Multimode Configuration Research Articles

Enhanced sensing and broadened absorption with higher-order scattering zeros.

Non-Hermitian systems offer a compelling platform for enhancing sensitivity in measurement applications. Here, we propose a multimode non-Hermitian optical configuration comprising three coupled whispering-gallery-mode microcavities and a waveguide. The transmission spectrum of the configuration reveals valleys influenced by zeros and poles of polynomial ratios and can exhibit higher-order scattering zeros. We then propose a sensing protocol based on higher-order scattering zeros, which shows enhanced sensitivity but operates without the eigenbasis collapse, exhibiting a cubic root response to small perturbations. Furthermore, we show that the transmission spectrum can feature a sextic lineshape at purely real zeros and thus holds promise for the development of high-performance optical absorbers.

Ultralong room temperature phosphorescence in Cd-MOFs regulated by the multimode coordination configuration of niacin ligand

Niacin ligands adopted different coordination models to form three Cd-MOFs with ultralong room temperature phosphorescence and long persistent luminescence.

Novel hybrid power system and energy management strategy for locomotives

The traditional fuel locomotive is the primary type of locomotive currently in operation on non-electrified railways; however, it presents certain disadvantages including a low efficiency and high fuel consumption. Therefore, in this study, a multimode hybrid locomotive configuration scheme is designed to improve the system efficiency and reduce fuel consumption during locomotive operation; further, the power flow state under different modes is analyzed, the mathematical model of the hybrid locomotive is established, and a system optimal efficiency calculation method is developed. Moreover, an energy management strategy based on the optimal system efficiency and with a hierarchical architecture is proposed. In the upper layer of this proposed energy management strategy, the optimal efficiency of all operating points and operational state of each component are determined offline using the optimal efficiency calculation method. The lower layer selects and coordinates the mode online by identifying the condition of the wheel and distributes the torque of each power source and the state of each transmission system component. The simulation results indicate that the fuel economy of the proposed energy management strategy is improved by 27.22% compared with that of the traditional fuel locomotive, and the fuel economy is only 7.21% lower than the global optimization result obtained via dynamic programming. In addition, no frequent clutch switching is observed under this strategy, and the electric motor does not operate under non-rated conditions for prolonged periods; these advantages ensure the rationality of control and the reliability of component operation. Finally, the results of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation test confirm that the proposed energy management strategy demonstrates good real-time performance.

Wideband multimode optical parametric oscillation in a Kerr microresonator.

Parametric oscillation in Kerr microresonators provides an attractive pathway for the generation of new optical frequencies in a low-power, small-footprint device. The frequency shift of the newly generated parametric sidebands is set by the phasematching of the underlying four-wave-mixing process, with the generation of large frequency shift sidebands typically placing exacting requirements on a resonator's dispersion profile. In practice, this limits the range of viable pump wavelengths, and ultimately the range of output frequencies. In this paper, we consider a multimode four-wave-mixing process in which the pump and sidebands propagate in different mode families of the resonator. We show that this multimode configuration yields a considerable relaxation in the phasematching requirements needed to generate large frequency shift parametric sidebands, allowing their formation even in resonators with strong second-order dispersion. Experimentally we use a magnesium-fluoride micro-disk resonator to demonstrate this multimode phasematching. By accessing different pump and sideband modes, four distinct multimode parametric processes generating frequency shifts between 118 and 216 THz are reported. The resulting separation between the two sidebands is almost three octaves.

Novel energy management strategy for a dual-motor hybrid electric vehicle considering frequency of mode transitions

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can alter powertrain operating mode in different driving conditions, its energy management strategy (EMS) is priority issue to be considered to improve fuel economy, however, due to the multi-mode configuration and complex powertrain architecture, most of the EMS tend to switch the operating mode frequently, its influence on vehicle drivability and driving comfort are usually ignored, to tickle this issue, a novel EMS considering mode transitions constraints (EMS-MTC) is proposed in this research. Two penalty functions are designed to deal with unwanted mode transitions, then they are incorporated into the optimization process of EMS algorithm, a tradeoff between fuel economy and frequency of mode transition is realized via genetic algorithm, the Hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) tests with UDDS and CLTC-P cycles indicate that more than 60% of mode transitions in adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) can be reduced in EMS-MTC, at the price of slight increase (about 2%) of fuel consumption, which proves its potential for practical application.

