Multi Nozzle Research Articles

Sustainable Solar Powered Multi Nozzle Pesticide Sprayer for Improved Production

In agriculture, automation of spraying has boosted farm productivity. As a result, the labor issue has been resolved. However, the situation is different in a nation like Pakistan. Automation in the agricultural sector is challenging in these arid regions because the most Pakistani farmers are struggling financially. Therefore, the wide use of the manually operated sprayer is still common in majority of the areas of Pakistan. Due to its affordability, design, and versatility, manually lever driven backpack sprayers are much sought after by small-scale farmers. Two types of sprays are utilized in Pakistani farms: fuel-operated pumps and hand-operated ones. The primary disadvantage of a hand-operated spray pump is that its user cannot use it continuously for longer than five to six hours. Due to fatigue, long working hours are impossible without integration of any other energy, but a gasoline-operated spray pump needs fuel, which is costly and difficult to find in remote areas. Therefore, the work represents the integration of renewable energy (solar power) and a manually operated mechanism to achieve sustainability with increased efficiency and reduced human efforts. It is observed from the results that around 2.5 times increased discharge was achieved, and time is reduced by 2.5 times. The proposed idea drives a solar powered multi-nozzle with pump, which sprays pesticide uniformly, along with environmental benefits. In result, pesticide sprayer reduces farmer fatigue and sprays at its highest pace in the shortest amount of time without requiring fuel.

Response surface methodology based parametric study for AISI H13 die steel using customized designed 3D printed Ti64 multi-nozzle polishing tool

The work presents a study on FJP polishing of AISI H13 die steel using 3D printed multi nozzle (dual orifice) polishing tool and Silicon Carbide (SiC) abrasive slurry. It presents a simultaneous effect of feed rate and spindle rotation on the percentage change in surface roughness (%[Formula: see text]). Central Composite Design (CCD) method was used to design the experimentation plan and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the optimum values of the process parameters. The regression model developed for the FJP process was validated by polishing the AISI H13 workpiece with 39[Formula: see text] average initial surface roughness with the optimized process parameters; feed rate of [Formula: see text] and spindle rotation of [Formula: see text]. The optimized FJP parameters were able to generate the surface roughness of [Formula: see text]. The results obtained from the confirmatory experiments were found to be very close to the predicted results which validated the developed regression model. To further enhance the polishing efficiency, the optimum process parameters were used to polish AISI H13 die steel workpiece, the surface roughness was reduced from 390 to 110 nm in 15 min with 12 number of passes which shows the reduction in peaks and valleys with surface improvement of 71.79%.

Developing and Evaluating a Multi Nozzle Spraying Machine Powered by Solar Energy for Agricultural Smallholdings

Developing and Evaluating a Multi Nozzle Spraying Machine Powered by Solar Energy for Agricultural Smallholdings

Experimental study on the effect of additives on the heat transfer performance of spray cold plate

The spray cold plate has a compact structure and high-efficiency heat exchange, which can meet the requirements of high heat flux dissipation of multiple heat sources, and is a reliable means to solve the heat dissipation of the next generation of chips. This paper proposes to use surfactants to enhance the heat transfer of the spray cold plate, and conduct a systematic experimental study on the heat transfer performance of the spray cold plate under different types and concentrations of additives. It was found that among the three surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can improve the heat transfer performance of the spray cold plate, and at the optimal concentration of 200ppm, the heat transfer coefficient of the spray cold plate was increased significantly by 19.8%. Both the n-octanol-distilled water and Tween 20-distilled water can reduce the heat transfer performance of the cold plate using multi nozzles. In addition, based on the experimental data, the dimensionless heat transfers correlations for the spray cold plate using additives were conducted, and the maximum errors of dimensionless correlations for using additives were 2.1%, 2.8%, and 5.4% respectively. This discovery provides a theoretical analysis and basis for the improvement of spray cold plates.

