Multipoint Relay Research Articles

Towards Developing Enhanced Cluster-Based QoS-Aware Routing in MANET

Creating dynamic communication infrastructures between mobile devices and satisfying the desires for time-sensitive multimedia applications have introduced new challenges in the design of protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, to stream time-sensitive applications using mobile ad hoc network (MANET), we have selected the Optimal Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. However, the protocol has high overhead because each node selects a set of multipoint relay (MPR) nodes. Therefore, we have proposed quality of service (QoS) supporting the MPR selection approach and a new lower maintenance clustering approach for minimizing the overhead of the network. As a result, the proposed approach showed a better result in the average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing load, and throughput.

On Modeling Optimizations and Enhancing Routing Protocols for Wireless Multihop Networks

The contribution of this paper is two fold. It first analyses the flooding strategies for the Wireless Multihop Networks (WMNs) then it enhances the reactive and proactive routing protocols. For analysis purpose, we select four widely used flooding techniques for routing: i. traditional flooding, ii. Time-To-Live based Expanding Ring Search (TTL-based ERS) flooding scheme, iii. TTL-based Scope Routing (SR) flooding and iv. Multi-Point Relays (MPR) flooding. These techniques play a vital role and act as a backbone for routing protocols. Therefore, we compare efficiency of these techniques for six widely used routing protocols: Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), DYnamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), Fish-eye Scope Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). DSDV uses traditional flooding, AODV, DSR and DYMO use TTL-based ERS flooding, FSR uses TTL-based SR flooding and OLSR uses MPR flooding. This paper also presents mathematical models for flooding techniques and studies the affects of these techniques on their respective protocols in terms of energy and time consumption. This is done to measure the cost incurred by the routing protocols in the form of routing overhead and latencies. A novel contribution of this work is the enhancement in search set values and intervals of routing algorithms to improve the efficiency of selected existing protocols. A detailed comparison analysis of selected protocols with their default and enhanced routing algorithms in NS-2 is also a part of this work.

Joint Energy-Saving Scheduling and Secure Routing for Critical Event Reporting in Wireless Sensor Networks

With the growing concerns about energy saving and security problems in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we investigated a joint energy saving scheduling and secure routing algorithm for critical event reporting in WSN. When a critical event has been detected, the notification must be safely sent to the sink node through the uplink transmission, and the sink node needs to broadcast the alarm messages to the whole network through the downlink transmission. In the uplink, a joint power allocation and secure routing strategy (JPASR) has been proposed to maximize the routing secure connection probability (RSCP) under the constraint of power. Meanwhile, combined with the level-by-level sleeping scheduling method, the energy-saving and secure uplink transmission can be guaranteed. In the downlink, an energy-first multi-point relays set selection mechanism (EFMSS) is designed to choose the backbone nodes to broadcast messages, and the backbone nodes are waken up by the same level-by-level sleeping scheduling method as the uplink transmission. With the two-step procedure, the critical events are appropriately dealt with and the responses are broadcast to the whole network. Extensive simulations results demonstrate that the energy saving and security performances of the proposed method are superior to the existing ones.

QoS‐aware broadcasting in VANETs based on fuzzy logic and enhanced kinetic multipoint relay

SummaryVehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emergent concepts in terms of infrastructure‐less communication. The data dissemination is usually done using broadcast schemes. Data broadcast in VANETs is a challenging issue due to the high mobility vehicles and the varying density. On one hand, these vehicles have to share and disseminate the safety‐critical information, in real time, to other intended vehicles. On the other hand, the existing broadcast solutions do not succeed, till now, to fulfill VANETs requirements especially in terms of performance and QoS. In this paper, we propose a new QoS‐aware broadcast method in order to face VANETs communications challenges. We choose to adapt a concept originally devoted to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and join it to other specific VANET techniques to introduce a new broadcasting protocol in the aim of optimizing QoS fulfilment. The proposed solution is fundamentally based on enhanced kinetic strategy assisted with fuzzy logic for QoS‐aware multipoint relay (MPR). The protocol efficiency is eventually tested through an experimental study and compared with existing methods. The results prove the over‐performance of the proposed solution.