Energy Management Strategy of a Reconfigurable Grid-Tied Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid for Commercial Building Applications

This paper proposes an energy management strategy (EMS) of a reconfigurable grid-tied hybrid ac/dc microgrid (HMG) architecture for commercial building (CB) applications. This HMG architecture consists of a multi-mode configuration (MMC) with renewable-based distributed generators (DGs), energy storages (ESs), and genset. The main advantage of this architecture is its capability to reconfigure its structure based on the predicted building load power (BLP) and renewable-based DGs power. However, minimizing the building electricity cost (BEC) and maximizing the reliability index (RI) of a reconfigurable grid-tied HMG architecture is a challenging task due to the stochastic behaviors of BLP and renewable-based DGs power. In this context, the BLP and renewable-based DGs behaviors are modeled using an artificial neural network approach to predict future time slot values. Then, system level models are developed for HMG energy sources and grid-tied converters/switches. Furthermore, BEC and RI models are developed based on the dynamic pricing of grid/HMG electricity cost and supplied energy. Then, an EMS is proposed for the developed reconfigurable grid-tied HMG architecture, which consists of a two-stage control strategy, i.e., stage I and stage II. Stage I control strategy minimizes BEC and maximizes RI using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and MMC. Stage II control strategy generates control signals for HMG energy sources, converters, and grid-tied converters/switches based on stage I reference signals. Historical data is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed EMS for a reconfigurable grid-tied HMG architecture. Through numerical simulation studies, it is shown that the proposed EMS is capable of reducing BEC and increasing RI by concurrently enabling MMC of a reconfigurable grid-tied HMG architecture.

Generalized Theory of Concurrent Multimode Reciprocal and/or Nonreciprocal SIW Ferrite Devices

In this work, we propose, develop, and demonstrate a fundamental and comprehensive theoretical foundation for the first time to formulate and devise known and unknown reciprocal and/or nonreciprocal ferrite components with arbitrarily concurrent multimode features based on the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. To achieve such a universal design, a nonreciprocal unit cell (NRUC) is first defined and characterized. Then, an approach is proposed and investigated to deploy a sufficient number of NRUCs next to each other as a kernel multimode SIW topology. The kernel configuration transforms the incident guided-wave into several separate segments, propagating in parallels independently and along each NRUC, which can be manipulated separately. This methodology grants a general solution to forge ferrite components in a multimode configuration, discussed in detail to corroborate the proposed generalized theory. Finally, two multimode components are studied and demonstrated for the first time as application examples for the proposed theory. Namely, a dual-mode circulator and a triple-mode gyrator are prototyped, fabricated, and measured, exhibiting an excellent agreement with simulation results that effectively validate the presented theoretical foundation in this work.

Research on Platform Environment Simulation Platform Based on Station Status Monitoring and Information Processing Technology

Analysis the in-depth application and acquisition status of low-voltage power line broadband carrier, and establish a database of typical station characteristics based on the nature of user load, communication combination mode, and geographical distribution. Combining with the characteristic information database of typical station areas, research the station environment simulation technology and simulation platform based on multi-mode configuration information fusion. Analysis and research HPLC to deepen application function verification and HPLC expansion functions, develop personalized detection schemes, establish HPLC communication units to deepen application performance quality evaluation, and improve the level of regional HPLC deep application.

Obtaining an Operating Point Solution of a Traveling Wave Laser Model

This paper presents a method of obtaining an operating point configuration for a laser model based on a traveling wave model (TWM), which can then be used in a circuit-level simulator. The method first finds an approximate distributed single-mode stationary solution, this solution is then iterated using the traveling wave equations to an accurate single-mode solution, and finally a short pre-simulation is used to add harmonic content to create a multi-mode configuration of the laser approximating its behavior at an operating point. The effectiveness of this approximation is tested by initiating transient simulations from this operating point and comparing them to the output of the model started from an off state. The stochastic variation in the operating point for a particular configuration is also well predicted. Included in the formulation are gain compression and dispersion effects, laser chirp due to variation in the effective index of the laser mode, and spontaneous emission. Finally, the use of the three-stage process of finding the operating point in a circuit-level simulator is discussed. Not only does the three-stage method provide a quick, accurate operating point for the circuit simulator, but the ability to provide an orders of magnitude faster estimate for the initial circuit-level operating point is critical to the practicality of its use in the simulator. The first stage of the three-stage method does just this.

