Multi-indicator Evaluation Research Articles

The CRITIC-AHP performance degradation staged fusion evaluation of wet clutch friction components

The performance of wet clutches plays a crucial role in the efficiency and durability of mechanical transmission systems. As a vital component of the clutch, the degradation of friction components directly affects its stability and reliability. To investigate the performance degradation of friction components, we establish a multi-indicator evaluation system and conduct an accelerated life test, which is validated by an accelerated model. Next, we build a Random Forest model to classify the friction stage. Criteria Importance through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed to assign weights for each degradation indicator during different stages. A Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) scoring method combines indicator weights to construct a CRITIC-AHP staged fusion evaluation model of friction components. Notably, the average relative error of the evaluation results of the model is 9.35%.

Dynamic reliability and seismic fragility analysis for high concrete-faced rockfill dam slopes subjected to stochastic earthquake and parameter excitation via PDEM

The randomness of material parameters and earthquake excitation greatly impacts the seismic stability of high concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) slopes. However, no research has comprehensively analyzed the impacts of stochastic earthquake excitations, random parameters and their coupled effects on seismic stability of CFRD slopes and selected a multi-indicator evaluation criterion to carry out performance-based safety assessment. This paper develops a novel and comprehensive framework for evaluating the seismic stability of CFRD slopes based on the generalized probability density evolution method (GPDEM) with high efficiency and accuracy. The effects of three kinds of randomness on seismic stability of CFRD slopes were comprehensively compared and analyzed on the basis of multi-indices (safety factor (FS), cumulative slip displacement and cumulative time with FS < 1.0). Firstly, the nonlinear shear strength parameters of 40 high CFRDs were statistically collected to obtain the statistical characteristics of rockfill material strength parameters of actual CFRD projects. Secondly, three kinds of random samples were generated using generalized F-discrepancy (GF-discrepancy) method and Spectral expression-Random function (SERF) method. Then, the GPDEM was introduced to combine with three indices to perform the stochastic analysis and reliability evaluation. Finally, the fragility analysis of the CFRD slope was conducted. The results reveal that FS is more sensitive to the ground motions randomness, while cumulative slip displacement and cumulative time with FS < 1.0 are more sensitive to the material parameters randomness. The seismic safety evaluation of CFRD slopes based on multiple indices with full consideration of coupled randomness effects is necessary.

Development of self-sensing cement composites by incorporating hybrid biochar and nano carbon black

The self-sensing cement composites (SSCC) containing traditional conductive carbon materials are of great significance but cause serious pollution. In this study, the green SSCC is innovatively developed utilizing the synergistic effects of nano carbon black and biochar from coconut shell. The SSCC mixtures are compared in terms of fluidity, mechanical properties, resistivity, microstructure and comprehensive properties. The results indicate that in SSCC containing nano carbon black, the addition of biochar can obtain comparable compressive strength for its internal curing, interlocking and bridging effects. Besides, 4.5 % carbon material prolongs the crack initiation stage during compression, and 9 % carbon material causes the multiple cracks. Moreover, the addition of 4.5 % biochar can reduce the 35-day resistivity of sample with 1.5 % biochar and 3 % nano carbon black by 35.6 % owing to the increasing tunneling effect and contact conduction. It is also found that in conductive SSCC, the slope Kc of the non-contact resistivity curve is dominated by the conductive additives rather than cement hydration. And the self-sensing cement composites exhibit excellent piezoresistivity. The rates of change in resistivity of samples after cycle loading are exponentially related to residual damages, with R2 values greater than 0.95. Finally, multi-indicator evaluation analyses show that the sample containing more biochar is more environmentally friendly. This study provides a new pathway for the sustainable development of SSCC.

Multi-index evaluation of fish habitat in a cascaded hydropower reservoir of the Yangtze River, China

Cascaded hydropower development in rivers has a greater negative impact on native fish than a single hydropower station. The effectiveness of commonly used measures to restore fish resources, such as ecological discharges, depends largely on reliable assessments of habitat quality. In this study, we developed a synthesized habitat quality index (SHQI) by combining the habitat suitability index (HSI) and habitat fragmentation indices to evaluate the fish habitat in the Longkaikou (LKK) reservoir between the Jinanqiao (JAQ) and LKK dams in the upper Yangtze River. We coupled a 2-dimensional physical habitat model and a fuzzy-logic habitat suitability model for spawning and juvenile Coreius guichenoti, an Endangered fish endemic to the Jinsha River basin. The impact of the JAQ reservoir flow and the impoundment level of the LKK reservoir were considered to analyze variation in habitat quality. The results revealed that habitat suitability and fragment conditions were, to some extent, spatially inconsistent. The SHQI suggested lentic areas could benefit juvenile fish more than lotic zones with higher quality but less connectivity. A higher impounded level of the LKK reservoir may be more favorable for juvenile fish in the lentic area. Only the lotic area was suitable for fish spawning, and a lower discharge from the JAQ reservoir and lower impounded level of the LKK reservoir could be more beneficial, with optimal values of 560 m3 s-1 and 1294 m, respectively. This study proposes a comprehensive assessment method for habitat quality that could provide scientific support for the conservation of fish resources and populations in cascaded hydropower developments.

