Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks Research Articles

Investigation of Blocking Performance in GMPLS Networks

AbstractThe call blocking is the most vital factor in generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) Networks. Call blocking depends upon many factors such as traffic intensity, number of servers and number of links. Call blocking performance for GMPLS networks has been calculated in this paper by using a proposed mathematical model. The proposed model investigates the dependency of probability of call blocking upon the number of wavelengths and number of links. In the suggested model, the blocking performance of GMPLS network is improved.

Smart systems approach for development of explicit congestion marking and traffic engineering model for Diffserv/MPLS networks

The scheduling, control, and management of traffic load in multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) are important aspects supporting the quality of service (QoS) and optimizing the network performance. In addition, ensuring the QoS in the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the main issues of current research in this area. The IoT provides the ability for humans and computers to learn and interact with billions of things, including sensors, actuators, services, and other Internet-connected objects. MPLS offers the possibility for effective traffic control mechanisms within limited network capabilities. Traffic engineering in the MPLS domain provides alterations of the traffic routes to improve network resources or avoid network traffic congestion. Static management of traffic flows has failed to enhance the QoS of the network performance. Therefore, many researchers have attempted to use a dynamic management of traffic flow to enhance the QoS; however, more enhancements are needed. In this paper, we propose a new scheme to solve the problem of dynamic management of traffic flow through various links and routers in the network, and describe its application to an MPLS network. The proposed scheme works by utilizing queues, re-distribution, and re-balancing of streams before or during periods of congestion. It solves the problem of QoS violation, and tags, upgrades, or downgrades the traffic between queues based on the availability of free space of other queues and QoS parameters. We simulate the proposed scheme using OPNET, and the effect of implementing our method on low- and high-priority queues is analyzed and finally validated in conjunction with the ITU QoS measures.

An Efficient Routing Method for Protection Data Flow in the MPLS Network

This paper presents an efficient method for rerouting traffic in the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, when a fault occurs in the working link. The method has been designed to handle both single and multiple faults based on the protection switching and rerouting techniques. The proposed method leads to less packets loss, has better Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), good throughput and eliminates packet disorder. The proposed method has been simulated using the Network Simulator (NS2) version 2.34 and the simulation results have shown that the proposed method significantly improves the network performance in comparison to similar existing methods.
 Keywords: MPLS network, Working link, Protection switching, Rerouting, Network simulator.

Packets Buffering Enhancement with Hybrid Coding Labels for Virtual Optical Memory

For the practical deployment of optical packet switching (OPS) system, realizing all-optical buffering is a critical issue. In this paper, we present a hybrid labelling scheme based on optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) over generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) network. The virtual optical memory is implemented by assigning queuing packets with different coded-WDM labels. The proposed hybrid labels combine the advantages of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) with spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) OCDM. Due to the cyclic-shift property of arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and maximal-length sequence (M-sequence) codes, blocks of label generating and processing in node organization can be built in low complexity. Furthermore, utilizing hybrid coding technique in the buffering node increases the efficiency of label generating and processing. Derivation of the probability of packet missing is done to quantify the buffering performance of virtual optical memory. Simulation results show that the hybrid-coded labels, as compared to the conventional OCDM labels, are able to buffer the data packets with a relatively low probability of packet missing under similar label length.

Evaluación de Parámetros de QoS en una Red VPN-MPLS Diffserv bajo un Entorno Completo de Emulación de Software Libre

El uso de redes de redes privadas virtuales (VPN-MPLS) se ha vuelto muy común dentro de las empresas gracias a sus múltiples ventajas tales como, la comunicación privada a través de una infraestructura de red pública entre sitios geográficamente diversos. Esto lleva a la necesidad de una red eficiente en términos de calidad de servicio (QoS) para garantizar la fiabilidad y la seguridad de la información. Sin embargo, la implementación de una red VPN-MPLS no es fácil ni económica para las pequeñas y medianas empresas; por lo tanto, en la mayoría de los casos, se requiere usar emuladores que tampoco son gratis. La presente investigación analizó una red VPN-MPLS en términos de métricas QoS: delay, jitter y packet loss. Esta evaluación se realizó en un entorno virtual utilizando sólo herramientas de software libre bajo dos escenarios de prueba, con y sin Servicios Diferenciados (DiffServ). Los resultados mostraron que una red VPN-MPLS DiffServ reduce el delay en aproximadamente 96.78% en VoIP, 39.21% en Datos y 66.83% en Streaming; Además, el jitter se redujo en aproximadamente 27,88% en VoIP y 41,09% en datos.