Robust MPR: A Novel Algorithm for Secure and Efficient Data Transmission in VANET

A major issue in VANETs is the high mobility of the nodes. Broadcasting helps in improving the performance of the VANETs in terms of secure routing. However, broadcasting is a major overhead in VANETs. Broadcasting is still a widely used technique in wireless ad hoc networks and is mainly used to transmit network control information and application oriented data. The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) uses a multipoint relay scheme (MPR) to flood the network with control messages involving topology and other technical data. The method generally adopted is flooding which sometimes may lead to congestion in the network. The OLSR technique also has the capability of reducing retransmissions that are redundant and obsolete. We have proposed a MPR selection technique for a robust broadcast in VANETs. Our proposed method tries to cover all the 2-hop MPR nodes ‘m’ times. It also considers the weaker 2-hop MPR nodes set and compensates by providing an alternate solution to counteract the same. In fact, the proposed method determines the strength of the 2-hop MPR set before the start of the transmission and also tries to control the flooding of the transmission control messages. The proposed method is capable of recovering faster when there are broken communication links using the concept of friend MPR nodes. This is made possible with the help of the control packets which carry information regarding the RMPR and the Friend MPR nodes. The RMPR nodes are analyzed using a network simulator (NS2) and mathematical modeling. The values were obtained from the graph readings that were supplied to the simulator. The performance analysis has been tabulated in the results and discussion section. We have studied the performance of the proposed RMPR–OLSR protocol with the existing MMPR–OLSR and the OLSR protocols. The protocols were assessed by studying the network performance when the number of nodes was increased. It was assessed based on the nature of the traffic within the network. The delay for the proposed RMPR–OSLR was lesser than the other two methods (even with an increase in the number of nodes). Similarly, the packet drop for RMPR–OLSR was lesser than MMPR–OLSR and OLSR. The throughput of the RMPR–OLSR was found to increase by than the other existing protocols. The channel utilization was found to be more improved than the other protocols. In fact, the packet delivery ratio (PDR) of the proposed protocol was more than the other two protocols. Thus, the proposed protocol is capable of improving the overall throughput of the network and also helps in maximizing the PDR with respect to the MPR selection technique employed by OLSR.

Implementation of modified OLSR protocol in AANETs for UDP and TCP environment

Airborne Ad-hoc Networks (AANETs) are becoming highly popular nowadays. Due to the fast movements of aircraft, there are frequent topology updates which result into a link break between two communicating aircraft. The routing overhead increases multiple times in search of a new route continuously. To deal with this issue of increased overhead, this paper presents a new routing scheme named as Airborne-OLSR (AOLSR). The proposed scheme provides more optimization of Multi-point Relay (MPR) selection criteria used in existing Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. This decreases the amount of overhead by selecting the MPR either on the right side or the left side of the source node which depends on the location of the node to which data is to be sent. The decrease in overhead will also result into more bandwidth availability which decreases the possibility of link break. The proposed routing scheme has been compared with the existing OLSR protocol for UDP and TCP environment with varying node speed in 3-D Gauss Markov Mobility model using network simulator-3(ns-3). The simulation analysis shows that the proposed scheme is better in terms of packet delivery ratio, End-to-End delay, routing overhead and throughput as compared to OLSR. We have also compared the AOLSR with previously developed AANET specific protocols like automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast system aided geographic routing protocol(A-GR) and geographic routing protocol for aircraft ad hoc network (GRAA).

Latency and energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol for unmanned aerial vehicle networks

Unmanned aerial vehicle is one of the main announced use cases of 5G/IMT2020, which is expected to have various applications in many fields. These devices have limited capabilities in terms of energy and processing. Due to the complex structure of unmanned aerial vehicle networks and the high mobility constraints, design of efficient routing protocol, for supporting such network, is a challenge. Thus, efficient routing of data among unmanned aerial vehicles between source and destination is an important issue in designing unmanned aerial vehicle networks. Proactive routing protocols are one of the main categories of routing protocols developed for mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. Optimized link state routing protocol is one of the most common proactive routing protocols that has been modified to support unmanned aerial vehicle networks, considering high mobility feature of the network. In this work, we propose a latency and energy-efficient proactive routing protocol for dense unmanned aerial vehicle networks, with high-density devices, based on optimized link state routing protocol algorithm, referred to as multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol. The proposed routing protocol is topology aware and can be used for low-latency and high-mobility applications. The proposed multi-objective optimized link state routing protocol routing algorithm considers all modified versions of optimized link state routing protocol and introduces a novel method for selecting multipoint relay nodes that considers the traffic load on the communication channel and the load on each unmanned aerial vehicle node. Moreover, the proposed algorithm considers the communication link stability and the energy constraints. The system is simulated over a reliable environment for various scenarios, and it is compared to the original optimized link state routing protocol and its modified versions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency, energy, and reliability.

