Multiple Products Research Articles

Sustainable Valorization of Rice Straw into Biochar and Carbon Dots Using a Novel One-Pot Approach for Dual Applications in Detection and Removal of Lead Ions.

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal that causes significant health hazards and environmental damage. Thus, the detection and removal of Pb2+ ions in freshwater sources are imperative for safeguarding public health and the environment. Moreover, the transformation of single resources into multiple high-value products is vital for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). In this regard, the present work focused on the preparation of two efficient materials, i.e., biochar (R-BC) and carbon dots (R-CDs) from a single resource (rice straw), via a novel approach by using extraction and hydrothermal process. The various microscopic and spectroscopy techniques confirmed the formation of porous structure and spherical morphology of R-BC and R-CDs, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COO) and amine (N-H) groups on the R-CDs' surface. The obtained blue luminescent R-CDs were employed as chemosensors for the detection of Pb2+ ions. The sensor exhibited a strong linear correlation over a concentration range of 1 µM to 100 µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 µM. Furthermore, the BET analysis of R-BC indicated a surface area of 1.71 m2/g and a monolayer volume of 0.0081 cm3/g, supporting its adsorption potential for Pb2+. The R-BC showed excellent removal efficiency of 77.61%. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm model and second-order kinetics. Therefore, the dual use of rice straw-derived provides a cost-effective, environmentally friendly solution for Pb2+ detection and remediation to accomplish the SDGs.

Expression Analysis and Functional Validation of DcTPSb1 in Terpene Synthesis of Dendrobium chrysotoxum.

Terpenes are critical components of the floral fragrance component in Dendrobium chrysotoxum, synthesized by terpene synthase (TPS). Analysis of the D. chrysotoxum genome and transcriptional data revealed that the gene DcTPSb1 was significantly up-regulated during flowering periods, showing a strong correlation with the accumulation of aromatic monoterpenes in the floral components of Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Consequently, the DcTPSb1 gene was selected for further analysis. DcTPSb1 exhibited elevated expression levels in flowers among four organs (roots, stems, leaves, flowers) of D. chrysotoxum, with the highest expression observed during the blooming phase, which aligned with the accumulation of volatile terpenes during flowering. DcTPSb1, located in the chloroplasts, was identified as a member of the TPS-b subfamily associated with monoterpenes synthesis, showing close phylogenetic relationships with homologous proteins in related plant species. An analysis of the promoter region of DcTPSb1 indicated that it may be regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) responsiveness. Functionally, DcTPSb1 was shown to catalyze the conversion of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to linalool, ocimene, and (-)-α-pinitol in vitro. Overexpression of DcTPSb1 in tobacco resulted in a significant increase in terpenoid release during the blooming stage; however, the up-regulated substances did not include their catalytic products. The classification of DcTPSb1 as a terpene synthase capable of producing multiple products provides valuable insights into the complex biosynthesis of terpenes in orchids. These findings enhance our understanding of the functional diversity of DcTPSb1 and the processes involved in terpene biosynthesis in orchids.

Ultrafast structural dynamics of UV photoexcited cis,cis-1,3-cyclooctadiene observed with time-resolved electron diffraction.

Conjugated diene molecules are highly reactive upon photoexcitation and can relax through multiple reaction channels that depend on the position of the double bonds and the degree of molecular rigidity. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics of these molecules is crucial for establishing general rules governing the relaxation and product formation. Here, we investigate the femtosecond time-resolved photoinduced excited-state structural dynamics of cis,cis-1,3-cyclooctadiene, a large-flexible cyclic conjugated diene molecule, upon excitation with 200 nm using mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction and trajectory surface hopping dynamics simulations. We tracked the photoinduced structural changes from the Franck-Condon region through the conical intersection seam to the ground state. Our findings revealed a novel primary reaction coordinate involving ring distortion, where the ring stretches along one axis and compresses along the perpendicular axis. The nuclear wavepacket remains compact along this reaction coordinate until it reaches the conical intersection seam, and it rapidly spreads as it approaches the ground state, where multiple products are formed.

Analytical characterization of aberrant trisulfide bond formation in therapeutic proteins and their impact on product quality.