Mathematical model of supersonic jet centerline velocity for multi-nozzle oxygen lance

The supersonic jet characteristics of multi-nozzle oxygen lance are the key to the quality of converter steelmaking. It is of great significance to clarify the velocity distribution characteristics of multi nozzle jet centerline to guide the production practice of converter steelmaking. Taking the oxygen lance for 260 t converter as the object, a three-dimensional geometric model is established to study the distribution characteristics of jet centerline velocity under different Mach number and inclination. The synergistic effect of Mach number and orifice inclination on jet attenuation is mainly studied. The mathematical expressions of jet deflection, Mach number and jet inclination are established, the calculation method of jet centerline deviation is proposed, and the previous mathematical model of jet centerline velocity is improved. The results show that the momentum transfer coefficient Kj of multi-nozzle oxygen lance is not only related to Mach number, but also affected by jet inclination. The deviation between the corrected mathematical model and the field measured results is 4.3%.

Experimental and CFD analysis of multi nozzle ejector system for aircraft compact heat exchanger applications

ABSTRACT In the present study, analysis of multi-nozzle ejector systems for aircraft compact heat exchanger applications is performed. CFD procedure is validated with experimental data of a single-nozzle ejector. Experimentation is carried out with a multi-nozzle ejector to evaluate the performance of the system at ambient temperature (307 K). Based on the pressure drop data obtained from the experiment, the computational domain for CFD studies is simplified. Further the analysis of air ejector systems at higher operating temperature (813 K) is performed. Primary air inlet temperatures and pressure are varied as parameters. Velocity contour, pressure contour and temperature contours are plotted for cold and hot fluid cases. High pressure zones are observed in the mixing regime of primary and secondary fluid. Improper mixing of primary and secondary fluid is observed. The mass ratio is reduced with increase in primary pressure. Based on the CFD results at high temperature, the performance of the compact heat exchanger is computed using the heat exchanger carpet curve for the different secondary (cold) air flows induced by the ejector.

Multi-Nozzle Abrasive Water Jet for Oil and Gas Platforms Decommissioning: A Review

Decommissioning offshore platforms present unique safety and health challenges to the oil and gas industry. In the Malaysian waters, there are over 300 fixed jacket platforms, and most of them exceeded the design service life of 25 to 30 years. One of the key challenges that determine the method of removal of aged jacket platforms is subsea cutting techniques. As underwater cutting is a challenging and expensive task, it is very much essential to develop cost-effective cutting techniques for decommissioning fixed jacket platforms. Thus, the objective of this paper is to present the state of art on Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) cutting techniques by identifying the most significant parameters affecting the performance output measures for decommissioning of Jacket platforms applications. As the cutting process is very complex and times consuming tasks, the paper identifies research gaps and recommends new research areas in Multi Nozzles Abrasive Water Jet (MN-AWJ) for decommissioning applications. Many parameters are affecting the performance of AWJ that is why an in-depth critical review was adopted in this manuscript to determine the most significant parameters that need to be considered in the optimization of AWJ performance.

A review on multi nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing system for MEMS applications

New microproducts require to utilize the variety of materials. Their complex three-dimensional microstructures have big aspect ratios. This ability to fabricate geometrically complicated 3D microstructures provides some additional profits to the additive manufacturing systems over traditional methods. Among the enormous variety of micro-products, depending on the mixtures of usefulness of the product and fundamentals of operation, the foremost types are micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems, micro electromechanical systems, micro-optical electronics systems and microelectronic products. Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing is an innovative high-resolution technology of inkjet printing which has the benefits of being a non-contact, maskless, additive and direct-write methods. The resolution of printing of EHD surpasses by approx. two orders of magnitude compared to the general inkjet printing methods. It has been used mostly in cases of nano or micro manufacturing of very small objects for modelling of a big range of constituents on different substrates having the alternatives of either Drop-On-Demand mode or continuous mode. It is considered to be a capable substitute to thermal and piezoelectric based inkjet printing methods since it has a unique quality of producing small jet or droplets in comparison to the nozzle orifice. Several advantages in fine patterning are presented by EHD inkjet printing processes, but the little manufacturing speed of EHD inkjet printing is an unadorned disadvantage that has been hindering its probable extensive uses in the industry of electronics. To overcome this restriction, the direct printing of colloidal solutions with the help of multiple nozzle EHD inkjet printing method is used. This review offers a short account of multiple-nozzle electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of colloidal solutions for its application in MEMS.