Prevention of Black Hole Attacks on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Through Intrusion Detection Systems

In a mobile ad hoc network, a source node must rely on intermediate nodes to forward its packets along multi-hop routes to the destination node. The performance of a mobile ad hoc network is closely related to the capability of the implemented routing protocol to adapt itself to unpredictable changes of topology network and link status. One of these routing protocols is optimized link state routing protocol which assumes that all nodes are trusted. However, in a hostile environment, the OLSR is known to be vulnerable to various kinds of malicious attacks. Without having any control on packet forwarding, an intermediate node can behave selfishly or maliciously to drop packets going through it. Therefore, in this article, the authors propose a new technique for the selection of multipoint relays whose aims to provide each node the ability to select alternative paths in order to reach any destination two hops away.

A Robust Architecture of the OLSR Protocol for Channel Utilization and Optimized Transmission Using Minimal Multi Point Relay Selection in VANET

The constantly changing network topology in a VANET is dependent on efficient routing techniques. The position of the nodes gets updated by transmitting the Hello packets which contain vital control information about the network topology. The Hello packets are usually transmitted by a flooding technique. Flooding may prove disastrous when there is a heavy load on the network. It also results in allowing an unwanted number of redundant messages to be circulated, which in turn increases the transmission overhead. Our proposed work uses the optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol with minimum multipoint relays (MMPR) to minimize the effects of flooding and maximize the channel utilization. The proposed protocol focuses on enhancing the security of the transmission by ensuring that only a selected set of nodes participate in forwarding the Hello packets emanating from the source. Our proposed technique makes sure that only a minimal set of nodes are always responsible for transmission. This helps in authenticating the nodes responsible for transmission. Additionally, this also ensures that flooding and transmission are more controlled than a normal mobile network. The proposed technique focuses on the efficient usage of bandwidth by minimizing the hop count of the transmission. Controlled and effective transmission with effective channel utilization is the main objective of our proposed protocol. The results are simulated and are compared with a reactive protocol like AODV in order to gauge its performance. OLSR with MMPR shows a better throughput than AODV thus ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed protocol.

WRE‐OLSR, a new scheme for enhancing the lifetime within ad hoc and wireless sensor networks

SummaryWithin ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, communications are accomplished in dynamic environments with a random movement of mobile devices. Thus, routing protocols over these networks are an important concern to offer efficient network scalability, manage topology information, and prolong the network lifetime. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) is one of those routing protocols implemented in ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. Because of its proactive technique, routes between two nodes are established in a very short time, but it can spend a lot of resources for selecting the multipoint relays (MPRs: nodes responsible for routing data) and exchanging topology control information. Thus, nodes playing for a long time a role of MPR within networks implementing such protocol can rapidly exhaust their batteries, which create route failures and affect the network lifetime. Our main approach relies on analyzing this concern by introducing a new criterion that implements a combination between the residual energy of a node and its reachability in order to determine the optimal number of MPRs and sustain the network lifetime. Simulations performed illustrate obviously that our approach is more significant compared with the basic heuristic used by original OLSR to compute the MPR set of a node.

An QoS Aware Link Defined OLSR (LD-OLSR) Routing Protocol for MANETS

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETS) are gaining popularity because of interconnected networks. Routing is a key issue which needs to be addressed for efficient forwarding of packets from source to destination. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is a proactive or table driven routing protocol in MANETS which works on the principal of link sensing. Multi Point Relay (MPR) node is mainly responsible for forwarding of topology control messages in OLSR. In this work MPR node is selected on the basis of node’s willingness to be selected as MPR. Wireless links are generally much inferior and prone to link losses. Frequent link failures result in lesser QoS parameters such as lesser throughput, higher end to end delay, higher latency and less utilization of link bandwidth. Link quality is an important metric to be taken as a research topic while deciding routing protocol. Routing protocols suggested by many authors have proffered minimum hop routing which contains lossy links in wireless medium resulting in reduction of throughput. In this work, Link Defined OLSR (OLSR-LD) is proposed which considers quality of link while making routing decision. Extensive Simulations were performed using NS-2 Simulator by varying pause time of nodes, simulation time of nodes and speed of nodes.