Post translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins play an integral role in maintaining the overall structure and function of proteins including their proper folding, binding, and potency. However, not all PTMs play a positive role in protein drugs as some can lead to product-related impurities that negatively impact protein function. One example of a PTM is trisulfide formation, which appears as a product related species in multiple biologic drug products. The impacts of trisulfide formation on protein structure, stability, potency, and safety remains under investigation. Herein, we investigated and report the impact of aberrant trisulfides on erythropoietin (EPO) and somatropin (growth hormone/GH) therapeutic proteins. Utilizing LC-MS we show that one EPO product contains measurable basal levels of trisulfide bonds in its formulation and exposure to H2S induced aberrant trisulfides in all products investigated. We report that exposure to H2S produces moderate effects on protein stability via thermal melting monitored by circular dichroism, protein purity utilizing size exclusion chromatography, and particle content using micro-flow imaging. No changes were observed in protein folding via circular dichroism, immunogenicity screening via a THP1-blue assay, or receptor binding activity via biolayer interferometry. Together, these data provide evidence on the effects of aberrant trisulfide formation on overall product quality.

Green extraction cascade of UV-absorbing compounds, alginate, and fucoidan from Sargassum using ethanol and natural deep eutectic solvents.

The objective of this study was to evaluate Caribbean Mexican seaweed as a raw material for the production of fucoidans, alginates, and bioactive extracts with antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and UV absorbance. Extractions were first performed using varying ethanol concentrations and maceration times, with the optimal treatment selected based on its superior antioxidant activity, flavonoid and phenolic contents, and UV absorbance. The solid fraction from this treatment was then subjected to extraction using green solvents, specifically natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), to isolate alginate and fucoidan. The green extraction cascade enables the recovery of multiple value-added products from each fraction, showcasing both versatility and sustainability. The new DES combination yielded a high amount of crude fucoidan (0.4103±0.0042gg⁻1 dry algae), exceeding the yields reported in previous studies. FTIR-ATR analysis confirmed that the extracted fucoidan structure was consistent with that of Sargassum spp., although further purification and characterization are needed to determine whether its known bioactive properties are preserved. All treatments exhibited strong UV-B absorbance, highlighting the potential of Sargassum extracts as sunscreen filters, with polyphenolic compounds being the primary contributor to UV absorption. Additionally, UV-A absorbance was correlated with flavonoid and carotenoid content, particularly in 50% ethanol extracts. Future research should explore the potential of Sargassum for sunscreen applications and polysaccharide extraction, offering a sustainable solution to the environmental and economic challenges posed by annual Sargassum blooms in Mexico.

Microalgae biomass: A multi-product biorefinery solution for sustainable energy, environmental remediation, and industrial symbiosis

The rapid expansion of industrialization and the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuel have urged the search for alternative and sustainable renewable resources to fulfil the escalating energy demand while reducing water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Microalgae have emerged as a promising and sustainable solution, capable of not only treating wastewater but also yielding valuable products. This study aimed to explore the primary applications of microalgae, including wastewater treatment and CO2 sequestration, while assessing the viability of utilizing the resultant microalgae biomass (MB) across diverse sectors such as liquid and gaseous biofuels, bioplastics, animal and aquatic feed, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, biofertilizers, and cosmetics production. Additionally, the study discusses the importance of assessing the environmental impacts of these applications through life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and elaborate the concept of a multi-products biorefinery system. To address the contemporary challenges of the bio-economy in simultaneously producing multiple high-value products, the biorefinery complexity index (BCI) was estimated to be 37, highlighting the need for further research to establish the practicability of a multi-products biorefinery system.

Assessment of macroalgae and macroalgal extracts as a source of minerals in need of fine-tuning in multiple livestock production systems

