Multilevel Sampling Research Articles

Three-dimensional modeling of nitrate-N transport in vadose zone: Roles of soil heterogeneity and groundwater flux

Contamination of groundwater from nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural lands is an important environmental and water quality management issue. It is well recognized that in agriculturally intensive areas, fertilizers and pesticides may leach through the vadose zone and eventually reach groundwater. While numerical models are commonly used to simulate fate and transport of agricultural contaminants, few models have considered a controlled field work to investigate the influence of soil heterogeneity and groundwater flow on nitrate-N distribution in both root zone and deep vadose zone.In this work, a numerical model was developed to simulate nitrate-N transport and transformation beneath a center pivot-irrigated corn field on Nebraska Management System Evaluation area over a three-year period. The model was based on a realistic three-dimensional sediment lithology, as well as carefully controlled irrigation and fertilizer application plans. In parallel, a homogeneous soil domain, containing the major sediment type of the site (i.e. sandy loam), was developed to conduct the same water flow and nitrate-N leaching simulations.Simulated nitrate-N concentrations were compared with the monitored nitrate-N concentrations in 10 multi-level sampling wells over a three-year period. Although soil heterogeneity was mainly observed from top soil to 3 m below the surface, heterogeneity controlled the spatial distribution of nitrate-N concentration. Soil heterogeneity, however, has minimal impact on the total mass of nitrate-N in the domain. In the deeper saturated zone, short-term variations of nitrate-N concentration correlated with the groundwater level fluctuations.

Monitoring well utility in a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone area: Insights from proximal multilevel sampler wells and sampling capture-zone modelling

Groundwater-quality assessment at contaminated sites often involves the use of short-screen (1.5 to 3 m) monitoring wells. However, even over these intervals considerable variation may occur in contaminant concentrations in groundwater adjacent to the well screen. This is especially true in heterogeneous dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones, where cm-scale contamination variability may call into question the effectiveness of monitoring wells to deliver representative data. The utility of monitoring wells in such settings is evaluated by reference to high-resolution multilevel sampler (MLS) wells located proximally to short-screen wells, together with sampling capture-zone modelling to explore controls upon well sample provenance and sensitivity to monitoring protocols. Field data are analysed from the highly instrumented SABRE research site that contained an old trichloroethene source zone within a shallow alluvial aquifer at a UK industrial facility. With increased purging, monitoring-well samples tend to a flow-weighted average concentration but may exhibit sensitivity to the implemented protocol and degree of purging. Formation heterogeneity adjacent to the well-screen particularly, alongside pump-intake position and water level, influence this sensitivity. Purging of low volumes is vulnerable to poor reproducibility arising from concentration variability predicted over the initial 1 to 2 screen volumes purged. Marked heterogeneity may also result in limited long-term sample concentration stabilization. Development of bespoke monitoring protocols, that consider screen volumes purged, alongside water-quality indicator parameter stabilization, is recommended to validate and reduce uncertainty when interpreting monitoring-well data within source zone areas. Generalised recommendations on monitoring well based protocols are also developed. A key monitoring well utility is their proportionately greater sample draw from permeable horizons constituting a significant contaminant flux pathway and hence representative fraction of source mass flux. Acquisition of complementary, high-resolution, site monitoring data, however, vitally underpins optimal interpretation of monitoring-well datasets and appropriate advancement of a site conceptual model and remedial implementation.

The effect of perceived barriers on social entrepreneurship intention in Malaysian universities: The moderating role of education

This paper attempts to identify barriers of social entrepreneurship intention by the moderating role of education amongst research universities in Malaysia. Entrepreneurship is regarded as the major factor for economic development while social entrepreneurship is considered as the alternative method of solving social problems. Entrepreneurship is not new for Malaysia as is evident from various policies and programs initiated by the government. However, social entrepreneurship is a relatively new phenomenon in Malaysian context that requires much attention. To promote entrepreneurship we need to know the barriers influencing on entrepreneurship to overcome the barriers and promote new policies and measures to create new ventures. The study used Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework to investigate the barriers of social entrepreneurship intention. Data was collected through questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted by using AMOS 18. The multilevel sampling design was used with purposive sampling scheme in Malaysian research universities. The findings of this study show that overall students consider the lack of competency, lack of self-confidence and lack of resources were the barriers that affect social entrepreneurial intentions. Results also show that the social entrepreneurial education moderated the relationship between the perceived barriers and social entrepreneurial intentions of the students. This implies that teaching of social entrepreneurial can help to reduce perceived barriers. Also, the present study premises future directions that a cross country analysis between developing countries and between developed and developing countries can be done to figure out barriers of social entrepreneurship intention amongst students.