New quantum-genetic based OLSR protocol (QG-OLSR) for Mobile Ad hoc Network

Due to the mobility, self-organization and distributed control of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the routing protocol of MANET must adapt to the rapid changes of the network structure, and ensure the maximum savings of network resources. This paper proposes a kind of new quantum-genetic based OLSR protocol (QG-OLSR) for MANET. The protocol adopts the MPR (multi-point relay) technology in OLSR (Optimal Link State Routing). By embedding new augmented Q-Learning algorithm and combining the OLSR algorithm to optimize the selection of MPR sets, it can effectively reduce the consumption of network topology control, improve the delivery rate of data packets, and reduce the time delay of the end-to-end packet transmission between nodes. The results of the experimental testings show that the new protocol is reliable and highly efficient, which is suitable for many applications of MANET.

Multipoint Relaying Versus Chain-Branch-Leaf Clustering Performance in Optimized Link State Routing-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks resort to clustering in order to optimize network performance. Concerning the optimized link state routing protocol and the plethora of its derivatives, the multipoint relaying (MPR) technique has proven its efficiency as an accurate clustering scheme over the last two decades. However, it has been emphasized recently that the MPR technique, which was originally designed for open areas, does not benefit from the particular configuration of road sections, which are intrinsically spatially constrained. A clustering scheme exploiting this particularity, namely chain-branch-leaf (CBL), has been introduced in order to enhance the flooding of broadcast traffic, including that related to routing operations. In this paper, both MPR and CBL are evaluated through MATLAB simulation over several scenarios based on realistic road configurations and traffic generated with SUMO simulator. The results show that CBL actually reduces the number of nodes acting as relays (cluster-heads) in the network, thus decreasing the routing traffic related to creation and retransmission of topology control messages. Also, they show that, with CBL, the nodes chosen as relays remain longer in this role, thus favoring the overall network stability, and that most of the nodes remain attached longer to the same relay than with the MPR technique.

Multi Point Relay Selection in OLSR Routing Protocol using Particle Swarm Optimization

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or wireless ad-hoc sensor network are capable of configuring, organizing networks with ad-hoc infrastructure. In MANETs nodes are mobile therefore the topology of MANETS changes dynamically. The nodes in MANETS are with limited transmission range so they cannot communicate directly so uses the intermediate nodes for communication. As nodes in a MANET normally have limited transmission ranges, some nodes cannot communicate directly with each other. Hence uses other intermediate nodes for communication so every node also work as a router Various routing protocols are available for MANETS. Optimized Link State routing protocol (OLSR) is a table driven, proactive protocol derived from optimization of the link state routing protocol. It uses hello and topology control messages to find out and then distribute link state information throughout the mobile ad hoc network. It is a congestion control routing protocol, which uses the concept of flooding through Multi Point Relay (MPR) only to minimize the overhead of routing messages.

EIMO‐ESOLSR: energy efficient and security‐based model for OLSR routing protocol in mobile ad‐hoc network

In numerous areas mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has plenteous mobile nodes that are allowed to communicate independently. In optimised link state routing protocols (OLSR), multi-point relays (MPR) are unique nodes that are chosen by different nodes to relay their traffic information which may prompt to MPR nodes high energy consumption. However, misbehaving MPR nodes tend to protect their energy by dropping different nodes packets as opposed to sending them. This prompts to huge energy loss and debasement of execution in many existing energy efficient MPR selection plans. In this work, an energy and security aware routing model is introduced for MANET including an enhanced intellects-masses optimiser (EIMO). At first, by methods of MPR selection the route discovery is advanced. In this approach, parameters, for example, available bandwidth, queue occupancy, and lifetime are considered as willingness nodes and misbehaving probability, power factor and forwarding behavior are considered as Composite Eligibility Index (CEI). Contrasted with other energy models this approach has less energy and secured. The accomplished simulation upshot exhibits that the EIMO-energy-efficient and secure optimised link state routing (ESOLSR) outperforms other state of art with respect to the performance metrics like energy consumption, total remaining time, average network lifetime, and a variance of energy.