A Multi-Indicator evaluation method for Human-Machine effectiveness of lower limb wearable exoskeleton

The human–machine effectiveness evaluation is crucial in designing and optimizing lower limb exoskeletons. However, the current single-indicator evaluation method lacks a unified standard and it is one-sided. Therefore, a more objective and comprehensive multi-indicator evaluation method was proposed in this study. Firstly, some single indicators of human–machine effectiveness evaluation were integrated, and a comprehensive evaluation system was constructed accordingly. Then, multi-task gait experiments were designed to collect the evaluation indicators, and the dataset was constructed by processing the collected indicators. Finally, the dataset was clustered and analyzed based on the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. The results demonstrated that evaluating human–machine effectiveness by multi-indicator was more reliable and comprehensive than single-indicator and this superiority was verified by abnormal and fuzzy samples. It compensates for the one-sided of single-indicator and provides a more reliable theoretical reference for the design and optimization of the lower limb exoskeleton.

Quantitative evaluation framework and application for regional water sustainability under local energy transition

Quantitatively analysing the impacts on regional water sustainability under the energy transition is vital to regional water management and specific technology selection, which is also relevant to dealing with climate change. This study proposed a new multi-indicator evaluation framework for regional water sustainability under local energy transition to quantitatively evaluate the water withdrawal and water environment during the energy transition from a lifecycle perspective. An integrated regional energy‒water evaluation model was also developed based on the Low Emissions Analysis Platform with a combination of lifecycle assessment and water footprint analysis. Shaanxi province in China was then taken as a case study, and the impacts of its energy transition on regional water environmental sustainability, including quantity and quality, were investigated under five scenarios. Results showed that the large-scale application of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technology and bio-energy equipped with carbon capture and storage technology could have additional advantages regarding CO2 emissions. However, such technologies exhibit a minimal effect on improving water environmental quality and reducing water demand for the first time due to the leakage of absorbents, CO2 and other risky substances during capture, transportation and storage from a lifecycle perspective. This finding drives the innovation of related breakthrough technologies with the promotion of water and end-treatment technologies in the future.

Evaluation method for the availability of solar energy resources in road areas before route corridor planning

The full utilization of solar energy resources along the road is an effective method to solve the energy shortage in transportation. The key to this is an accurate evaluation of solar energy resources, which provides the rationale for the optimal location of road photovoltaic (PV) projects. However, determining the availability of solar energy resources in road areas before route corridor planning remains difficult. To address the issue, this paper developed a standardized method. Firstly, this paper analyzed the critical factors affecting the availability of solar energy resources. They were meteorology, topography, land use type, geology, and location. On that basis, we developed a four-level evaluation indicator system. Then, it proposed a multi-indicator evaluation method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Geographic Information System (GIS). It used AHP to calculate the weights of each indicator, with solar radiation being the most important. It used GIS to analyze and overlay the spatial distribution of multiple indicators to obtain the map of suitability grades, which could be used to route corridor selection for road PV projects. It also used a case study to demonstrate how the method is applied. The findings show that the method can accurately evaluate the availability of solar energy resources. Furthermore, it studied the appropriate division of evaluation units and it is advised that they shouldn't be larger than 30 m × 30 m. These results provide guidance as a reference for the application of road PV projects and site selection for route corridors worldwide. That will promote the integration of transportation and energy in the future.