Teachers' intrinsic vs. extrinsic instructional goals predict their classroom motivating styles

We introduce the concept of teachers' intrinsic vs. extrinsic instructional goals and demonstrate its contribution to teachers' classroom motivating styles using independent samples across four studies. Based on self-determination theory, we hypothesized that the more teachers adopted intrinsic instructional goals the more they would rely on an autonomy-supportive motivating style, and the more they adopted extrinsic instructional goals the more they would rely on a controlling motivating style. Because no measure existed to assess intrinsic vs. extrinsic instructional goals, we created the new 4-scale, 16-item Teacher Goals Questionnaire (TGQ) in Study 1, using a pool of 72 candidate items and data from 212 fulltime K-12 teachers. In Study 2, we demonstrated the TGQ's construct and factorial validity by sampling 149 fulltime K-12 teachers. In Study 3, we tested our hypothesized model by sampling 147 fulltime K-12 teachers who reported their instructional goals on the TGQ and their motivating styles on two separate measures. Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed the hypothesized model. In Study 4, we replicated the findings from Study 3, using a multilevel sample (92 secondary teachers, 2749 students), a longitudinal research design, and student measures of teachers' motivating styles. The discussion focuses on instructional goals as key antecedents of teachers' classroom motivating styles.

Vadose zone processes delay groundwater nitrate reduction response to BMP implementation as observed in paired cultivated vs. uncultivated potato rotation fields

Nitrate leaching from crop production contributes to groundwater contamination and subsequent eutrophication of the receiving surface water. A study was conducted in a 7-ha potato-grain-forages rotation field in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada during 2011–2016 to link potato rotation practices and groundwater quality. The field consists of fine sandy loam soil and is underlain by 7–9 m of glacial till, which overlies the regional fractured “red-bed” sandstone aquifer. The water table is generally located in overburden close to the bedrock interface. Field treatments included one field zone taken out of production in 2011 with the remaining zones kept under a conventional potato rotation. Agronomy data including crop tissue, soil, and tile-drain water quality were collected. Hydrogeology data including multilevel monitoring of groundwater nitrate and hydraulic head and data from rock coring for nitrate distribution in overburden and bedrock matrix were also collected. A significant amount of nitrate leached below the soil profile after potato plant kill (referred to as topkill) in 2011, most of it from fertilizer N. A high level of nitrate was also detected in the till vadose zone through coring in December 2012 and through multilevel groundwater sampling from January to May 2014 in both cultivated and uncultivated field zones. Groundwater nitrate concentrations increased for about 2.5 years after the overlying potato field was removed from production. Pressure-driven uniform flow processes dominate water and nitrate transport in the vadose zone, producing an apparently instant water table response but a delayed groundwater quality response to nitrate leaching events. These data suggest that the uniform flow dominated vadose zone in agricultural landscapes can cause the accumulation of a significant amount of nitrate originated from previous farming activities, and the long travel time of this legacy nitrate in the vadose zone can result in substantially delayed responses of groundwater quality to field management adjustments. The delayed effects should also apply to the transport of other contaminants. This study also suggests that management practices should be optimized to reduce soil nitrate build-up during the non-growing season (when plant N uptake is diminishing and the soil contains excessive moisture, for example, after the potato harvest period in PEI) in order to protect groundwater quality.