Metaheuristic approaches for IP/MPLS network design

AbstractThis work introduces metaheuristic approaches for designing resilient and cost‐effective multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks, a technology that is gaining prominent importance since most of the global data traffic is Internet traffic, and most internet protocol (IP) traffic within service provider backbones is being supported upon the IP/MPLS technology. Our approach is innovative because it integrates an overlay network design problem with the effective usage of traffic‐engineering features of this technology. Due to the resulting complexity and a high level of technological detail, we decided to use metaheuristics to find solutions to prospective scenarios for two real‐world applications. The best results were achieved using evolutionary algorithms and GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure). The relative improvements for some of these scenarios are outstanding and reveal how using the protection mechanisms provided by newer technologies may advance efficiency standards more than legacy protection schemas.

Segment Routing for Effective Recovery and Multi-domain Traffic Engineering

Segment routing is an emerging traffic engineering technique relying on Multi-protocol Label-Switched (MPLS) label stacking to steer traffic using the source-routing paradigm. Traffic flows are enforced through a given path by applying a specifically designed stack of labels (i.e., the segment list). Each packet is then forwarded along the shortest path toward the network element represented by the top label. Unlike traditional MPLS networks, segment routing maintains a per-flow state only at the ingress node; no signaling protocol is required to establish new flows or change the routing of active flows. Thus, control plane scalability is greatly improved. Several segment routing use cases have recently been proposed. As an example, it can be effectively used to dynamically steer traffic flows on paths characterized by low latency values. However, this may suffer from some potential issues. Indeed, deployed MPLS equipment typically supports a limited number of stacked labels. Therefore, it is important to define the proper procedures to minimize the required segment list depth. This work is focused on two relevant segment routing use cases: dynamic traffic recovery and traffic engineering in multi-domain networks. Indeed, in both use cases, the utilization of segment routing can significantly simplify the network operation with respect to traditional Internet Protocol (IP)/MPLS procedures. Thus, two original procedures based on segment routing are proposed for the aforementioned use cases. Both procedures are evaluated including a simulative analysis of the segment list depth. Moreover, an experimental demonstration is performed in a multi-layer test bed exploiting a software-defined-networking-based implementation of segment routing.

Enhancement to performance of MPLS network through hierarchical MPLS

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network is used to remove the overhead of routing table lookup at each router. Within the MPLS network, the routing table lookup is done at the edge routers which match the routing table values with the label table values and attach a label for the MPLS network. But, on comparative analysis, it is being found out that for the smaller and larger networks the time taken in MPLS network becomes more. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical MPLS network algorithm to reduce the time taken by the packets to reach from source to destination in a large MPLS network. It also deals with the small MPLS network and suggests solution for the same.

Efficient Data Forwarding Mechanism in Backbone Networks by Employing MPLS Technology

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a relatively new WAN technology that is attracting the networking professionals around the globe. Many ISPs have already deployed it in their network. Yet, some other ISPs are in the pipeline to deploy it. Nevertheless, it has caught the attention of professionals soon after it was developed. Instead of the IP address or MAC address, MPLS works on small labels. These labels are inserted between Data Link layer and Network layer of the OSI model. Forwarding decisions are based on these labels; instead of looking at complex routing tables. The MPLS network is configured, and tested under different conditions. A comparison is drawn between the IP and MPLS network. The obtained results show that MPLS has a lower end to end delay and less CPU utilization. Furthermore, MPLS has lesser processing delay as compared to the IP network. The performance difference is basically due to the intelligent forwarding mechanism of MPLS technology. It is also important to further investigate this topic in terms of security considerations. The labels values are not encrypted during transmission, and there is no authorization mechanism defined. It will be highly beneficial to have more sophisticated suite of security tools to encounter threats and vulnerabilities.

A network-wide exact optimization approach for multiobjective routing with path protection in multiservice multiprotocol label switching networks

ABSTRACTA multiobjective routing model for multiprotocol label switching networks with multiple service types and path protection is presented in this article. The routing problem is formulated as a biobjective integer program, where the considered objectives are formulated according to a network-wide optimization approach, i.e. the objective functions of the route optimization problem depend explicitly on all traffic flows in the network. A disjoint path pair is considered for each traffic trunk, which guarantees protection to the associated connection. A link-path formulation is proposed for the problem, in which a set of possible pairs of paths is devised in advance for each traffic trunk. An exact method (based on the classical constraint method for solving multiobjective problems) is developed for solving the formulated problem. An extensive experimental study, with results on network performance measures in various randomly generated networks, is also presented and discussed.