Unsupervised clustering analysis of comprehensive health status and its influencing factors on women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study from a province in central China

BackgroundMost previous studies on women of childbearing age have focused on reproductive health and fertility intentions, and evidence regarding the comprehensive health status of women of childbearing age is limited. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the health status of women of childbearing age through a multi-method and multi-indicator evaluation, analyze the factors that influence their overall health, and provide sound recommendations for the improvement and promotion of healthy behaviors.MethodsData on women of childbearing age living in Shanxi Province were collected between September 2021 and January 2022 through online and offline surveys. The k-means algorithm was used to assess health-related patterns in women, and multivariate nonconditional logistic regression was used to assess the influencing factors of women’s overall health.ResultsIn total, 1,258 of 2,925 (43%) participants were classified as having a good health status in all five domains of the three health dimensions: quality of life, mental health, and illness. Multivariate logistic regression showed that education level, gynecological examination status, health status of family members, access to medical treatment, age, cooking preferences, diet, social support, hand washing habits, attitude toward breast cancer prevention, and awareness of reproductive health were significantly associated with different health patterns.ConclusionsThe comprehensive health status of women of childbearing age in Shanxi Province is generally good; however, a large proportion of women with deficiencies in some dimensions remains. Since lifestyle greatly impacts women’s health, health education on lifestyle and health-related issues should be strengthened.

Evaluation of teaching quality of universities in the context of big data for the cultivation of application-oriented talents

Abstract Exploring the evaluation of the teaching quality of colleges and universities for applied talent cultivation in the context of big data is to be able better to improve the teaching level of colleges and universities. In this paper, the multi-indicator evaluation method is explained, and the commonly used teaching quality evaluation methods, i.e. hierarchical analysis, entropy weight method and gray correlation analysis, are cited. The basic principle of the hierarchical analysis method is given, the initial weight calculation steps of AHP method are illustrated, and the initial weights of AHP method are combined and solved using the entropy weight method. The evaluation principle of the gray correlation analysis method is given, and the combined weights of the AHP-EWM evaluation are illustrated using the gray correlation analysis method. Finally, universities’ teaching quality evaluation indexes for applied talent cultivation were constructed using the AHPEWM evaluation method, and the indexes were mined and analyzed respectively. From the indicators of theoretical literacy and professional research ability, the overall evaluation of the teaching quality of colleges and universities is 92.77% above the C grade. From the indicators of innovation practice and moral quality, the percentages of students’ evaluation of teaching quality in colleges and universities with A, B, C and D grades are 49.02%, 28.6%, 5.12% and 7.25%, respectively. This shows that the evaluation of teaching quality in colleges and universities is multifaceted, and colleges and universities can improve their teaching level according to different evaluation factors.

Evaluation of Energy Storage Station Based on the Optimal Weighting Method

The energy storage station is playing an increasingly important role in supporting new power systems. How to scientifically and effectively evaluate the application effect of energy storage stations is an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, a multi-indicator evaluation model for energy storage stations is established. An improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) with optimal weight is applied to actual energy storage stations. Using the energy storage station monitoring platform, comprehensive evaluation scores of demonstrated energy storage stations are obtained. The support effect of energy storage stations on the power grid is evaluated from three aspects: performance, operational reliability, and energy efficiency. The higher the evaluation score, the stronger the energy storage regulation ability, and the more significant the active support to the power grid.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging to assess the hazards of left ventricular function and ventricular wall motion disorders in children with pre-excitation syndrome and the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation treatment.

Our study aimed at analyzing the echocardiographic multi-indicator evaluation of the risk of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) on the left ventricular function and ventricular wall motion disorders, as well as the effect of radiofrequency ablation treatment. The clinical data of 55 WPW patients treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation at the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2018 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and included in the observation group, while other 50 healthy children were included in the control group during the same time. We analyzed the echocardiographic indices of the patients, assessed the effects of the disease on left ventricular myocardial function and ventricular wall motion disorders, and evaluated the effects of radiofrequency ablation treatment on the myocardium of the left ventricle. The echocardiographic parameters were analyzed to assess the effect of the disease on left ventricular myocardial function and ventricular wall dyskinesia. Of the 55 patients with pre-excited syndrome, 20 had type A bypass and 35 had type B bypass. Ten patients had pre-excited dilated cardiomyopathy with significant enlargement of the left ventricular cavity, reduced left ventricular systolic function, and a significant impairment of ventricular wall motion; the other 5 patients had basal segmental septal motion incoordination. Compared to the control group, patients with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (42.9±5.0 mm vs. 39.2±3.0 mm), peak strain dispersion (PSD) (38.8±15.3 ms vs. 21.7±2.2 ms), maximum peak time difference (MPTD) (200.2±92.8 ms vs. 89.5±9.8 ms) and interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD) (36.2±13.7 ms vs. 21.2±2.1 ms) before RF ablation were increased. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (57.1±9.1% vs. 65.9±2.6%), E/A (1.1±0.2 vs. 1.8±0.2) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) (-18.7±2.2% vs. -22.4±0.5%) decreased, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). All 55 patients had a successful procedure, and all postoperative echocardiographic parameters were found to be improved, compared to the preoperative period. The results of the postoperative review after 3 months showed differences in E/A, PSD, MPTD, and IVMD compared to the healthy group, suggesting that left ventricular diastolic function and synchrony had not fully returned to normal. Echocardiography can better evaluate myocardial motion and function in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and monitor the effect and progress of disease treatment, and has high clinical application value.

