Mulberry Fruit Extract Research Articles

Ready-to-Drink Functional Drink Formulation of Black Mulberry (Morus Nigra) Fruit Extract with The Addition of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera) Extract Using D-Optimal Expert Design

Ready-to-Drink Functional Drink Formulation of Black Mulberry (Morus Nigra) Fruit Extract with The Addition of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera) Extract Using D-Optimal Expert Design

Upgrading Isoquercitrin Concentration via Submerge Fermentation of Mulberry Fruit Extract with Edible Probiotics to Suppress Gene Targets for Controlling Kidney Cancer and Inflammation.

In recent years, kidney cancer has become one of the most serious medical issues. Kidney cancer is treated with a variety of active compounds that trigger genes that cause cancer. We identified in our earlier research that isoquercitrin (IQ) can activate PIK3CA, IGF1R, and PTGS2. However, it has a very low bioavailability because of its lower solubility in water. So, we utilized sub-merge fermentation technology with two well-known probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis, as a microbial source and mulberry fruit extract as a substrate, which has a high IQ level to improve IQ yield. Furthermore, we compared the total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant contents of fermented and non-fermented samples, and we found that the fermented samples had greater levels than non-fermented sample. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the fermented mulberry fruit extract from B. subtilis and L. acidophilus showed higher IQ values (190.73 ± 0.004μg/ml and 220.54 ± 0.007μg/ml, respectively), compared to the non-fermented samples, which had IQ values (80.12 ± 0.002μg/ml). Additionally, at 62.5µg/ml doses of each sample, a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) showed higher cell viability for fermented and non-fermented samples. Conversely, at the same doses, the fermented samples of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis in a kidney cancer cell line (A498) showed an inhibition of cell growth around 36% and 31%, respectively. Finally, we performed RT and qRT PCR assay, and we found a significant reduction in the expression of the PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R genes. We therefore can conclude that the fermented samples have a higher concentration of isoquercitrin, and also can inhibit the expression of the genes PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R, which in turn regulates kidney cancer and inflammation.

Mulberry's healing Touch: Exploring ethnobotanical roots and medicinal potentials in the treatment of atopic dermatitis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMorus alba L., mulberry, has played a significant role in providing food, medicine, and materials throughout human history. From its historical importance to its diverse cultural uses, mulberry remains a versatile and valuable resource, enriching various aspects of human life across civilizations. Mulberry exhibits ethnopharmacological applications for treating various ailments including atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema.Aim of the study: The objective of the study was extracting the putative active substances from white mulberry, evaluating potential of the extract in treating and reducing reliance on chemical medications by providing a chemical composition of the extract along with effect of extracts on eczema symptoms. Materials and methodsFor testing the impact of mulberry extract on relieving eczema symptoms, white mulberry fruit extracts were prepared by butanol extraction. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification was used to prepare ointment. Analysis of the mulberry extract was conducted using GC-MS after additional processing of extracts. Clinical trials on 110 individuals, divided into patient-treatment, normal-treatment, and patient-placebo groups, involved applying the ointment containing 0.5% mulberry fruit extract for 4–6 weeks, with blood sample analysis before and after the trial. Blood samples were analyzed for various parameters including Granzyme B, Vit. E, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL levels. The antibacterial activity of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus was determined using involve growth curve analysis and inhibition of colony formation on LB plates. Morus alba L. name was checked from “World Flora Online” (www.worldfloraonline.org) and MPNS (mpns.kew.org) ResultsWe monitored a noticeable enhancement in the skin ulceration after the treatment. In addition, Granzyme B, Vitamin E, TC, TG, HDL, and LDL levels were improved in the patient-treatment group closer to healthy levels, indicating potential therapeutic benefits of Morus alba extract. The extract's efficacy was also tested on S. aureus, a bacterium commonly associated with eczema. Results showed that extract obtained from white mulberry fruits has an inhibitory impact on S. aureus growth. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that Morus alba extract holds promise as a therapeutic intervention for atopic dermatitis, demonstrating significant improvements in key biomarkers towards levels observed in healthy individuals.