Multi-objective optimization of single-layer and multi-layer piezoelectric energy harvester under non-linear multi-mode operation using Genetic Algorithm

Abstract The article proposes two different compositions (Single-layer and Multi-layer) of the MEMS (Micro-electromechanical system) based wide band piezoelectric energy harvester operating under a non-linear multi-mode configuration. The conventional type of piezoelectric harvesters usually generates voltage in a smaller range of bandwidth at large frequencies, which is a main disadvantage of the typical harvesters. In this study, the piezoelectric energy harvester is designed with multiple cantilever beams arranged in an equipoise manner, which consists of multiple proof masses, located at different positions utilized for the bandwidth improvement of the energy harvester. Genetic Algorithm (GA) based computerized optimization technique is proposed to identify the optimal parameters of the harvester. The main goal of the proposed work is the minimization of frequency with enlarged bandwidth, for improving the performance of the designed optimized harvester using AlN as the piezoelectric material. From the comparison analysis of the single-layer and multi-layer harvesters, the Multi-layer piezoelectric harvester produces maximum power (5.23 µW) at lower frequency (211.1 Hz) with enlarged bandwidth (19.1 Hz) respectively.

Comparison of four-wheel-drive hybrid powertrain configurations

The stringent fuel economy and emission standards enforce sport sedan and sport utility vehicle employ four-wheel-drive (4WD) hybrid powertrain to achieve better fuel economy and acceleration performance simultaneously. This paper reviews and conducts a comparative study of four 4WD hybrid configuration types: series, series-parallel, power-split and compound-split configurations. To make a fair comparison of fuel economy and acceleration performance, an integrated hierarchical optimization framework is presented, which solves the parameters sizing and energy management problem simultaneously. The pareto-front optimal design of each configuration is derived. According to detailed energy analysis, a novel multi-mode configuration is proposed by adding clutches between planetary gear nodes of compound-split configuration. By combining multiple modes, the proposed configuration achieves better fuel-saving and acceleration performance than initial configuration. Moreover, this comparative study takes into consideration the cost, control complexity and off-road performance. The results show that the power-split one adopting three motor/generators (MGs) shows superior fuel economy and acceleration performance than others, while the proposed multi-mode configuration maintains a competing performance with less MGs. In addition, the series-parallel configuration has great comprehensive potential.

Systematic Design and Optimization Method of Multimode Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Equivalent Tree Graph

Multimode hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been widely applied due to its high efficiency and excellent overall performance. However, the introduction of multimode HEVs makes it difficult to choose reasonable design factors (architectures, component parameters, and control strategies) and determine correct mode shift rules, which undoubtedly enhances design complexity. To improve the design efficiency and reduce screen difficulty of optimal multimode configurations, a systematic design method is proposed to generate, screen, and optimize multimode HEVs with a single planetary gear. Based on equivalent tree graph method, the novel architectures are first generated. Then, considering mode shift rules and component parameters, requirements of speed and torque in corresponding main mode and minimum shift rule graph of working modes are taken as constraints to complete configuration screening. Finally, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering the proposed mode shift rules is put forward to evaluate and optimize energy management. The numerical results show that fuel economy of optimized configurations is improved by at least 22.1%, which proves the effectiveness of proposed systematic design method. Furthermore, it reveals that the multimode configuration can achieve better fuel economy when adopting the appropriate mode shift rule and designing the right arrangement and number of clutches and brakes.