Numerical Simulation of the Flow Field of the Circumferential Multi Nozzle Radial Compressed Air Mist Gun

In recent years, the fog gun trucks for outdoor dust removal have been widely used and developed in China. In this paper, the spray flow field simulation of FLUENT is carried out for the spray nozzle’s mass flow rate and the structure of air supply with circle radius decreasing. The analysis shows that the decreasing degree of the reducing air supply outlet produces the corresponding shear flow, which makes the air supply outlet of the fog gun obtain more energy distribution in the position of the nozzle, and it is more conducive to the divergence and uniformity of the fog droplets by sending the air generated by the nozzle to a longer distance. With the increase of nozzle mass flow rate and wind speed flow rate, it is more conducive to the air supply and divergence of droplets. The effect of adding nozzle around the ejector is better than that in the center of the ejector. A design of flat ejector with higher efficiency is proposed.

Numerical simulation of CVDZnSe gas flow pattern and experimental study on optical properties

Using FLUENT software to simulate the gas flow pattern of CVDZnSe under different nozzle structures including annular single nozzle, four-hole single nozzle and porous multi nozzles, it was found that the gas flow pattern distribution of the annular single-nozzle is up sparse and down dense, and a significant back-flow phenomenon occurs at the gas inlet, whereas the gas flow pattern of the four-hole single-nozzle has better uniformity and the pattern of the porous multi-nozzle is up dense and down sparse. Moreover, neither single-nozzle with four holes nor porous multi-nozzle shows back-flow phenomenon at the inlet. The characteristics of ZnSe prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)method under different nozzle structures are analyzed by EDS, indicating that the stoichiometric ratio of CVDZnSe prepared by using a four-hole single-nozzle is close to “1″, with Zn/Se ratio of B-1# standing at 0.94 and the ratio of B-2# 0.93. In addition, the optical transmittance test of 6 samples shows that the Zn/Se ratio near “1″ is more conducive to improving the optical transmission for 8–14 μm. As a result, the four-hole single nozzle is more conducive to improving the uniformity of the gas flow pattern distribution and preparing CVDZnSe in a stoichiometric ratio.

ME방식 3D 프린터로 제작된 이종 소재 시편의 물성 분석

The necessity for printing multi-materials has increased as the importance of 3D printing grew in various industries. Many studies have undertaken for printing multi-materials simultaneously. In ME (Material Extrusion) type 3D printers, the method of printing different materials using multi nozzles is generally commercialized. Polymers with different composition are hardto-mix with each other, making it difficult to maintain the structural strength of printer parts. So the MJ type 3D printer uses a unique method that mixes multi-materials in a liquid state before printing. In the ME type 3D printer, there were also efforts to mix materials in a melted state, but they were mainly demonstrated for multi-colored parts. In this study, the effect of multi-material mixing on structural strength changes was tested. Multi-Materials were printed with the ME type 3D printer by using one nozzle with a multiple filament feeding system. The bending and tensile tests were conducted to verify the structural characteristics.

The impact on the mechanical properties of multi-material polymers fabricated with a single mixing nozzle and multi-nozzle systems via fused deposition modeling

Multi-material 3D printing and process parameters optimization using multiple extruders are the significant challenges of fused deposition modeling (FDM). This paper focuses on the filament extrusion method and presents a comparison of two modes: multi-material single mixing nozzle and multi-material multiple nozzles, thereby linking technology with the mechanical properties. Tensile testing specimens were printed in two different scenarios to validate the comparison: (1) multi-material multi-layered section printed using a multi in-out single mixing nozzle and (2) multi-material multi-layered section printed using a multiple extrusion nozzle within the same carriage. Both modes followed a rectilinear infill pattern and different material combinations. The material combinations implemented included ABS-HIPS, ABS-PLA, PLA- HIPS, and PLA-HIPS-ABS. A behavioral study was evaluated on the mechanical properties of these materials. The results provide a tool for selection on which type of mode is considered suitable for maximizing efficiency and performance to fabricate a multi-material 3D printed product.