Effect of Low-Dose Mulberry Fruit Extract on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses: A Randomized Pilot Trial in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Adding mulberry fruit extract (MFE) to carbohydrate-rich meals can reduce postprandial glucose (PPG) and insulin (PPI) responses in healthy individuals. This pilot study assessed the acute postprandial effects of low doses of MFE in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In a randomized cross-over (within-subjects) design, 24 unmedicated adult males and females with type 2 diabetes (mean [SD] age 51.0 [9.3] yr, BMI 27.5 [3.9] kg/m2) consumed meals with 0 (control), 0.37, and 0.75 g of MFE added to ~50 g of available carbohydrates from rice. Primary and secondary outcomes were the PPG 2 hr positive incremental area under the curve and the corresponding PPI. Results were reported as mean differences from the control meal with 95% CI. Relative to control, 0.37 and 0.75 g of MFE reduced the mean 2 hr PPG by 8.2% (-20.8 to 6.6%) and 22.4% (-38.6 to -1.9%), respectively, and reduced PPI by 9.6% (-20.7 to 3.0%) and 17.5% (-27.9 to -5.7%). There were no indications of adverse events or gastrointestinal discomfort. MFE additions also led to dose-related reductions in glucose peak and glucose swing. At these levels, MFE appears to dose-dependently reduce acute PPG and PPI in individuals with type 2 diabetes and may be a feasible dietary approach to help attenuate glycemic exposures.

Environmentally related microcystin-LR-induced ovarian dysfunction via the CCL2-CCR10 axis in mice ameliorated by dietary mulberry

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a reproductive toxin produced by cyanobacteria in the aquatic environment and can be ingested by humans through drinking water and the food chain, posing a threat to human reproductive health. However, the toxic mechanisms and prospective interventions for MC-LR-induced ovarian dysfunction at environmental doses are unknown. The mulberry fruit is a traditional natural product of plant origin, with various pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, mice were exposed to MC-LR (10, 100 μg/L) in drinking water for 90 days, during which mice were gavage 600 mg/kg/week of mulberry fruit extract (MFE). It was found that MC-LR can accumulate in mouse ovaries, causing sexual hormone disturbance, inflammatory infiltration, and ovarian pathological damage. Results from RNA-seq were shown that CCL2, a chemokine associated with inflammatory response, was significantly increased in mouse ovary after MC-LR exposure. Further investigation revealed that MC-LR exposure aggravates apoptosis of granulosa cells via the CCL2-CCR10 axis-mediated Jak/Stat pathway. Importantly, MFE can significantly ameliorate these ovarian dysfunction phenotypes by inhibiting the activation of the CCL2-CCR10 axis. This study broadened new insights into the ovarian toxicity of MC-LR and clarified the pharmacological effects of mulberry fruit on ovarian function protection.

Improvement of Quality Characteristics of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit Extract Using High-Pressure Enzymatic Treatment

Improvement of Quality Characteristics of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit Extract Using High-Pressure Enzymatic Treatment

Ameliorative Activities of Morus and Jamun against Cr Induced Andro-Hepatic Anomalies

Chromium (Cr) is a vital micronutrient for sugar metabolism while its unauthorized use may agonize health fatalities. This study was conducted about the novelty about exposure of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) histopatholgical potentials along with Mulberry Fruit Extract and Jamun Fruit Extract to define the ameliorative aptitude. The histological finding in Cr exposure specify; cessation of testicular seminiferous tubules (ST), annihilation of smooth muscles in basement membrane, Leydig’s cell and spermatids. The ST have halted spermatogenesis, with irregular boundary and dead spermatogonia and Leydig’s cells are disorganized. The sperm head cross sectional area (CSA), tail length and middle piece diameter (p ≤ 0.001) significantly reduced while there is significant elevation of hepatocytes nuclei size, central vein CSA and mean width of Sinusoidal Spaces as compared to control. The protuberant marks of steatosis, fibrosis, dehydration and atrophy were nullified by designated fruit extracts and their possible bio-chelating effects was obvious due to the presence of anthocyanin, β-sitosterol and phytochemicals. The given results specify that hexavalent Cr induce andro-hepatic anomalies when it is freely used without scientific authentication. Cr+6 as food additives in coloring rice and local sweets should be prohibited while bio-products of Morus and Jamun can be recommended and sponsored for traditional medicines.