Fuel economy optimization of power split hybrid vehicles: A rapid dynamic programming approach

Fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is affected by their powertrain configurations, powertrain parameters, and energy management strategies. It is most beneficial to optimizing all the three factors simultaneously. However, when the design search space is large, an exhaustive, optimal control strategy, such as dynamic programming (DP), is too computationally expensive. Hence, a faster optimization method with higher computational efficiency and acceptable accuracy is required. Based on the DP approach, an approximate optimization method, called rapid dynamic programming (Rapid-DP), is developed and discussed in this paper. This method effectively reduces the decision-making time (the time can be reduced by a factor of 700, compared to the DP approach) for optimal control. The optimization processes and results are described and then compared with the original DP and PEARS + methods under two different driving cycles: FTP72 and HWFET. In conjunction with particle swarm optimization (PSO), the rapid-DP is leveraged, for the first time, to optimize key powertrain parameters for power split hybrid electric vehicles. Based on two power-split hybrids: Toyota Prius and Prius++, the joint optimization approach is exploited to examine vehicular fuel savings attributed to synergistic parameters optimization and operating-mode increase. The multi-mode configuration with optimal component parameters is demonstrated to be most fuel-efficient, with 6.56% and 3.15% fuel reductions under FTP72 and HWFET cycles, respectively, with respect to the original Prius 2010.

Multi-objective optimization design and performance evaluation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains

This study provides an optimal selection methodology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powertrain configuration by means of optimization and comprehensive evaluation of powertrain design schemes. The challenge of this study is to reveal each powertrain configuration performance potential in different situations of object trade-off and solve the control-physical integrated optimization problem of the PHEV powertrain design. To determine performance potential, a configuration-sizing-control strategy integrated multi-objective powertrain optimization design is proposed and applied to series, parallel pre-transmission (P2), output power-split, and multi-mode power-split powertrain configurations. Firstly, considering simultaneous optimization of fuel economy, electric energy consumption, and acceleration capacity, the parameters of the powertrain components and vehicle performance of each configuration are optimized based on global optimal control in different situations of object trade-off. Then, the Pareto optimal selection of powertrain configuration and its corresponding optimal component parameters are obtained by performance comparison and non-domination sorting. The results suggest that the P2 configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the goal is to optimize acceleration capacity, the multi-mode power-split configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the goal is to optimize electric energy efficiency, and the output power-split configuration and its optimal sizing can be selected when the fuel economy needs to be optimized.

A novel Li-ion battery charger using multi-mode LDO configuration based on 350 nm HV-CMOS

The design of a novel Li-ion battery charger using multi-mode LDO architecture has been introduced in this paper. The proposed architecture, using an improved multi-mode LDO, not only obtains high accuracy but also reduces power supply noise because of utilizing novel error amplifier and power buffer configuration; while still consuming low power dissipation. To obtain the low power consumption, the Schmitt Trigger technique is applied to the charging controller and an optimized current driven circuit is proposed. Besides, the PSRR parameter is also enhanced by adding pre-regulation circuit in multi-mode LDO circuit. Thus, the proposed Li-ion battery charger achieves 700 mA operation current with 70.9 % efficiency but only dissipates 495 mW in power. During the charging process, the setting time and ripple issues are solved by the use of soft-start circuit which is integrated into the charging controller in order to decrease the chip area. Therefore, the setting time is reduced to 5.5 μs while gaining the load regulation at approximately 0.019 μV/mA and increasing PSRR up to 106 dB at DC level. Moreover, the line regulation is also reduced at 1.3 mV/V. The proposed linear battery charger is designed and implemented, based on High-Voltage CMOS process with using 4.5 V power supply voltage and obtaining 4.2 V battery output voltage.

Multimode waveguide based directional coupler

The Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) based platform overcomes limitations of the previous copper and fiber based technologies. Due to its high index difference, SOI waveguide (WG) and directional couplers (DC) are widely used for high speed optical networks and hybrid Electro-Optical inter-connections; TE00–TE01, TE00–TE00 and TM00–TM00 SOI direction couplers are designed with symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations to couple with TE00, TE01 and TM00 in a multi-mode semi-triangular ring-resonator configuration which will be applicable for multi-analyte sensing. Couplers are designed with effective index method and their structural parameters are optimized with consideration to coupler length, wavelength and polarization dependence. Lastly, performance of the couplers are analyzed in terms of cross-talk, mode overlap factor, coupling length and coupling efficiency.