This study evaluates the levels of macrominerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, S), essential trace elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) and potentially toxic trace elements (Cd, Hg, Pb, As (inorganic and organic)) in seven species of macroalgae and in their extracts. The potential maximum levels of inclusion of macroalgal biomass and extracts in feed were assessed in multiple livestock (swine, ruminant, poultry, leporine and pisciculture). Overall, macroalgae contained high levels of I, reaching its highest levels in S. latissima (4131mg/kg DM) and L. ochroleuca (2780mg/kg DM). Arsenic concentrations ranged from 4.10mg/kg DM in Ulva spp. to 68.9mg/kg DM in S. latissima. Arsenic was mainly present as arsenosugars, of relatively low toxicity. Extracts had higher macrominerals and I levels, and lower essential and toxic trace elements levels compared to the biomass. Macroalgal biomass and extracts can be added to feed at 1-5% to fulfill the physiological needs of multiple livestock, being I contents the main factor limiting highest inclusion rates. Inclusion of S. latissima and L. ochroleuca should be limited to 0.72 and 0.66%, respectively. Maximum level of inclusion of different macroalgal products, as dried biomass or extracts, must be finely tuned. Low levels of inclusion of macroalgae and/or extracts in feed can be considered as an efficient and natural strategy to fulfill the macrominerals and iodine needs of multiple livestock.

Micropropagation of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) and establishment of adventitious root culture for the production of phytochemicals

Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, also popular as “white turmeric”, a medicinal herb (Zingiberaceae) that is an integral part of traditional medicine and is also used as a condiment and dye. Cultivation through conventional rhizome propagation is hindered by slow germination, long dormancy period, and susceptibility to diseases. The roots of C. zedoaria contain curcumin and curcumenol, but limited production of roots restricts sufficient production of these phytochemicals. Therefore, this study developed an innovative protocol for micropropagation and establishment of adventitious root culture in C. zedoaria for phytochemical production. For high-frequency multiple shoot production, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with varying concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and meta-Topolin (mT) were tested. The maximum number of shoots were observed in MS medium + 1.5mg/L mT and yielded an average of 620 shoots from a single explant after 36 weeks via 6 subcultures. The maximum number of roots were produced in MS medium + 1.5mg/L indole-3-butyric acid. An 86% survival was obtained by acclimatizing the plants in soil and rice husk (3:1) media. The genetic stability of the plants was substantiated with the aid of four different types of molecular markers coupled with flow cytometry. The highest adventitious root induction frequency (100%) was recorded in 1.5mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid. MS medium at ¼ strength was ideal for the proliferation of roots as well as the accumulation of phytochemicals. Eliciting the adventitious root culture with 400µM methyl jasmonate further improved the phytochemical content. Therefore, the protocol described in this study can be utilized to produce genetically identical C. zedoaria plants at a larger quantity and to generate adventitious roots that can be used as an alternate source of phytochemicals.

New insights into strange-quark hadronization measuring multiple (multi-)strange hadron production in small collision systems with ALICE

Among the most important results from the Run-1 and Run-2 of the LHC is the observation of an enhanced production of (multi-)strange to non-strange hadron yields, gradually rising from low-multiplicity to highmultiplicity pp and p–Pb collisions, reaching values close to those measured in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions [1]. The observed behaviour cannot be quantitatively reproduced by any of the available QCD-inspired MC generators. In this contribution an extension of this study is presented: the measurement of the Ks0, Λ, Ξ− and Ω− (together with antiparticles) multiplicity distributions in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity, together with the average probability for the multiplets production, extending the study of strangeness production beyond its average. This novel method, based on counting the number of strange particles event-by-event, represents a new test bench for production mechanisms, probing events with a large imbalance between strange and non-strange content.

Macauba (Acrocomia ssp.) fruits: A comprehensive review of nutritional and phytochemical profiles, health benefits, and sustainable oil production.

Macauba is an underexplored palm with significant potential for food-grade vegetable oil production. Its fruits yield two distinct sources of oil, the pulp and the kernel, each with its unique composition, emerging as a potential vegetable oil source with high competitiveness with well-established conventional oil sources. Besides the oil, macauba fruits are rich in essential nutrients, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals, with outstanding health benefits. Macauba processing generates valuable co-products, including the epicarp, pulp and kernel cakes, and endocarp, which have considerable potential for enhancing the macauba production chain. This review explores the nutritional and phytochemical profile of macauba, its health benefits, and the potential for exploiting its co-products. Innovative extraction methods and a comprehensive strategy for producing multiple products from macauba co-products are also highlighted as opportunities to achieve sustainable development goals and a circular economy in macauba fruit processing.

Towards a Platform Chromatography Purification Process for Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV).