Anti-skin aging effects of mulberry fruit extracts: In vitro and in vivo evaluations of the anti-glycation and antioxidant activities

In this study, we investigated the bioactive compounds extracted from air-dried mulberry fruit (DMF), mulberry fruit juice (MFJ), and mulberry fruit pomace (MFP). We examined the effects of extracts from DMF, MFJ, and MFP on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The in vitro results showed significant inhibition of AGEs both in the fructose-BSA and MGO-BSA models. The results of compositional analysis showed that the phenolic content was partially positively correlated with their antioxidant capacity. Additionally, we investigated the potential of MFP extracts to improve MGO-induced aging-related deficits in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the in vivo trial results showed that both DMF-W (with water extraction) and DMF-P (with Pectinex® XXL extraction) significantly increased the moisture, HA and HYP contents in the skin of mice, reduced the levels of AGEs, and improved the oxidative stress damage in aging mice. Additionally, DMF-P showed a better anti-skin aging effect.

Green extraction of phenolics and flavonoids from black mulberry fruit using natural deep eutectic solvents: optimization and surface morphology

This study deployed ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), to extract phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit, and the antioxidant activity was examined. The extraction yields of NADES-based UAE were assessed based on the yields of phenolics and flavonoids extracted from the black mulberry fruit. This study selected the molar ratios of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors HBD at 1:2 from previous studies. Choline chloride-lactic acid showed the highest solubility with phenolics and flavonoids among NADES systems. One-factor experiments evaluated the effect of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), water content in NADES, temperature, and time) on TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The suitable NADES-based UAE conditions for extracting phenolics and flavonoids from the black mulberry fruit were 60 ml/g of LSR, 40% water content, 70 °C, and 15 min. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model optimized the NADES-based UAE process based on response (TPC, TFC, ABTS, OH, and DPPH). The optimal conditions for the NADES-based UAE process were 70 ml/g of LSR, 38.9% water content in NADES, 67.9 °C, and 24.2 min of extraction time. The predicted values of the Box-Behnken design were compatible with the experimental results. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to survey the surface of black mulberry fruit with and without sonication. SEM can assist in demonstrating the destructive effect of NADES and ultrasonic waves on material surfaces. SEM findings indicated the high surface destruction capacity of NADES, which partially contributed to a superior extraction yield of NADES than conventional organic solvents. The study proposes an efficient and green method for extracting bioactive compounds from black mulberry fruits. The black mulberry fruit extracts can be applied to meat preservation and beverages with high antioxidants.

Effects of Black Mulberry Fruit Extract (Morus nigra L.) on Inhibition of Allergic Urticaria in Ovalbumin-Induced Mice.

Abstract. Allergy is a reaction caused by allergens that induce IgE including dust, insects, pets, food, to drugs. These reactions can occur through exposures such as contact, inhalation, ingestion, and injection. In-vitro studies show that black mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L.) has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiobesity, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiallergic activities. This study aimed to determine the antiallergic activity of black mulberry fruit extract in vivo against male mice Balb/c strain induced by ovalbumin 10% (i.c) with the observed parameter in the form of bump area (urticaria). Mice are grouped into 6 (n = 4). Group I as a negative control group, group II as a positive control group, group III as a standard group (cetirizine 1.3 mg/kg body weight). Group IV to VI as a test group with a dose of black mulberry fruit extract 68 mg / kg BW; 136 mg/kg BW; and 270 mg/kg BW. Based on the results of the study, it was stated that in 96% ethanol extract of black mulberry fruit there was antiallergic activity. 96% ethanol extract of black mulberry fruit dose 270 mg / kg body weight has antiallergic potential similar to the drug Cetirizine dose 1.3 mg / kg body weight. From this study, it can be concluded that black mulberry fruit extract has the potential as an alternative medicine for allergic herbal treatment in the community.
 Abstrak. Alergi merupakan suatu reaksi yang disebabkan oleh alergen yang menginduksi IgE diantaranya debu, serangga, hewan peliharaan, makanan, hingga obat-obatan. Reaksi ini dapat terjadi melalui paparan seperti kontak, inhalasi, ingesti, dan injeksi. Studi secara in-vitro menunjukkan bahwa buah murbei hitam (Morus nigra L.) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antiinflamasi, antimikroba, antiobesitas, antikanker, antidiabetik, dan antialergi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antialergi pada ekstrak buah murbei hitam secara in-vivo terhadap mencit jantan galur Balb/c yang diinduksi ovalbumin 10% (i.c) dengan parameter yang diamati berupa luas area bentolan (urtikaria). Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi 6 (n=4). Kelompok I sebagai kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok II sebagai kelompok kontrol positif, kelompok III sebagai kelompok pembanding (cetirizine 1,3 mg/kg BB). Kelompok IV sampai VI sebagai kelompok uji dengan dosis ekstrak buah murbei hitam 68 mg/kg BB; 136 mg/kg BB; dan 270 mg/kg BB. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dinyatakan bahwa pada ekstrak etanol 96% buah murbei hitam terdapat aktivitas antialergi. Ekstrak etanol 96% buah murbei hitam dosis 270 mg/kg BB memiliki potensi antialergi yang serupa dengan obat Cetirizine dosis 1,3 mg/kg BB. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah murbei hitam berpotensi sebagai obat alternatif pengobatan herbal alergi di masyarakat.