An Enhanced MPR OLSR Protocol for Efficient Node Selection Process in Cognitive Radio Based VANET

A VANET is an excellent instance of a wireless sensor network. The mobile vehicles are the nodes and communication happens between the vehicular nodes. This facility of communicating with the vehicular nodes finds varied applications ranging from entertainment to emergency services. When combined with cognitive radio techniques, VANETs are equipped with the facility of sensing the spectrum opportunistically. When the spectrum is sensed efficiently, the channel and the bandwidth can be utilized effectively. To achieve this, we have coordinated the enhanced Optimal Link State Routing Protocol (MMPR-OLSR) with the GSA-PSO (Gravitational Search-Particle Swarm Optimization) scheme in combination with the cognitive radio technique. This technique can be applied to the Vehicular Sensor Networks. MMPR-OLSR with GSA-PSO optimization facilitates the MMPR-OLSR protocol to select the suitable member nodes using an optimal searching technique. The GSA-PSO optimization not only helps in choosing the appropriate MMPR nodes, but also helps in reducing the unnecessary overheads due to the propagation of the control packets. By selecting the appropriate MMPR nodes. It is also possible to minimize the number of relay selector nodes used in transmission. The optimization technique also focuses on assigning the channels among all the network users. This is controlled by our proposed approach. A group of nodes are selected before the start of the actual transmission. These vehicular nodes within the communication range are used as relays in the transmission. These nodes are categorized as Multi Point Relays. Cognitive radio plays an active role by identifying the idle channels, thus enabling the usage of the unused channels. Our proposed approach works efficiently in achieving the objective of effective channel utilization combined with efficient transmission. Our proposed approach is simulated using the NS2 platform and is evaluated based on important network metrics. Our proposed method shows a sharp decrease in delay and a high packet delivery ratio in addition to a high channel utilization. The proposed GSA-PSO approach decreases the delay associated with packet transmission and delivery in VANETs and also ensures a good PDR due to the effective channel utilization.

MPR selection to the OLSR quality of service in MANET using minmax algorithm

Optimized link state routing (OLSR) is a routing protocol that has a small delay, low traffic control, support the application of denser networks, and adopts the concept of multipoint relays (MPR). The problem of OLSR is routing table updating which continually causes excessive packet delivery, and energy consumption becomes increased. This article proposes the improvement of OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm based on the quality of service (QoS) with considering the density of the node. The Min-max algorithm works in selecting MPR nodes based on the largest signal range. The QoS parameters analyzed with a different number of nodes are packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, delay, energy consumption, and topology control (TC). Simulation result of network simulator version 2 (NS-2) shows that OLSR performance using the min-max algorithm can increase PDR of 91.17%, packet loss of 60.77% and reduce topology control packet of 8.07%, energy consumption of 16.82% compared with standard OLSR.

An energy persistent Range-dependent Regulated Transmission Communication model for vehicular network applications

Multi Point Relays (MPRs) are engaged for supporting road-side communication by sharing traffic information, road conditions and additional notifications. Vehicular Networks (VNs) gather round information from these relay points for ease of information access and monitoring purpose. Managing the operation hours of relay sensors becomes vital as they cannot be frequently recharged but has to meet the vehicle requirements over a protracted time. MPR is a tiny sensor mote with built-in power source that is placed along the roadways for the allotment of useful information. The operation hours of the sensors depends on its battery power for which maintenance is important. To assurance uninterrupted communication and information sharing from MPR sensors, we propose a Range-dependent Regulated Transmission (RRT) with doze formulation. In a RRT, the assortment and power of the sensor nodes are modifiable with respect to vehicular density and type of information. The type of information is pre-informed by the nearest Road-Side Unit (RSU) from which the transmit power level of the MPR is decided. Similarly, the MPRs remain in sleep state when vehicle density is nil. The MPRs switch to operation state when it listens to a Vehicle Request (VR) packet from withers RSU or On-Board unit (OBU). RRT with doze formulation improves the communication time and rate of the road side relay units but adjusting the communication factors with respect to the vehicle requirements.

Performance of OLSR MANET Adopting Cross-Layer Approach Under CBR and VBR Traffics Environment

The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET. The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.

Study on multipoint relays selection based on SINR and residual energy aware in wireless multi-hop networks

Study on multipoint relays selection based on SINR and residual energy aware in wireless multi-hop networks