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a versatile viral vector technology that can be engineered for specific functionality in vaccine and gene therapy applications. One of the major challenges in AAV production is the need for a GMP-ready platform-based approach to downstream processing, as this would lead to a standardized method for multiple products. Chromatography has huge potential in AAV purification, as it is a scalable method that would enable manufacturing to a high degree of purity, potency, and consistency. Multiple factors need to be considered when developing a chromatography platform, including the chromatography type, format, and mode of operation, along with other commercial considerations that have not been comprehensively reviewed until now. In addition to chromatography factors, this review will also consider the current understanding of AAV characteristics: this will include net surface charge, structural properties, and size, as well as their interactions with metal ions or receptors, and how this impacts the development of a chromatography platform.

Chemical and bacteriological quality of newly Trade Ostrich’s Meat Cuts

In Egypt, ostrich meat as a production animal is relatively under-researched compared to other farmed animals, especially regarding its meat quality. Despite ostrich farming being prominent for feather production in the early 20th century, its meat is gaining popularity among Egyptian consumers. Ostriches provide multiple products, including feathers, leather, and low-fat red meat. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on ostrich meat's chemical and microbial quality, which is essential for ensuring food safety and quality. This study aims to analyze the proximate chemical and bacteriological properties of ostrich meat cuts sold in Egyptian markets. Thirty frozen ostrich meat samples (inside leg, outside leg, wings, and trim) were randomly collected from an ostrich abattoir and analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash content, and microbial load. The results showed that ostrich’s meat had favorable nutritional characteristics, as high protein and low-fat content, with moisture levels ranging from 73.86% to 76.39%. The protein content in ostrich’s meat ranged from 17.22 % to 21%, while the fat content varied from 1.82% to 5.11%. Microbiological analysis revealed that the total bacterial counts ranging in ostrich’s meat from 4.1x103 to 3.2x104 CFU/g. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in some in ostrich’s meat samples under the potential food safety concerns. The findings suggested the need for stricter hygiene practices during processing and storage to maintain meat quality and ensure consumer safety. This research underscores the importance of improving the scientific knowledge surrounding ostrich’s meat in Egypt, particularly regarding its chemical and microbiological quality to enhance consumer confidence and promote its broader use.

Topology optimization and model fusion reconstruction of pump truck boom structure under multi working conditions

The increasingly stringent national regulations have imposed restrictions on the weight compliance of concrete pump trucks. Through multi working condition topology optimization design and model fusion reconstruction technology, a lightweight design was carried out on the boom structure of a certain type of pump truck, achieving a weight reduction of 300 kg. The pioneering reliability assessment verification for the novel “hollow-out” boom structure has been conducted, representing a significant milestone in the industry. The test results show that, the static stress does not exceed 580 MPa, meeting stringent material usage requirements; the fatigue life is equivalent to 9,600 h, surpassing the industry benchmark of 8,000 h. The groundbreaking findings have been successfully integrated into multiple pump truck products, promoting the ongoing advancement of boom lightweight design practices within the industry.

COVID-19, food insecurity and panic buying behavior: Evidence from rural Bangladesh

AbstractThe uncertainties, such as the pandemic (COVID-19), natural calamities, and war, disrupt agricultural production and supply chains, leading to concerns about food access in developing countries. Therefore, this study uses panel data collected through three survey rounds in June and September 2020 and January 2021 to analyze changes in household food expenditure and consumption behaviors and to investigate the association between household characteristics and food insecurity. The results show that households with diverse income sources, including multiple farm products, non-farm businesses, and remittances from absent members, are less likely to reduce food consumption quality and quantity, and be in the lower tail of food expenditure distribution. -However, households in the upper tail of the food expenditure distribution aggressively stock up on food in the second quarter of the year, fearing that lockdown measures would interrupt the food supply. These households tend to have an urban way of living characterized by salaried jobs, small family size, high educational attainment, and proximity to the capital city. The levels of food expenditure remain high even after the lifting of lockdown and movement restrictions, and the reason might be possible uncertainty about crop harvests, despite the eventual good harvests in the year. Overall, these findings suggest that diversification of income sources for rural households in developing countries can help households cope with disruptions to food production and supply chains. The findings also suggest that policies to ensure food access during the pandemic should target households with limited income sources and those in the lower tail of the food expenditure distribution.

Photochemical and Collision-Induced Cross-Linking of Lys, Arg, and His to Nitrile Imines in Peptide Conjugate Ions in the Gas Phase.