Improving Quality of Service by Label Space Reduction in Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks

Label Switching in Multi-Protocol Label Switching Networks is a most researched area in recent years. Many techniques have been proposed and implemented and their merits and demerits have been considered. Label Space Reduction is an issue which directly affects the quality of service of the MPLS network. The aim of the work is to design a network which optimizes the quality of service parameters like packet delivery ratio and throughput of the network. In many previous works tunnels are created which deals in only one label for the tunnel instead of swapping labels at each Label Switch Router (LSR). But the entry and exit points inside the tunnel are fixed which makes it difficult for the packets to enter and exit the tunnels. Also the packets entering will have to exit at fixed point and then it follows some other route to reach the destination which only increases the end to end delay and the packet drop in the network. In our proposed approach LCS algorithm is used to find the length of the tunnel according to the number of Label Switched Paths (LSPs) so that the packet can enter into the tunnel and exit at any point in the tunnel. Also each LSR maintains a table so that it tracks the labels which are assigned to the packets entering the tunnel and exiting at any point over the length of the tunnel. This technique results in the reduced number of packets lost in the network and also delay is reduced thus improving the throughput of the network. The results shown in the coming sections also proves the approach and the labels are significantly reduced along with the improvement of other performance parameters like throughput of the network, end to end delay and the packet delivery ratio.

A Hybrid Method for Signalling Transport in GMPLS Control Plane

This paper addresses the issue of signalling transport in control plane of the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) network. The two basic methods for establishing control channels in optical networks are the in-fibre-out-of-band and the out-of-fibre. Starting from the analysis of benefits and drawbacks of those methods, we propose and investigate a novel, flexible method for signalling transport, which is based on the analysis of the given network topology and combines the basic methods to achieve a trade-off between requirements for low latency and high reliability. Performance analysis has shown that, with hybrid method, data path setup times are close to the ones achieved with the in-fibre-out-of-band method, while preserving satisfying reliability and flexibility to integrate into multi-domain networks.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.22.3.15310

A New Fast Backup Method for Bidirectional Multicast Traffic in MPLS Networks: Control Plane Procedures and Evaluation by Simulations

Bidirectional multicast mechanisms are used to support multi-point to multi-point (MP2MP) traffic such as video-conferencing. These mechanisms are deployed today in multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) networks using the connectionless mode in which traffic engineering (TE) features such as bandwidth reservation and fast reroute in case of link and/or node failure are not defined. Indeed, TE procedures are defined in MPLS for unicast and multicast point-to-multipoint (P2MP) traffic only. Hence, MP2MP traffic that requires TE procedures is carried out using a full mesh of P2P or P2MP paths. Similarly, a full mesh of P2P and P2MP backup paths should be predefined in order to fast reroute traffic in case of a node failure. This leads to a major scalability problem since MPLS TE paths incur heavy overhead burden on MPLS nodes (CPU and memory). In this paper, we emphasize on fast reroute procedures using MP2MP TE paths. In particular, we define the control plane procedures that should be established. In addition, we present a simulation study that demonstrates the scalability amelioration when using MP2MP TE paths for fast rerouting instead of full mesh P2P and/or P2MP paths.

Congestion Control Using Fuzzy Based LSPS in Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks

In this paper, we have proposed a fuzzy based decision making component for high volume traffic MPLS networks, by implementing Traffic Engineering, Quality of Service and Multipath routing. The approach explicitly proves to be successful in solving the issues and challenges pertaining to stability, scalability in high volume and dynamic traffic. Furthermore, it will work to handle congestion by higher link utilization and provides efficient rerouting of traffic along with fault tolerance in the network. In this research work, fuzzy calculations are done for fixing the attributes of the MPLS label(s), which is put on particular packet representing the Forwarding Equivalence Class. Fuzzy controller consists of two sub fuzzy systemsLabel Switched Path setup System (LsS) and Traffic Splitting System (TSS). The computation of dynamic status of Load and Delay is utilized by LsS to arrange the paths in preference order. The attained Link Capacity and Utilization Rate are employing by TSS for maintaining congestion free path. The impact of this is to facilitate, we have better decision making for splitting the traffic for different promising paths. This was apparent from the series of traffic scenarios. Observations are obtained using this realization.