Layout design and performance evaluation of hydrogen-fueled solid oxide fuel cell power generation system

This study aims to design different layouts of hydrogen-fueled solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generation systems and evaluate their performance differences from a thermodynamic perspective. According to the location of the afterburner and the heat transfer sequence of the gases, the system is divided into three groups of configurations, which are subdivided into 11 layouts. A comparative study is conducted to select the optimal system layout. To simulate the SOFC power generation system, a mathematical model of the SOFC stack and an iterative solution algorithm are developed to better fit the actual operation of the entire system. A single standard evaluation is conducted on the different system layouts from the perspectives of electric power output, total energy efficiency, and temperature uniformity between the SOFC anode and cathode inlet gases. Significant differences are found between these system layouts under two operating modes, fixed gas utilization and fixed gas flow, and each layout has its own advantages and disadvantages under various standards. To further evaluate the system performance, various indicators are normalised, and a comprehensive multi-indicator evaluation method is established. The results show that under high-current conditions at fixed gas utilization, the layout of direct combustion of the SOFC off-gases followed by the preheating of the anode and then the cathode inlet gases exhibit the optimal comprehensive performance. In the fixed gas flow operating mode, where each system reaches the peak power, the layout of the cathode and anode off-gases preheating their respective inlet gases before combustion exhibits the best overall performance.

Multi-Indicator Weighted Robustness Analysis of Planktonic Community Systems under Different Destructive Factors

Marine plankton communities play a vital role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Ensuring the robustness of these intricate ecosystems is critical for sustainable environmental management. In this paper, we apply complex network analysis to assess plankton community resilience against disturbances. We construct ecological interaction networks and simulate disruptions using four attack strategies targeting vertices and edges. Our multi-indicator evaluation scheme provides a more nuanced measure of robustness compared to single metrics. Our experiments revealed varying vulnerabilities across networks. Targeted attacks caused abrupt collapse, while random failures led to gradual decline. Identifying critical species and linkages is key to guiding protection efforts. Overall, plankton networks proved fragile, especially against deliberate attacks on central hubs. In our simulations, betweenness-based attacks were the most destructive. The multi-indicator robustness coefficient achieved better performance than individual metrics, with under 3% variance. This network methodology reveals hidden topological vulnerabilities and complements traditional plankton research. The quantitative insights provided in this paper can support marine conservation and governance.

Optimization of innovative information-based teaching paths in college sports psychology based on principal component analysis

Abstract Physical education needs to focus on improving students’ physical fitness and quality and psychological training for students. Therefore, this paper proposes a strategy to combine sports psychology with realistic teaching to optimize innovative teaching paths in line with students’ development to develop students’ comprehensive quality level in college sports psychology teaching. The indicators in the teaching evaluation are classified and summarized to complete a multi-indicator evaluation to improve the quality of teaching. The theory of sports psychology is adjusted and improved, and the teaching guideline is changed to apply PCA (principal component analysis algorithm) of multivariate statistical analysis to teaching evaluation. The raw data of students’ evaluation were processed by calculation and analysis to determine the main factors affecting teaching quality and analyzed with experiments. The results show that 78.1% of college students think that physical exercise can enhance self-confidence and 77.4% think physical exercise can promote healthy growth. It can be seen that combining the content of sports psychology with practical training effectively improves students’ sports psychological quality.