Contaminant mass discharge to streams: Comparing direct groundwater velocity measurements and multi-level groundwater sampling with an in-stream approach

Quantitative knowledge of contaminant mass discharge is useful when assessing the risk posed to streams by point sources. However, due to a multi-directional flow field at the groundwater-surface water interface, reliable estimates close to streams are particularly challenging to obtain. Moreover, since the “true” value of the total contaminant mass discharge across a defined control plane is typically unknown at field sites, it is difficult to assess the accuracy of estimates at the field scale. We estimated the mass discharge of a chlorinated ethene plume entering a low-land Danish stream across a control plane on the stream bank. This was done using multi-level groundwater sampling combined with 1) specific discharge obtained from Darcy’s law, and 2) two different specific discharge fields (a constant equal to the mean, and a varying) obtained from direct groundwater velocity measurements using point velocity probes (PVPs). The methods yielded contaminant mass discharges ranging from 204 to 372 kg/y (PCE equivalents). To help account for the entire contaminant mass, we also quantified the contaminant mass discharge of chlorinated ethenes from measured contaminant concentrations in the stream water and the stream discharge to obtain an in-stream contaminant mass discharge. By subtracting contaminant input upstream from the plume discharge zone, as well as input from two culverts discharging contaminated water to the stream, this estimate was used to calculate a groundwater-borne in-stream contaminant mass discharge of 558 kg/y (PCE equivalents). This method has not previously been explored to access the accuracy of stream bank contaminant mass discharge estimates. Differences between the groundwater-borne in-stream value and those on the stream bank may be due to high concentration zones located in fast flow conduits or missed high concentration zones in the control plane. It is also possible that the groundwater-borne in-stream mass discharge was overestimated due to uncertainty in the input from two discharging culverts. The agreement of these results is sufficient to be of practical usefulness for risk assessment. It is concluded that the combination of direct groundwater velocity measurements and multi-level groundwater sampling can provide a useful extension of Darcy-based methods when quantifying the contaminant mass discharge to streams. Moreover, this study demonstrates the efficacy and usefulness of the in-stream contaminant mass discharge in risk assessment if fully mixed stream water concentration and corresponding stream discharge are available.

Detecting buried wave-penetrable scatterers in a two-layered medium

In a two-layered medium, we prove that a buried inhomogeneous scatterer is uniquely determined from the wave field data measured in the upper half-space with respect to many incident point sources. Moreover, we extend the multilevel sampling method in Liu and Zou (2013) to numerically reconstruct the buried scatterer applying only few incident fields and partial scattered data. The extended recovery scheme only involves matrix–vector operations and does not need to solve any large-scale ill-posed linear systems or any optimization process. It is feasible to deal with the scatterers of different features and easy to implement, highly tolerant to noise and computationally quite cheap. We can regard it as an effective yet simple computational method to provide a reliable initial guess for the implementation in existing more accurate and refined optimization-type reconstruction algorithms.

Multi-level Analysis of Distracted Drivers’ Glances: Enhancing the Robustness of the NHTSA Acceptance Criteria

The visual-manual distraction guidelines by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provide a method to assess potential distraction of secondary tasks. According to the method, one instance of “testable task” is performed once by 24 participants, and three glance measures (i.e., mean duration of off-road glances, total eyes off road time, and proportion of long glances) are used to decide whether the task imposes acceptable demand on the driver. The current study investigates variability from both participants and task instances (e.g., different telephone numbers used for dialing telephone number task) reflected in these glance measures, with repeated sampling of participants and repeated sampling of task instances. While NHTSA test method is vulnerable to both sources of variability, multi-level statistical modeling and sampling task instances offers a promising approach to overcome this limitation.

Reaping just what is sown: Low-skills and low-productivity of informal economy workers and the skill acquisition process in developing countries

The objective of this paper is to explore the skill acquisition process of informal economy workers and how it affects their current skills and productivity levels. We used a mixed method and multilevel sampling design with the aid of questionnaires and interviews. We found that trainings provided and skill-levels of workers were basic, and this affected their performance and productivity. We recommend that skill development policies for informal economy workers need to be specific, comprehensive, all-inclusive and peculiar to their challenges.

Progress of UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets in a district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, with high HIV burden, in the HIPSS study: a household-based complex multilevel community survey