Development and Simulation of a Type of Four-Shaft ECVT for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In hybrid electric vehicles with power-split configurations, the engine can be decoupled from the wheel and operated with improved fuel economy, while the entire efficiency of the powertrain is affected by the circular electric power flow. Two planetary gear (2-PG) sets with adding brakes/clutches, namely a type of four shaft elelctric continuously variable transmission (ECVT) can provide multi-mode operation for the powertrain and extend the efficient area. First, a conventional 2-PG AT (Automatic Transmission) architecture is investigated. By analyzing and comparing the connection and operating modes based on the kinematic relationship and lever analogy, a feasible four-shaft ECVT architecture with two brakes and two simplified versions are picked. To make a trade-off between fuel economy and configuration complexity, an instantaneous optimal control strategy based on the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) concept is then developed and employed as the unified optimization method in the simulations of three different configurations. Finally, the simulation results show that the simplified versions are suboptimal sets and the fuel economy is sacrificed by the limits of different modes. From the viewpoint of concept design, a multi-mode power-split configuration is more suitable for hybrid electric vehicles. This research applied a systematic methodology from concept design to energy management optimization, which can provide the guidelines for researchers to select a suitable multi-mode power-split hybrid powertrain.

Dimensional crossover in a Fermi gas and a cross-dimensional Tomonaga-Luttinger model

We describe the dimensional crossover in a noninteracting Fermi gas in an anisotropic trap, obtained by populating various transverse modes of the trap. We study the dynamical structure factor and drag force. Starting from a dimension $d$, the $(\!d\!+\!1\!)$-dimensional case is obtained to a good approximation with relatively few modes. We show that the dynamical structure factor of a gas in a $d$-dimensional harmonic trap simulates an effective $2d$-dimensional box trap. We focus then on the experimentally relevant situation when only a portion of the gas in harmonic confinement is probed and give a condition to obtain the behavior of a $d$-dimensional gas in a box. Finally, we propose a generalized Tomonaga-Luttinger model for the multimode configuration and compare the dynamical structure factor in the 2D limit with the exact result, finding that it is accurate in the backscattering region and at low energy.

Multi-mode TES Bolometer Optimization for the LSPE-SWIPE Instrument

In this paper, we explore the possibility of using transition edge sensor (TES) detectors in multi-mode configuration in the focal plane of the Short Wavelength Instrument for the Polarization Explorer (SWIPE) of the balloon-borne polarimeter Large-Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE) for the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization. This study is motivated by the fact that maximizing the sensitivity of TES bolometers, under the augmented background due to the multi-mode design, requires a non-trivial choice of detector parameters. We evaluate the best parameter combination taking into account scanning strategy, noise constraints, saturation power, and operating temperature of the cryostat during the flight.

Configurable Architectures for Multi-Mode Floating Point Adders

This paper presents two architectures for floating point (FP) adders, which operates in multi-mode configuration with multi-precision support. First architecture (named QPdDP) works in dual-mode which can operates either for quadruple precision or two-parallel double precision. The second architecture (named QPdDPqSP) works in tri-mode which is able to compute either of a quadruple precision, two-parallel double precision and four-parallel single precision computations. The architectures are based on the standard state-of-the-art flow for FP adder which supports the computation of normal and sub-normal operands, along with the support for the exceptional case handling. The key components in the architecture, such as comparator, swap, dynamic shifters, leading-one-detector (LOD), mantissa adders/subtractors, and rounding circuit, are re-designed and optimized for multi-mode computation, to enable efficient resource sharing for multi-precision operands. The data-path in each multi-mode architecture is tuned for multi-precision support with minimal multiplexing circuitry overhead. These proposed architectures provide multi-precision SIMD support for lower precision operands, along with high precision computational support, and thus, have a better resource utilization. A fully pipelined version of both adder architectures are presented. The proposed adder architectures are synthesized using UMC 90 nm technology ASIC implementation. The proposed architectures are compared with the best available literature works, and have shown better design metrics in terms of area, delay and $area\times period$ , along with more computational support.