We report a study of internal covalent cross-linking with photolytically generated diarylnitrile imines of N-terminal arginine, lysine, and histidine residues in peptide conjugates. Conjugates in which a 4-(2-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)benzoyl group was attached to C-terminal lysine, that we call RAAA-tet-K, KAAA-tet-K, and HAAA-tet-K, were ionized by electrospray and subjected to UV photodissociation (UVPD) at 213 nm. UVPD triggered loss of N2 and proceeded by covalent cross-linking to nitrile imine intermediates that involved the side chains of N-terminal arginine, lysine, and histidine, as well as the peptide amide groups. Cross-linking yields were determined from UVPD-MS2 measurements as 67%, 66%, and 84% for RAAA-tet-K, KAAA-tet-K, and HAAA-tet-K ions, respectively. CID-MS3 of the denitrogenated ion intermediates from RAAA-tet-K, KAAA-tet-K, and HAAA-tet-K indicated overall cross-linking yields of 80%, 89%, and 80%, respectively. The nature of the cross-linking reactions and cross-link structures were investigated for RAAA-tet-K by high-resolution cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometry that identified precursor ion conformers and multiple dissociation products. All sequences were subjected to conformational analysis by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, and energy analysis by density functional theory calculations with M06-2X/def2qzvpp that provided relative and dissociation energies for several cross-link structural types. The cross-linking reactions were substantially exothermic, driving the efficient conversion of nitrile-imine intermediates to cyclic products. The principal steps in covalent cross-linking involved proton transfer onto the nitrile imine group accompanied by nucleophilic attack by the peptide side-chain and amide groups. Blocking the proton transfer and nucleophile resulted in a loss of cross-linking abilities.

Bioconversion of Food and Green Waste into Valuable Compounds Using Solid-State Fermentation in Nonsterile Conditions.

Agro-industrial residues have transitions from being an environmental problem to being a cost-effective source of biopolymers and value-added chemicals. However, the efficient extraction of the desired products from these residues requires pretreatments. Fungal biorefinery is a fascinating approach for the biotransformation of raw materials into multiple products in a single batch. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma asperellum R to convert fruit scrap and green waste into value-added chemicals was tested in solid-state and in nonsterile conditions. A solid-state fermentation protocol for a tray bioreactor was developed using spawn as the inoculum for nonsterile substrates. T. asperellum R drove the fermentation of both substrates, shaping the metabolites that were enriched in the secondary plant metabolites. Strain R showed cellulase activity only when inoculated on fruit scraps, resulting in increased amounts of polysaccharides in the crude extract. This extract was also enriched in vanillic acid and limonoid, which are intriguing compounds due to the increasing interest in their potential as biological nitrification inhibitors or food additives. Finally, trimethoxybenzaldehyde, an interesting chemical building block, was identified in the extracts of the Trichoderma-guided fermentation. The overall results showed that the application of T. asperellum R has potential as a driver to facilitate the extraction of bioactive substances from nonsterile recalcitrant substrates.

Evaluation of global fire simulations in CMIP6 Earth system models

Abstract. Fire is the primary form of terrestrial ecosystem disturbance on a global scale and an important Earth system process. Most Earth system models (ESMs) have incorporated fire modeling, with 19 of them submitting model outputs of fire-related variables to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of CMIP6 historical fire simulations by comparing them with multiple satellite-based products and charcoal-based historical reconstructions. Our results show that most CMIP6 models simulate the present-day global burned area and fire carbon emissions within the range of satellite-based products. They also capture the major features of observed spatial patterns and seasonal cycles, the relationship of fires with precipitation and population density, and the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual variability of tropical fires. Regional fire carbon emissions simulated by the CMIP6 models from 1850 to 2010 generally align with the charcoal-based reconstructions, although there are regional mismatches, such as in southern South America and eastern temperate North America prior to the 1910s and in temperate North America, eastern boreal North America, Europe, and boreal Asia since the 1980s. The CMIP6 simulations have addressed three critical issues identified in CMIP5: (1) the simulated global burned area being less than half of that of the observations, (2) the failure to reproduce the high burned area fraction observed in Africa, and (3) the weak fire seasonal variability. Furthermore, the CMIP6 models exhibit improved accuracy in capturing the observed relationship between fires and both climatic and socioeconomic drivers and better align with the historical long-term trends indicated by charcoal-based reconstructions in most regions worldwide. However, the CMIP6 models still fail to reproduce the decline in global burned area and fire carbon emissions observed over the past 2 decades, mainly attributed to an underestimation of anthropogenic fire suppression, and the spring peak in fires in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, mainly due to an underestimation of crop fires. In addition, the model underestimates the fire sensitivity to wet–dry conditions, indicating the need to improve fuel wetness estimation. Based on these findings, we present specific guidance for fire scheme development and suggest a post-processing methodology for using CMIP6 multi-model outputs to generate reliable fire projection products.