An Improved Re-Route Model to Reduce Traffic in Multi-Protocol Label Switching Network

An Improved Re-Route Model to Reduce Traffic in Multi-Protocol Label Switching Network

A scalable mechanism for establishing multi-point to multi-point traffic engineering paths in multiprotocol label switching networks

Network scalability is a major issue in core networks where multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is largely deployed. In this paper, we propose a scalable solution for deploying bidirectional multicast trees in MPLS traffic engineering (TE) networks. The deployment of such trees is performed by defining the concept of multi-point to multi-point (MP2MP) TE label switched paths (LSP). Hence, one MP2MP TE LSP can be used instead of a full mesh of point to point (P2P) or point to multi-point (P2MP) TE-LSP in order to support value added applications such as video-conferencing. This leads to reduce the number of TE-LSPs in MPLS-TE networks and hence it improves their scalability. The paper presents the signalling procedures required to incorporate the new proposed MP2MP TE LSP in MPLS networks in addition to a simulation study in order to assess the scalability enhancement introduced by our contribution.

Performance Enhancement Architecture of VoIP Applications in Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks

In recent years, Voice over IP (VoIP) has impacted global telecommunications and networking tremendously. Traffic engineering and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for VoIP services pose a challenge for network researchers and designers. The repeated use of Internet Protocol shortest path towards the same destination may lead to unbalanced traffic situations and degraded network performance. Therefore, load balancing and link utilization become the critical functions in Internet Protocol routing for providing Quality of Service assurance for VoIP application. The aim of this work is to employ Multiprotocol Label Switching Network as a traffic engineering tool to enhance the QoS for VoIP applications. To achieve this, an effective Multiprotocol Label Switching Network load balancing architecture is developed that classifies the Internet traffic flows, routes the flows into multiple paths. Flow arrival rate, packet loss rate and delay are measured and taken as the input parameters and compared with the threshold values to identify the VoIP flow. Network load status is calculated by estimating the average buffer occupancy value and multipath routing is triggered when the network load is high to enhance the QoS. The investigated performance measures like throughput, delay and packet loss are reported to show the efficiency of the proposed technique for effective VoIP flows.

Links Utilization in MPLS Networks Operating with Traffic Engineering Signal Protocols

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a technology that ensures efficient transmission with high speed and lower delays. Traffic Engineering (TE) signal protocols are usually used for active management of the MPLS networks for efficient utilization of resources. This paper presents performance investigation of MPLS TE signal protocols to get a guideline to utilize transmission links efficiently. Comparison is made between two TE signal protocols, namely Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) and Constraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP). Simulation results are presented for three MPLS networks having different topologies which are implemented in OPNET (version 14.5) environment to support different applications in the absence and presence of quality of service (QoS) algorithms. The results reveal that MPLS network with CR-LDP TE signal protocol has better performance in the term of link utilization. The RSVP reserves certain paths for transmission while the CR-LDP utilizes almost all of the available links.

The Efficiency Test of Additional Multi Protocol Label Switching Network Protocol Over Open Shortest Path First Network Using Graphic Network Simulator 3

Technological developments in the field of fiber optic telecommunications with the media of the backbone network is faster in comparison with other technologies. In the process, the telecommunications industry use the metro ethernet configuration with Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) as the backbone network. This study aims to answer the question of how much the effect of adding the MPLS network protocol on OSPF network. So from this research can be known the value of the efficiency of the addition MPLS network protocol on OSPF network based on network performance using a software simulator GNS3 as its backbone through a step-test. From the test results concluded that based on the delay by the load, MPLS makes network performance more efficient by 67.04%, based on the packet loss and link failure conditions, MPLS makes network performance more efficient by 1.1%, but based on the no-load delay, OSPF has more efficient network performance by 41.96%, and based on the transfer rate, OSPF has a more efficient network performance by 5.2%, to delay normal conditions both have a performance with an average value of 0% packet loss. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v15i1.7600

Using Stuffed Quadratic Congruence Codes for SAC Labels in Optical Packet Switching Network

While optical codes in optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) has been extensively investigated, research of optical coding labels in optical multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network is relatively unexplored. This paper studies optical labels with spectral-amplitude coding (SAC) for optical packet switching (OPS) network. The research focuses on implementing two different codes in optical labels: stuffed quadratic congruence (SQC) codes and M-sequence codes. Label-error rate (LER) is quantified to ascertain the influence of code pattern on system performance. The findings suggest that SQC coded label can support more numbers for label stacking, due to its very low cross-correlation value.