With the goal of eliminating new HIV infections, UNAIDS set the ambitious 90-90-90 targets to be achieved by 2020. We assessed whether these targets are being met among participants of the HIV Incidence Provincial Surveillance System (HIPSS) in a high-burden district of South Africa. We used data from a HIPSS household-based, cross-sectional survey of HIV prevalence and incidence done in the uMgungundlovu district, KwaZulu-Natal, in 2014 and 2015. In randomly selected enumeration areas, 50 households were drawn systematically along a serpentine pattern from a random start point. One eligible individual in each household was asked to provide blood for HIV testing and to complete a questionnaire. If a household refused to participate, the house next to it was approached. Eligible participants were aged 15-49 years, lived in the household, were not planning to move away, and spoke English or Zulu. Viral load was measured in samples positive for HIV. We also assessed participants' HIV linkage to care and treatment. Data were population weighted to allow for multilevel sampling and non-response. 9812 participants were enrolled, 3547 men (36%) and 6265 women (64%). Overall, 504 of 1014 men (estimate 52%, 95% CI 47-56) and 1833 of 2955 women (65%, 62-67) who were HIV positive knew their HIV status. Of those who knew, 344 of 522 men (69%, 63-75) and 1254 of 1845 women (70%, 68-73) were taking ART. Among recipients of ART, 294 of 341 men (85%, 80-90) and 1117 of 1249 women (90%, 87-92) had viral loads less than 1000 copies per mL. Among all HIV-positive participants, 427 of 1014 men (44%, 39-49) and 1680 of 2955 women (58%, 55-61) had viral loads lower than 1000 copies per mL. No UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets had been met in our study population. Major campaigns are needed to increase HIV testing, especially among men, and to ensure all HIV-positive patients are taking ART. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

Modelling the salinization of a coastal lagoon-aquifer system

In this study, a coastal area constituted by alternations of saline-brackish lagoons and freshwater bodies was studied and modelled to understand the hydrological processes occurring between the lagoons, the groundwater system of the Po River Delta (Italy) and the Adriatic Sea. The contribution of both evaporation and anthropogenic factors on groundwater salinization was assessed by means of soil, groundwater and surface water monitoring. Highresolution multi-level samplers were used to capture salinity gradients within the aquifer and surface water bodies. Data were employed to calibrate a density-dependent numerical transport model implemented with SEAWAT code along a transect perpendicular to the coast line. The results show that the lagoon is hydraulically well connected with the aquifer, which provides the major source of salinity because of the upcoming of paleo-seawater from the aquitard laying at the base of the unconfined aquifer. On the contrary, the seawater (diluted by the freshwater river outflow) creates only a limited saltwater wedge. The increase in groundwater salinity could be of serious concern, especially for the pinewood located in the dune near the coast, sensitive to salinity increases. This case study represents an interesting paradigm for other similar environmental setting, where the assumption of classical aquifer salinization from a saltwater wedge intruding from the sea is often not representative of the actual aquifer’s salinization mechanisms.

Association between full service and fast food restaurant density, dietary intake and overweight/obesity among adults in Delhi, India

BackgroundThe food environment has been implicated as an underlying contributor to the global obesity epidemic. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between the food environment, dietary intake, and overweight/obesity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study was to assess the association of full service and fast food restaurant density with dietary intake and overweight/obesity in Delhi, India.MethodsData are from a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in Delhi. Using multilevel cluster random sampling, 5364 participants were selected from 134 census enumeration blocks (CEBs). Geographic information system data were available for 131 CEBs (n = 5264) from a field survey conducted using hand-held global positioning system devices. The number of full service and fast food restaurants within a 1-km buffer of CEBs was recorded by trained staff using ArcGIS software, and participants were assigned to tertiles of full service and fast food restaurant density based on their resident CEB. Height and weight were measured using standardized procedures and overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2.ResultsThe most common full service and fast food restaurants were Indian savory restaurants (57.2%) and Indian sweet shops (25.8%). Only 14.1% of full service and fast food restaurants were Western style. After adjustment for age, household income, education, and tobacco and alcohol use, participants in the highest tertile of full service and fast food restaurant density were less likely to consume fruit and more likely to consume refined grains compared to participants in the lowest tertile (both p < 0.05). In unadjusted logistic regression models, participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of full service and fast food restaurant density were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese: odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.44 (1.24, 1.67). After adjustment for age, household income, and education, the effect was attenuated: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26). Results were consistent with further adjustment for tobacco and alcohol use, moderate physical activity, and owning a bicycle or motorized vehicle.ConclusionsMost full service and fast food restaurants were Indian, suggesting that the nutrition transition in this megacity may be better characterized by the large number of unhealthy Indian food outlets rather than the Western food outlets. Full service and fast food restaurant density in the residence area of adults in Delhi, India, was associated with poor dietary intake. It was also positively associated with overweight/obesity, but this was largely explained by socioeconomic status. Further research is needed exploring these associations prospectively and in other LMICs.