Multi-indicator evaluation and material selection of hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing to repair automobile panel dies and molds

Multi-indicator evaluation and material selection of hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing to repair automobile panel dies and molds

Measuring forest health at stand level: A multi-indicator evaluation for use in adaptive management and policy

Assessments of forest ecosystem health for use in adaptive management need an integrative multi-indicator examination at the stand scale. To assess forest health, we exained multiple forest indicators including diversity, age structure, regeneration, and edaphic factors of the dominant and associated tree species in their natural forest habitats. A stratified random cluster sampling strategy was used to gather vegetation samples from the five main forest types in the Zabarwan Mountain Range—Acacia forest (ACFT), Broad leaved forest (BLFT), Oak forest (OKFT), Pinus wallichiana forest (PWFT), and Scrub forest (SRFT). The Pearson method and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to investigate the relationship between tree species and edaphic factors. A total of 22 tree species were found, of which 13 were exotic and 9 were native. The proportion of exotic species was highest in OKFT (85%), followed by BLFT (75%), and the least (50%) SRFT. The BLFT forest type had the highest Shannon diversity while the lowest was the SRFT. ACFT and BLFT forest types have significantly higher Shannon diversity indexes than other forest types. Based on the density-girth class distribution, ACFT & SRFT forest types showed an Inverse-J distribution pattern, indicating a stable population structure. The dominant tree species, such as Populus alba in BLFT, demonstrated comparatively no regeneration, whereas Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana in SRFT, Pinus wallichiana in PWFT, Quercus robur in OKFT, and Robinia pseudoacacia demonstrated adequate regeneration performance. Overall exotic tree species such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus cerasifera, Celtis australis, and Ailanthus altissima showed high/sufficient regeneration performance. The average seedling/tree value for all forest types in the area was 2.14, with the highest value at BLFT (3.61) and the lowest value at SRFT (0.71). In the CCA it showed that SRFT forests were greatly influenced by salinity and organic carbon, whereas ACFT and OKFT forests had comparable habitat preferences and were mutually influenced by electrical conductance and phosphorus availability. Prunus cerasifera was the only species positively associated with available calcium. By combining the data of numerous field-based indicators into a single integrated study, our research will give decision-makers an update on a forest's current and anticipated health.

Understanding the Relationships between Landscape Eco-Security and Multifunctionality in Cropland: Implications for Supporting Cropland Management Decisions.

Cropland is an essential strategic resource, for which landscape ecological security and multifunctionality evolution are related to regional stability and sustainable social development. However, few studies have explored the spatial heterogeneity of the coupling between the two from a multiregional and systematic perspective, and the interaction mechanisms have still not been thoroughly analyzed. In this study, a typical karst trough and valley area in the mountainous regions of southwest China was selected as the research object, and by establishing a multi-indicator evaluation system using a landscape pattern index, a multifunctional identification model, a coupled coordination model, and a geodetector model, the spatial variability in the evolutionary characteristics and the coupling and coordination of cropland landscape ecological security (CLES) and cropland multifunctionality (CM) in the mountainous regions of the southwest and their driving mechanisms were explored. The main results were as follows: (1) CLES in the mountainous areas of southwest China has undergone an evolutionary process of first declining and then slowly rising, with the characteristics of "fast declining in the high-value areas and slow rising in the low-value areas", while CM showed a spatial distribution of "high in the northwest and low in the northeast", with positive contributions originating from ecological functions. (2) Over the 20 years, the cropland coupling coordination degree (CCCD) values showed significant spatial heterogeneity, which was regionally expressed as ejective folds (EF) > TF (tight folds) > TLF (trough-like folds) > AF (anticlinorium folds). Low CCCD values were primarily found in the east, whereas high levels were primarily found in the west, with a rapidly diminishing trend. (3) There were differences in the driving mechanisms of CCDD in different landscapes, but GDP was still the determining factor and had a limiting effect. Hence, we call for the adoption of a "function over pattern" approach in areas with more development constraints and a "pattern over function" approach in areas with fewer development constraints. Ultimately, this study will contribute to the formation of a coupled cropland mechanism system described as the "multi-mechanisms drive, multi-elements integrated" system. In conclusion, this study can provide a better understanding of the relationship between cropland patterns and multifunctionality, which can help provide a basis for cropland conservation and landscape planning in similar mountainous areas and promote the achievement of sustainable agricultural development goals in the mountainous areas of southwest China.

Multi-indicator analysis of mechanical blood damage with five clinical ventricular assist devices