On the Interaction of Swirling Flames in a Lean Premixed Combustor

Abstract Premixed or partially premixed swirling flames are widely used in gas turbine applications because of their compactness, high ignition efficiency, low NOx emissions and flame stability. A typical annular combustor consists of about twenty swirling flames, which interact (directly or indirectly) with their immediate neighbors even during stable operation. These interactions significantly alter the flow and flame topologies thereby bringing in some discrepancies between the single nozzle (SN) and multinozzle (MN), ignition, emission, pattern factor and flame transfer function (FTF) characteristics. For example, in MN configurations, application of a model based on SN FTF data could lead to erroneous conclusions. Due to the complexities involved in this problem in terms of size, thermal power, cost, optical accessibility etc., a limited amount of experimental studies has been reported, that too on scaled down models with reduced number of nozzles. Here, we present a detailed experimental study on the behavior of three interacting swirl premixed flames, arranged in-line in an optically accessible hollow cuboid test section, which closely resembles a three-cup sector of an annular gas turbine combustor with very large radius. Multiple configurations with various combinations of swirl levels between the adjacent nozzles and the associated flame and flow topologies have been studied. Spatio-temporal information of the heat release rate obtained from OH* chemiluminescence imaging is used along with the acoustic pressure signatures to compute the Rayleigh index (RI) so as to identify the regions within the flame that pumps energy into the self-excited thermoacoustic instability modes. It is found that the structure of the flame–flame interaction regions plays a dominant role in the resulting thermoacoustic instability. To resolve the flow and reactive species distributions in the interacting flames, two-dimensional (2D), three component stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of hydroxyl radical is applied to all the test conditions. Significant differences in the flow structures among the different configurations were observed. Simultaneous OH-PLIF and SPIV techniques were also utilized to track the flame front, from which the curvature and stretch rates were computed. Flame surface density (FSD) which is defined as the mean surface area of the reaction zone per unit volume, is also computed for all the test cases. These measurements and analyses elucidate the structure of the interaction regions, their unique characteristics, and possible role in thermoacoustic instability.

The dynamics of multiple interacting swirl-stabilized flames in a lean-premixed gas turbine combustor

The presence of strong interactions between adjacent flames is inevitable in most practical gas turbine combustion systems. Despite the fundamental and practical importance of this configuration, an accurate description of the dynamics of multiple interacting swirl-stabilized flames is still lacking. To better understand the key processes, we have examined flame transfer/describing functions (FTF/FDF) of two interacting lean-premixed flames in a model gas turbine combustor equipped with two identical fuel nozzles. Unlike non-swirling flames, two adjacent swirl-stabilized flames are defined as having either co-rotating or counter-rotating interaction, depending on the relative direction of azimuthal velocity components. The FTF/FDF of interacting swirl flames for these two impingement conditions are analyzed in reference to the corresponding single nozzle (SN) data to provide physically important insight into the nature of flame–flame interactions in a multi-nozzle (MN) environment. It is first shown that both FTF and FDF are heavily influenced by the combination of swirl rotational directions, since the local flame/flow properties in the interacting region are mainly controlled by the jet impingement patterns. Our results suggest that there is considerable discrepancy between the SN and MN data, implying that the use of SN FTF data for the prediction of the MN flame dynamics can lead to erroneous results. Quantitative analyses of extensive self-excited instability data reveal that the degree of temporal synchronization between adjacent flames is a necessary condition for the onset of the instabilities.

Optimize Performance of Cross Flow Turbine with Multi Nozzle

This research is conducted to optimize cross flow turbine performance with multi nozzle and compare with cross flow turbine performance using only single nozzle. The results showed that turbine cross flow with multi nozzle has more optimal performance because the water jet energy from the nozzle is more effective to move the turbine blade runner with a more stable rotation so that the output power and turbine efficiency is more optimal.