Functional Food Development of Natural Colorant Additives from Mulberry Fruit Extract (Morus nigra L) with Bioactive and Hedonic Evaluation

All modern lifestyles such as unhealthy eating patterns and lack of exercise can trigger the accumulation of free radicals in the human body, where the human body cannot neutralize these free radicals fast enough because of the large number of free radicals that have accumulated in it. Therefore, antioxidant compounds need to be consumed to suppress free radicals. In this study, mulberry is promoted as a natural, functional, and dye source that has been explored for further applications in food and beverages. This research aims to develop natural coloring products from mulberry fruit through extraction and encapsulation processes. Furthermore, hedonic testing was also carried out to determine the panelist's preference level for jelly products using mulberry fruit dyes. Mulberry fruit is extracted, encapsulated by freeze drying method, and processed into a natural dye in jelly products. Mulberry fruit extract contains vitamin C 4.1 g/ml, anthocyanin content of 215.16 mg/L, and antioxidant activity of 73.25. Mulberry encapsulates can be used as a natural dye in jelly products. Based on hedonic testing, jelly products made from natural dyes have superior taste and texture. Further development of natural mulberry fruit encapsulated dyes needs to be done to increase solubility, color sharpness, aroma and color stability

Antioxidant effect of Morus indica L against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND: Mulberry extracts and active components have numerous good neurological and biological benefits, making them promising candidates in the research for new medications to treat neurological problems. METHODS: In the present study we evaluated the neuroprotective role of mulberry fruit extract against the paraquat (PQ) induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. After the exposure to PQ, Flies were assayed for climbing activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide (LPO) content, acetylcholine esterase activities (AChe), and also the antioxidant defense system such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities (CAT) and glutathione synthetase (GSH) RESULTS: In a negative geotaxis assay, MF pre-treated flies exposed to PQ showed a lower incidence of mortality and enhanced climbing activities of flies when compared to untreated flies exposed to PQ. In addition, when exposed to PQ, untreated flies resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in oxidative stress markers such as ROS, LPO content and AChe and decreased the antioxidant defense system such as SOD, CAT, and GSH. However, flies pre-treated with MF when exposed to PQ ameliorated oxidative stress markers and by restoring the antioxidant defense system, additionally, the pre-treatment of MF flies also reduced AChe activities. CONCLUSION: The pre-treatment of flies with MF extract has the potential to reduce PQ-induced oxidative stress due to its antioxidative nature and ability to modify the activities of antioxidant defense systems. However, further research is needed to understand the exact mechanism of its activity.

Effect of nutraceutical from mulberry on anthropometric measures in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebocontrolled trial

Mulberry fruit extract (MFE) has been reported to show remarkable anti-obesity properties in vitro. While the trend for nutraceuticals is increasing, the study on the antiobesity potential of MFE in humans is limited. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the nutraceutical from MFE and examine the effects of the MFE capsule on anthropometric measures in overweight and obese adults. The nutraceutical was developed, and quality control was carried out. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, the major bioactive compound in MFE, was found at 21.50±0.54 mg in each MFE capsule when analyzed by using the validated HPLC method. The weight variation, disintegration, and dissolution profile of MFE capsules were acceptable within the USP 42 requirement for dietary supplements. A total of thirty-two overweight participants were assigned to consume a capsule containing MFE or a placebo capsule daily for 8 weeks in a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial (n = 16 per group). At the end of the study, MFE intake significantly caused a reduction in the visceral fat level when compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the MFE group, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, subcutaneous fat of the whole body, trunk, arms, and legs, total body fat, and visceral fat were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). In conclusion, MFE was successfully developed into capsules. MFE capsules showed a favourable effect in reducing anthropometric measurements in overweight and obese adults. This is the first report on the promising anti-obesity potential of MFE capsules in humans.