PurposeDevice-induced blood damage contributes the hemolysis, thrombosis and bleeding complications in patients supported with ventricular assist device (VAD). This study aims to use a multi-indicator method to understand how devices causes blood damage and identify the “hot spots” of blood trauma within VADs. MethodsComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were chosen to investigate the hemodynamic features of five clinical VADs (Impella 5.0, UltraMag, CHVAD, HVAD, and HeartMate II) under the same clinical support condition (flow rate of 4.5L/min, pressure head around 75 mmHg). A comprehensive multi-indicator evaluation method including hemodynamic parameters, hemolysis model, thrombotic potential model and bleeding probability model was used to analyze blood damage and assess the hemodynamic performance and hemocompatibility of these VADs. ResultsSimulation results show that shear stress from 50 Pa to 100 Pa plays a major role in blood damage in Impella 5.0, UltraMag and CHVAD, while blood damage in HVAD and HeartMate II is mainly caused by shear stress greater than 100 Pa. Residence time was not the main factor for blood damage in Impella 5.0, and also makes a limited contribution to blood trauma in UltraMag and CHVAD, while it takes a critical role in elevating thrombotic potential in HVAD and HeartMate II. The distribution of regions of high hemolysis risk and high bleeding probability was similar for all these VADs and partially overlapped for high thrombotic potential regions. For Impella 5.0, regions with high hemolysis and bleeding risk were found mainly in the blade tip clearance and diffuser domains, high thrombotic potential regions were almost absent. For UltraMag, regions with high hemolysis, bleeding and thrombosis potential were found in two corners of the inlet pipe, the secondary flow passage, and the impeller eye. For CHVAD, the high-risk regions for hemolysis, bleeding and thrombosis are mainly in the inner side of the secondary flow passage and the middle region of the impeller passage. The narrow hydrodynamic clearance and impeller passage had a high risk of hemolysis and bleeding, and the clearance between the rotor and guide cone and the hydrodynamic clearance had high thrombotic potential. For HeartMate II, regions of high hemolysis risk and bleeding probability were found in the near-wall region of the straightener, the blade tip clearance and the diffuser domain. The corners of the inlet and outlet pipe and the straightener and diffuser regions had high thrombotic potential. ConclusionThe risk of hemolysis, bleeding and thrombosis for these five VADs, in increasing order, was Impella 5.0, UltraMag, CHVAD, HVAD, and HeartMate II. Flow losses caused by the rotor mechanical movement, chaotic flow and narrow clearances increase the blood damage for all these VADs. The multi-indicator analysis can comprehensively evaluate the VAD performance with improved assessment accuracy of CFD.

Optimisation of regional energy demand networks based on flexible load model

The existing literature on integrated energy station-grid planning studies focuses on configuration planning. Therefore, a multi-objective hybrid particle swarm algorithm is used in this paper to solve a multi-objective optimisation model and combines a multi-indicator evaluation method based on evidence-based reasoning to select the solution with the highest evaluation value from multiple candidates (Pareto solution set) as the optimal solution. The optimal planning solution is selected from multiple candidates (Pareto solution set) by a multi-indicator evaluation method based on evidence-based reasoning, and the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified utilizing an example. The customer participation demand response optimises the demand curve by adjusting the flexible load, reduces the system operation cost and investment construction cost, and maximises the economic, environmental and reliability benefits of the integrated regional energy station grid.

A Multi-Indicator Evaluation Method for Spatial Distribution of Urban Emergency Shelters

Evaluation of the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters can effectively identify defects in the current distribution of urban emergency shelters and weaknesses in the overall evacuation service capacity of the city and provide reference for improving the level of urban emergency shelters and evacuation and disaster relief capacity. At present, evaluation of the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters is mainly carried out on three aspects: effectiveness, accessibility, and safety. However, there are problems, such as individual evaluation scales and incomplete indicator systems, unreasonable allocation of indicator weights, and ignoring the influence of fuzzy incompatibility between different indicator attributes on the evaluation results. In this paper, we start from two scales, the individual emergency shelter and the regional groups of emergency shelters. Based on the five criteria of effectiveness, accessibility, safety, suitability, and fairness, the evaluation indicator system of the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters was constructed. It was combined with AHP, CRITIC, the optimal weight coefficient solution method based on the maximum deviation sum of squares theory, and fuzzy optimization theory to construct a multi-indicator evaluation model. Further, the spatial distribution condition of the existing emergency shelter in Shanghai was evaluated. The results show that: among the existing ninety-one emergency shelters in Shanghai, there are nine places with unreasonable spatial distribution; nineteen places are comparatively unreasonable. From the scale of regional groups, there is one district (Pudong New District) with unreasonable spatial distribution: its relative superiority value is far lower than other districts, and there are three districts that are comparatively unreasonable. Further, the evaluation scores of the spatial distribution reasonableness of emergency shelters in each region of Shanghai show a high–low–middle distribution from the downtown area of Shanghai outward. The evaluation indicator system and evaluation method used in this paper can effectively reflect the deficiencies in the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters, thus providing a reference for the relevant departments to improve and plan emergency shelters.