposed to suppress multiple access interference (MAI) effectively. Its aim is to reduce the computational complexity of the conventional MPIC cascaded with an adaptive array antenna. It employs multiple fixed beams based on phased array and selects suitable beams to demodulate the transmitted signal of each user. Then it suppresses residual interference signals by the MPIC cascaded with multiple-beam receiver. Its bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated by computer simulations assuming an uplink single-chip-rate multiple-spreading-factor DS-CDMA system over both exponentially decaying 5-path and equal average power 2-path Rayleigh distributed channels. When there are 16 users in an 120°-sectored single cell, the proposed receiver with 6-element array antenna and 2-stage MPIC shows better or comparable BER performance compared with that of the conventional receiver. Moreover, the proposed receiver with 8 beams can reduce the number of complex multiplications to about 40% of that of the complexity-reduced conventional receiver over 5-path channels.

Performance and Optimization of Multistage Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation for Wideband CDMA Systems in Multipath Fading Channels

In this paper, a closed-form bit error rate (BER) of hard-decision multistage partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) having perfect and imperfect channel estimation for complex spreading code-division multiple access (CDMA) over multipath Rayleigh channels was derived. The effects of receiving BER, power ratio of pilot to data channels, multiple-access interference (MAI) and multipath interference, additive white Gaussian noise, and other factors affecting channel estimation error are analyzed. The expression determining the optimal interference cancellation weight at path level for PPIC is first derived. Then, the oscillatory behavior of user-level-optimized PIC and the convergence of perfect channel estimation PIC and path-level-optimized PIC are validated. Results indicate that all factors determining the optimal weight certainly affect the BER performance of PPIC and that the lower BER limit of multistage PPIC depends on the adjustable factors, which include power ratio, observation length, and signal-to-noise ratio, and an unchangeable factor, i.e., number of users. In addition, the variance of MAI for complex spreading sequence is obtained, and the analytical expression can also be employed to predict the performance of multicode CDMA

An iterative approximate MAP symbol estimator for uncoded synchronous CDMA

This paper proposes an iterative algorithm for multiuser detection in uncoded synchronous code division multiple access communication systems based upon an approximate maximum a posteriori (MAP) formulation. For symbol estimation in the continuous domain, direct use of the a priori symbol distribution in the estimation process is prohibited because it is not differentiable. The proposed algorithm approximates the discrete finite alphabet symbol distribution by a sum of continuous Gaussian distributions centered at the true values of the symbol constellation. This approximation allows the development of a gradient-based iterative MAP estimator that employs the structure of the particular symbol constellation to improve estimation accuracy. Although iterative, the proposed method does not use a tentative solution from another multiuser detector. Simplifications of the proposed algorithm for constant modulus modulation and its special forms for M-ary phase-shift keying are given. Also, an optimum step size is derived to achieve fast convergence. The performance of the proposed algorithm is shown to outperform other well-known multiuser detectors such as minimum mean square error, the decorrelator, and the multistage hard-decision parallel interference canceller, especially for the near/far scenario.

Cancellation Moderating Factor Control for DS-CDMA Non-linear Interference Canceller with Antenna Diversity Reception

In a CDMA non-linear interference canceller, a generated replica of an interference signal is multiplied by a positive number smaller than unity, which is called cancellation moderating factor (CMF), to prevent interference enhancement due to inaccurate replica subtraction. In this paper, two CMF controlling schemes applicable to a multistage parallel interference canceller with multi-antenna (spatial diversity) reception are proposed. They control CMF by using the mean square error of the complex channel gain or by using the ratio of the estimated power of each interference signal to remaining interference signals' power, in order to mitigate the replica subtraction error due to inaccurate channel estimation. The performance of the proposed schemes are evaluated by computer simulations assuming an asynchronous uplink single chip-rate variable spreading factor DS-CDMA system. The simulation results show that the proposed schemes with higher order diversity reception improve the bit error rate (BER) performance compared with a conventional scheme considering the tentative decision error or fixed CMF settings. Their performance improvement is by 0.1--0.9 dB in terms of the required Eb/N0 at an average BER of 10-5 over exponentially decaying 5-path Rayleigh distributed channels when the number of receiving antennas is 6.

A Theoretical Evaluation of Parallel Interference Cancellation in M-Ary Orthogonal Modulated Asynchronous DS-CDMA System Over Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, we tackle the problem of theoretical evaluation for the multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) scheme in a direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system with orthogonal modulation and long scrambling codes. The studied system operates on the reverse link in a time varying multipath Rayleigh fading channel. By applying the Central Limit Theorem and some other approximations to multiple access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI), as well as assuming identically distributed chips from a single interferer, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the PIC scheme at any stage can be recursively computed from the signal-to-noise ratio, number of users, the number of path per user, processing gain of the CDMA system, and the average received power of each path. For completeness, the BER expression is derived for chip synchronous and chip asynchronous systems over both equal and unequal power multipath channels. The proposed analysis is validated by the Monte Carlo simulations and proved to be reasonably accurate, and it gives insight into the performance and capacity one can expect from PIC-based receivers under different situations. For instance, the analytical results can be used to examine the convergence property, multipath diversity gains, and near-far resistance of the PIC scheme.

Multistage parallel interference cancellation: convergence behavior and improved performance through limit cycle mitigation

This paper investigates the convergence behavior of the hard-decision multistage parallel interference cancellation (PIC) detector in synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems with random spreading sequences. Hard-decision multistage PIC is known to possess three desirable properties for multiuser detectors: a) low computational complexity, b) low decision latency due to parallel computation, and c) good bit error rate (BER) performance due the fact that the optimum (joint maximum likelihood) symbol estimates are a fixed point of the iteration. With respect to the third property, hard-decision multistage PIC detection is also known to sometimes demonstrate two modes of undesirable convergence behavior: convergence to suboptimum fixed points and limit cycles. The results in this paper show that limit cycles are often the dominant source of performance degradation. To improve the performance of the hard-decision multistage PIC detector, we propose a class of limit cycle mitigation algorithms that reactively correct for limit cycles and provide a tradeoff between performance gain and increased computational complexity. Computer simulations suggest that significant performance gains may be possible in some cases with only modest increases in computational complexity.

New parallel interference cancellation scheme for DS/CDMA systems

This paper proposes a new multi-stage parallel interference cancellation scheme by modifying the conventional multi-stage parallel interference canceller (PIC). At each stage, it first converts the interference-cancelled outputs from previous stage into thea prior information, in terms of which the bit mean values are computed and the multi-access interference (MAI) for each user is evaluated, and then an interference cancellation is performed to obtain further interference suppression. To reduce the implementation complexity, we give an approximation expression for bit mean value. The performance over AWGN channel is analyzed and compared to the conventional PIC. The user numberK=7 and spreading factorN=13 are chosen as simulation parameters. The computer simulation results show that the proposed PIC has better performance than the conventional PIC both with 2 interference cancellation (IC) stages, at bit error rate of 10−3, for example, about 3 dB performance gain is obtained by using the proposed PIC. It is also shown that our proposed PIC with 1-stage is superior to the conventional PIC with 2-stage in performance, which is of practical value because PIC with fewer stages can bring about shorter processing delay.