Black mulberry (Morus nigra) fruit extract alleviated AD-Like symptoms induced by toxic Aβ protein in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans via insulin DAF-16 signaling pathway

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most severe neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, there is no effective treatment drug for AD. Morus nigra (M. nigra) is a black mulberry and widely distributed fruit in the Moraceae family with various undiscovered biological activities. The study aimed to investigate the potential anti-AD effect of M. nigra. Mulberry fruit extract (MF) was obtained from M. nigra and treated up to 1.00 mg/mL on transgenic AD Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models. MF inhibited Amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced paralysis symptoms by about 55.65 %, reduced Aβ accumulation more than 50 % via immunoblotting, and suppressed over-sensitivity to exogenous serotonin in C. elegans. Furthermore, MF decreased the Aβ oligomeric depositions in worm CL2006. MF activated the DAF-16 nuclear translocation and its downstream SOD-3 and GST-4. AD is a major age-related disorder. Therefore, MF treated for an aging test and proved to be expanded the lifespan of the worms up to 34.7 %. Besides, we have evaluated the MF in vivo antioxidative properties, where MF reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generations in C. elegans and remitted the activation of HSP-16.2 induced by the oxidative action of Juglone. Gene knockout and extended the lifespan of AD worms. However, RNA interference (RNAi) successfully silenced the daf-16 on the Aβ phenotypic paralysis proved by MF effect. Our results indicate that MF alleviates AD-Like symptoms by activating the DAF-16 insulin signal pathway in C. elegans. Therefore, this MF study may provide new insights for mulberry application in safe AD treatment and clinical study.

Microencapsulation of de‐glycosylated mulberry ( Morus alba L.) fruit extract through double‐layered multiple emulsions of pectic polysaccharide extracted from Ulmus davidiana and soy protein isolate

Our objectives were to (1) encapsulate de-glycosylated mulberry fruit extract (dg-MFE) through double-layered multiple emulsions of pectic polysaccharide from Ulmus davidiana (UDP) and soy protein isolate (SPI) by spray dryer and (2) investigate the physicochemical, storage, and in vitro digestibility properties of the encapsulated powders. Four different concentrations of UDP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g UDP per 3.0 g SPI) were prepared for microencapsulation of dg-MFE. HR FE-SEM morphology of encapsulated powders became spherical with an increase in the concentrations of UDP. Due to the production of thicker layers by the formation of electrostatic interactions between small positively charged groups of SPI and negatively charged groups of UDP, particle sizes and storage stability of the encapsulated powders prepared by SPI-UDP were improved. In vitro digestion study indicated that the release of dg-MFE was effectively controlled by a protective coating of SPI-UDP under the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. Novelty impact statement This study was investigated to enhance the stability of de-glycosylated mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit extract during the storage and digestion process and to develop a slow-release targeted delivery system to the colon. Based on HR FE-SEM analysis, encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion analysis, these results demonstrated that the encapsulated powders prepared by soy protein isolate-Ulmus davidiana complexes were found to be better coating materials for microencapsulation of de-glycosylated mulberry fruit extract than those prepared by only soy protein isolate. Therefore, this study provides a promising technology to protect bioactive compounds during storage and passing through the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Morphological characteristics and antibacterial activity of mulberry fruit varieties

The present study was carried out to characterize the mulberry fruit yielding varieties (G4, MR2, G2 and S36) by its morphological characters and analyze antibacterial activity of fruit extracts of G4 and MR2. Among the morphological characters, fruit colour ranged from purple, deep purple, red and dark red. Similarly, fruit weight ranged from 0.5 to 1.52g in which G4 recorded highest fruit weight of 1.52 g followed by MR2 (1.10g), G2 (0.713 g) and S36 (0.5g). Based on the availability of the fruit quantum G4 and MR2 was selected for antibacterial activity against the human bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC11632, Streptococcus pneumonia ATCC6301 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228. Among the different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µl) of mulberry fruit extracts, 100 µl exhibited highest zone of inhibition of 17.0±1.25 to 20.0±0.81 mm which showed antibacterial response against bacterial pathogens. G4 fruit extract showed highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus with inhibition of 19.0±0.49 mm. Similarly, MR2 fruit extract showed highest antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis with inhibition of 20.0±0.73 mm. The present findings indicated that mulberry fruit extracts have medicinal choice for the development of alternative antimicrobial drug without any side effects as seen in chemical drugs.