Prevalence of Fragile X Syndrome among children receiving special education and carrier states in first degree relatives.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetically determined developmental disorder. Underlying genotype is cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repeat expansions with over 200 repeats in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Children with FXS are most accessible in special education institutions in Sri Lanka, with a total of approximately 6000 registered attendees. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of FXS among special school attendees and to screen first degree relatives of affected children. A nationally representative sample of 850 children (5-18 years) was selected using multi-level stratified sampling. Screening was performed by 3’ direct triplet primed PCR, followed by melting curve analysis. Expanded repeat status of the screened positives were confirmed using capillary electrophoresis, methylation specific PCR and Southern hybridization. Screening of available first degree relatives (n=12) were carried out using the same method of screening and diagnosis. Eleven had FXS. Prevalence of FXS was 1.3% (95% CI 0.9-1.6). Among the 11 with FXS 9 had more than 350 CGG repeats, while the rest had around 300. Twelve first degree relatives consisting of nine mothers, two female siblings and a male sibling were tested. All mothers and female siblings had either full mutation or premutation while the male sibling had CGG repeats in the normal range. Among the special school attendees, prevalence of FXS was 1.3% which has a high risk for autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Multilevel Quasi-Monte Carlo methods for lognormal diffusion problems

In this paper we present a rigorous cost and error analysis of a multilevel estimator based on randomly shifted Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) lattice rules for lognormal diffusion problems. These problems are motivated by uncertainty quantification problems in subsurface flow. We extend the convergence analysis in [Graham et al., Numer. Math. 2014] to multilevel Quasi-Monte Carlo finite element discretizations and give a constructive proof of the dimension-independent convergence of the QMC rules. More precisely, we provide suitable parameters for the construction of such rules that yield the required variance reduction for the multilevel scheme to achieve an e-error with a cost of O(e � ) with θ < 2, and in practice even θ ≈ 1, for sufficiently fast decaying covariance kernels of the underlying Gaussian random field inputs. This confirms that the computational gains due to the application of multilevel sampling methods and the gains due to the application of QMC methods, both demonstrated in earlier works for the same model problem, are complementary. A series of numerical experiments confirms these gains. The results show that in practice the multilevel QMC method consistently outperforms both the multilevel MC method and the single-level variants even for non-smooth problems.

A Permanent Multilevel Monitoring and Sampling System in the Coastal Groundwater Mixing Zones.

To study the spatial and temporal variability of water dynamics and chemical reactions within the coastal groundwater mixing zones (CGMZs), high-resolution periodical and spatial groundwater sampling within CGMZs is needed. However, current samplers and sampling systems may require heavy driving machines to install. There is also possible contamination from the metal materials for current samplers and sampling systems. Here, a permanent multilevel sampling system is designed to sample coastal groundwater within CGMZs. This cost-effective system consists of metal-free materials and can be installed easily. The system is tested in Po Sam Pai and Tingkok, Tolo Harbor and Hong Kong. Major ions, nutrients, stable isotopes and radium and radon isotopes were analyzed and the data provided scientific information to study the fresh-saltwater interface fluctuations, and temporal variations and spatial heterogeneity of geochemical processes occurred within CGMZs. The reliable spatial and temporal data from the sampling system demonstrate that the system functions well and can provide scientific data for coastal aquifer studies.

Origin and pattern of salinization in the Holocene aquifer of the southern Po Delta (NE Italy)

The origin and patterns of groundwater salinity of a shallow coastal aquifer pertaining to a reclaimed subsiding zone of the Po Delta are examined in this study. The aim is to identify the source of the hypersaline groundwater residing in the basal portion of the aquifer and to infer the mechanism of salinization of the remaining portion of the aquifer. To disentangle the possible sources of salinity the molar ratio of environmental tracers like Cl− and Br− were used in combination with the classical geochemical analyses of major and minor cations ratios. High-resolution multi-level sampling (MLS) allowed obtaining a robust and self-consistent hydrogeochemical database, which was statistically analysed via factor analysis and proved to be log-normally distributed. Thus, a common origin could be inferred for the elevated salinity that characterize most of the groundwater samples, this can be recognized in the organic rich fine-grained sediments, deposited in salty back barrier and marsh environments during the last transgression phase. This study proves that a detailed analysis of groundwater geochemistry can be considered a valuable tool to assess the origin of salinity in coastal Holocene aquifers, where the traditional conceptual model of a simple fresh/seawater interface may not be adequate.