Consumer attitudes, willingness to pay and hedonic evaluations of innovative legume gnocchi products.

With growing concerns over the adverse effects of animal-derived products on health, animal welfare and the environment, the rising popularity of plant-based foods underscores the importance of understanding consumer preferences and determining acceptance. The present study takes the form of a case study that utilized innovative legume-based flours to develop multiple gnocchi products. The Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism as an auction method was employed to elicit consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) following a hedonic evaluation test involving 127 Spanish consumers. The findings indicate that a majority of consumers exhibit a high level of environmental concern, coupled with increased trust in, as well as perceptions of, the benefits of consuming plant-based products. However, they demonstrated moderate attitudes with regard to plant-based products. Notably, product sample tasting had a negative impact on consumers' WTP for legume-based gnocchi. The respondents' education level, income, financial situation, government support, environmental concerns, perceived risks, flavor and color significantly influenced consumers' WTP. The present study offers initial insights into consumer attitudes and WTP for legume-based products in Spain. The findings are of relevance for producers and marketers aiming to promote environmentally-sustainable food production and consumption. They may also play a pivotal role in facilitating the successful introduction and sale of such plant-based products in the Spanish market. Going forward, addressing any limitations of this study and exploring further research avenues will be crucial for refining our understanding of consumer behavior in this context. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Tuning Strategies of Indium‐Based Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

In electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR), indium (In)‐based catalysts with low toxicity and environmental benefits are renowned for their specific high selectivity for formic acid and intrinsic inertia for the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. However, recent studies have reported various products over In‐based catalysts showing comparable or even higher selectivity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for formic acid (HCOOH), puzzling the reaction pathway for CO2 reduction. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent studies on electrocatalytic CO2RR over In‐based catalysts highlighting the formation pathway of specific products. First, the mechanism of electrocatalytic CO2RR with the multiple reaction pathways is concluded considering the relationship between reaction intermediates and selectivity. Furthermore, the regulation strategies for multiple product formation are summarized, including crystalline phase engineering, alloying, nanostructuring, and structural modulation of In single atom, where the effect of key intermediates (*COOH, *OOCH, and *OCHO) on product generation is systematically discussed to achieve high selectivity. Finally, the intrinsic regulation mechanisms of these strategies are analyzed and the challenges and opportunities for the development of next‐generation In‐based catalysts are proposed.

Interplay between Energy and Entropy Mediates Ambimodal Selectivity of Cycloadditions.

One ambimodal transition state can lead to the formation of multiple products. However, it remains fundamentally unknown how the energy and entropy along the post-TS pathways mediate ambimodal selectivity. Here, we investigated the energy and entropy profiles along the post-TS pathways in four [4 + 2]/[6 + 4] cycloadditions. We observe that the pathway leading to the minor product involves a more pronounced entropic trap. These entropic traps, resulting from the conformational change in the dynamic course of ring closure, act as a reservoir of longer-lived dynamic intermediates that roam on the potential energy surface and have a higher likelihood of redistributing to form the other product. The SpnF-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction produces [4 + 2] and [6 + 4] adducts with nearly equal product distribution and relatively flat energy profiles, in contrast to other cycloadditions. Unexpectedly, the entropy profiles for these two adducts are distinctly different. The formation of the [6 + 4] adduct encounters an entropic barrier acting as a dynamical bottleneck, while the [4 + 2] adduct involves a substantial entropic trap to maintain long-lived intermediates. These opposing effects hinder both product formations and likely cancel each other out so that an equal product distribution is observed.