Morus macroura Miq. Fruit extract protects against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Novel mechanistic insights on its impact on miRNA-223 and on the TNFα/NFκB/NLRP3 inflammatory axis

Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-1 containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) inflammatory pathway is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Inversely, miRNA-223 can exert counter-regulatory effect on NLRP3 expression. The mulberry tree (Morus macroura) fruit is attaining increased importance for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in addition to its high safety profile. Accordingly, we attempted to explore the possible protective effect of mulberry fruit extract (MFE) in acetic acid (AA)-induced UC rat model. Phytochemical constituents of MFE were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). In the in vivo study, three doses of MFE were orally given for seven days before intra-rectal induction of UC by AA on day eight. Screening study revealed that MFE (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic UC scores. Biochemically, MFE ameliorated oxidative stress, levels of TNFR1, NLRP3, p-NFκB p65, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-18, caspase-1 activity, but enhanced miRNA-223 expression. In conclusion, our study provided a novel protective impact for MFE against UC, in which miRNA-223 and TNFα/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway are involved. These results provide a promising step that might encourage further investigations of MFE as a protective agent in UC patients.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mulberry Fruit and Their Antioxidant Activity

Biosynthesis of metal-oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has been attracting increasing interest. In this study, we focused on the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials using zinc acetate as a precursor and mulberry fruit extract as a green reducing agent and determined the antioxidant activity. Powder X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for structure elucidation and to determine the crystallinity of the synthesized product. The morphology of samples was determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Our results indicated the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. SEM findings revealed the nanoparticles to be spherical; they were found to agglomerate and showed a narrow space between particles, which could be indicative of improved activity. The antioxidant activity of ZnO nanoparticles was determined using a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging assay taking into account time and concentration. Our results indicated that ZnO nanoparticles with mulberry fruit extract that were synthesized using green chemistry could effectively scavenge the free DPPH radicals, thereby confirming their superior antioxidant activity.

INFLUENCE OF MATURITY STAGE ON TRYPTOPHAN, PHENOLIC, FLAVONOID, AND ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Morus alba L. FRUIT

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits have been suggested to be a good nutritional source of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which can provide health benefits. However, limited studies have addressed how changes in health promotion compounds and mulberry fruit quality are affected by harvest season. Therefore, phytochemical profiles of mulberry fruit at different maturity stages were determined by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Mulberry fruit extracts were also analyzed for their antioxidant potential and total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The results established that purple fruit had the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents (608.87±8.07 mg GAE/g DW, 11.39±0.17 mg GAE/g DW, and 22.04±0.54 mg/ 100 g DW, respectively). Purple fruit also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS revealed that purple fruit had the highest cyanidin-3- O-glucoside, rutin, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, and gallic acid contents, whereas green fruit had the highest caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and tryptophan contents. Our result suggests that later developmental stages of mulberry fruit have increased phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant capacity while tryptophan content was high in both green and purple mulberry fruits.

Formulation of Black Mulberry Fruit (Morus nigra l.) Ethanol Extract as Anti-Acne Cream Against Propionibacterium acne

Various parts of mulberry have been identified consisting of a large number of phenols and flavonoids, which are effective for immunosuppression, antioxidants, and are antibacterial, and anticancer agents. A polysaccharide and an alkaloid related to increased macrophage activity from mulberry fruit extracts. This study aims to formulate black mulberry fruit into cream dosage form and determine the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. This is an experimental research which varying extract into 4 different concentrations: 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. There is two control group which is positive using vitacid cream and the negative control is cream base without extract. The cream was made and examined for its physical characteristic and the cream was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The result showed that the cream met the requirements of homogeneity, pH as its requirement, stable during storage, not irritating, and the antibacterial activity of 6,25% concentration has an average inhibition zone diameter of 10.15mm, a concentration of 12,5% is 12.36mm, a concentration of 25% is 13.16mm, and a concentration of 50% is 15.5 mm. From this study can be concluded that the cream preparation from an ethanol extract of black mulberry has good antibacterial activity against P.acne bacteria with a very strong inhibition zone.