Multi-level determinants of tele-healthcare innovations: an Italian case study.

The routine deployment of tele-healthcare solutions in healthcare systems and at the system-level is challenging and often problematic. This article reports the results of a case study in Tuscany (Italy), aimed at investigating the factors that may affect these processes. A multi-level and multi-stakeholder sample of 32 informants were interviewed in-depth about topics based on a previous literature analysis. Crucial determinant factors in the management of tele-healthcare services were identified in relation to technological, individual, organisational and contextual aspects. A reorganisation of healthcare in line with more participatory dynamics of teamwork, and more collaborative relationships within and among healthcare organisations, as well as with other stakeholders could contribute to integrate tele-healthcare into practice. Leadership and a strategic vision could also strongly influence the implementation and deployment of tele-healthcare.

Multi-level determinants of tele-healthcare: a case study in Italy

The routine deployment of tele-healthcare solutions in healthcare systems and at the system-level is challenging and often problematic. This article reports the results of a case study in Tuscany (Italy), aimed at investigating the factors that may affect these processes. A multi-level and multi-stakeholder sample of 32 informants were interviewed in-depth about topics based on a previous literature analysis. Crucial determinant factors in the management of tele-healthcare services were identified in relation to technological, individual, organisational and contextual aspects. A reorganisation of healthcare in line with more participatory dynamics of teamwork, and more collaborative relationships within and among healthcare organisations, as well as with other stakeholders could contribute to integrate tele-healthcare into practice. Leadership and a strategic vision could also strongly influence the implementation and deployment of tele-healthcare.

Effects of nitrogen and biochar amendment on soil methane concentration profiles and diffusion in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.

The CH4 emissions from soil were influenced by the changeable CH4 concentrations and diffusions in soil profiles, but that have been subjected to nitrogen (N) and biochar amendment over seasonal and annual time frames. Accordingly, a two-year field experiment was conducted in southeastern China to determine the amendment effects on CH4 concentrations and diffusive effluxes as measured by a multilevel sampling probe in paddy soil during two cycles of rice-wheat rotations. The results showed that the top 7-cm soil layers were the primary CH4 production sites during the rice-growing seasons. This layer acted as the source of CH4 generation and diffusion, and the deeper soil layers and the wheat season soil acted as the sink. N fertilization significantly increased the CH4 concentration and diffusive effluxes in the top 7-cm layers during the 2013 and 2014 rice seasons. Following biochar amendment, the soil CH4 concentrations significantly decreased during the rice season in 2014, relative to the single N treatment. Moreover, 40 t ha−1 biochar significantly decreased the diffusive effluxes during the rice seasons in both years. Therefore, our results showed that biochar amendment is a good strategy for reducing the soil profile CH4 concentrations and diffusive effluxes induced by N in paddy fields.

A New Rapid Method for Measuring the Vertical Head Profile.

This study describes a new technique for measuring the head profile in a geologic formation. The technique provides rapid, low cost information on the depth of water-producing zones and aquitards in heterogeneous aquifers, yielding estimates of hydraulic heads in each zone while identifying any potential for cross contamination between zones. The measurements can be performed in a typical borehole in just a few hours. The procedure uses both the continuous transmissivity profile obtained by the installation (eversion) of a flexible borehole liner into an open borehole and the subsequent removal (inversion) of the same liner from the borehole. The method is possible because of the continuous transmissivity profile (T profile described by Keller et al. 2014) obtained by measuring the rate of liner eversion under a constant driving head. The hydraulic heads of producing zones are measured using the reverse head profile (RHP) method (patent no. 9,008,971) based on a stepwise inversion of the borehole liner. As each interval of the borehole is uncovered by inversion of the liner, the head beneath the liner is allowed to equilibrate to a steady-state value. The individual hydraulic heads contributing to each measurement are calculated using the measured transmissivity for each zone. Application of the RHP method to a sedimentary bedrock borehole in New Jersey verified that it reproduced the head distribution obtained the same day in the same borehole instrumented with a multilevel sampling system.