Flow-based fabrication: An integrated computational workflow for design and digital additive manufacturing of multifunctional heterogeneously structured objects

Structural hierarchy and material organization in design are traditionally achieved by combining discrete homogeneous parts into functional assemblies where the shape or surface is the determining factor in achieving function. In contrast, biological structures express higher levels of functionality on a finer scale through volumetric cellular constructs that are heterogeneous and complex. Despite recent advancements in additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials, the limitations associated with computational design and digital fabrication of heterogeneous materials and structures frame and limit further progress. Conventional computer-aided design tools typically contain geometric and topologic data of virtual constructs, but lack robust means to integrate material composition properties within virtual models. We present a seamless computational workflow for the design and direct digital fabrication of multi-material and multi-scale structured objects. The workflow encodes for and integrates domain-specific meta-data relating to local, regional and global feature resolution of heterogeneous material organizations. We focus on water-based materials and demonstrate our approach by additively manufacturing diverse constructs associating shape-informing variable flow rates and material properties to mesh-free geometric primitives. The proposed workflow enables virtual-to-physical control of constructs where structural, mechanical and optical gradients are achieved through a seamless design-to-fabrication tool with localized control. An enabling technology combining a robotic arm and a multi-syringe multi nozzle deposition system is presented. Proposed methodology is implemented and full-scale demonstrations are included.

Electrohydrodynamic jet printing of micro-optical devices

Abstract The Electrohydrodynamic-jet (E-jet) printing process combines high resolution printing with a large variety of printing materials, making E-jet suitable for applications ranging from flexible electronics to high resolution biosensors. In this article, we explore a novel E-jet printing application fabricating high-resolution micro-optical devices. Examples given are a microlens array, an optical waveguide multiplexer, and a multi-refractive index diffraction grating. Additionally, this work presents the potential use of a multi nozzle printhead to perform low cost and flexible heterogeneous integration of multiple materials with different optical properties.

Experimental on Multi Nozzle Steam-liquid Two-phase Ejecting Process

During the past years,much work has been done to study the steam,liquid jet technology.However,the working steam in these work are mainly supersaturated steam and superheated steam,work on wet steam in steam-liquid jet technology has not been reported.In industrial application,wet steam with certain dryness is often used as low-pressure steam.Therefore,steam-liquid two-phase flow process is studied on a steam-liquid ejector with multi-nozzle structure by using wet steam as working steam.The pressure change in the ejector and the effect of steam pressure and cool water temperature on the evenness degree of steam and liquid phase mixture in the ejector are obtained.As can be seen from the results,steam dryness has little effect on the pressure distribution in the ejector.The pressure at the outlet of water nozzle and the inlet of cylindrical section of mixing chamber reaches the minimal value under a certain steam pressure,and the value of steam pressure is greater than the optimal steam pressure.Increasing steam pressure and cool water temperature are all helpful to the uniform mixing of steam and liquid phase in mixing chamber.

A Case Study of Ionic Components in the Size-resolved Ambient Particles Collected Near the Volcanic Crater of Sakurajima, Japan

In this study, the ionic composition of volcanogenically derived particles and their temporal and spatial distributions have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the volcanic eruption on the local ecosystem and residents. To this end, an intensive field study was conducted to measure the size-segregated particulate matters at the east part of Sakurajima in Japan. Fractionated sampling of particles into ＞PM₁?, PM 10-2.5 , and PM 2.5 was made by a multi nozzle cascade impactor (MCI). The concentration of various ions present in the size-resolved particles was determined by Ion chromatography. The time dependent 3-dimensional Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion (VAFTAD) model developed by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) indicated that the sampling site of this work was affected by the volcanic aerosol particles plume. The temporal distributions of sulfate and PM 2.5 during the field campaign were significantly variable with important contributions to particle mass concentration. The chlorine loss, suspected to be caused by acidic components of volcanic gases, occurred predominantly in fine particles smaller than 10 μm.

Generation of 3-dimensional microstructure by metal jet

The author developed a process to form micro functional structures by a metal jet. In this process, a first layer is formed using molten metal drops, which are jetted out of a nozzle, and a second layer is then formed on the first layer. The repetition of this process produces 3-dimensional structures. This paper shows a modeling system that can make 3-dimensional structures from CAD data, and some products made by this system. Moreover, it is shown that this technique can be applied to the generation of functional structures using multi nozzles.