Municipal Solid Waste Management Research Articles

Mutual disposal of municipal solid waste and flue gas on isolated islands

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in rural and remote areas (e.g., isolated islands) is a noteworthy issue. Transportation of MSW from isolated islands to the mainland requires large-scale energy, so it demands a high amount of diesel fuel in diesel generators. To alleviate environmental pollution and energy consumption during transportation, this paper proposes a mutual disposal strategy for MSW and fuel gas from diesel generators and explores the feasibility and potential benefits based on MSW drying experiment in a self-designed device. The following were the primary conclusions: (1) the flue gas could provide sufficient heat energy for drying MSW, and the effective utilization rate can reach 60.22 ± 2.88%. It would take 60–85 min to dry MSW below 200 °C. (2) Within the permissible limits of environmental standards, the MSW contributes to the reduction of particulate matter and methane in the flue gas, while the carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and non-methane hydrocarbon contents increase due to thermal decomposition of the MSW. The global warming potential of the carbon in the treated gas can be decreased by 16.94%, and the nitric oxide contributes to carbon emission reduction. (3) The proposed mutual disposal strategy could alleviate issues in landfill leachate and simplify the treatment technology, leading to subsequent environmental, economic, and technical benefits.

Ecologies of quantification in waste management: Landfilling, e-waste recycling, and car breaking

Quantification has become a privileged form of knowing and vehicle of governance. Anthropological critique has demonstrated that a view of numbers as independent carriers of meaning is untenable; instead, numbers should be conceptualized as being part of relations and temporalities, opening space for shifts in understanding. Proposing the perspective of ‘ecologies of quantification’, we acknowledge the wider notion of ecology that accommodates materiality, cognition, and experience, and acknowledges that the constituents of the relations are always in a process of becoming. We put waste management at the centre of our interest to explore the ways quantification attempts to conquer arguably one of the unruliest domains of contemporary social life. Based on our collaborative ethnographic research on the management of municipal solid waste, discarded electrical and electronic devices, and junked cars in Czechia, we point to problems emerging when numbers become stripped of their relations. Our research sheds light on experience in the process of quantification and demonstrates that there are multiple ways to know quantity.

Evaluation of the performance of the compost plant for optimal operational evaluation.

Composting is a municipal solid waste management strategy that can reduce municipal waste mixtures to diminish the volume and weight of disposable materials, decrease leachate emissions, recycle resources, and reduce the costs required for waste disposal. Today, the wave of consumerism in the current world and the advancement of technology has led to producing diversified waste around the globe, so the growth rate of all countries, including Iran, is increasing dramatically. This research was studied from a practical point of view for the first time in Karaj. We used a method based on a meta-heuristic algorithm to analyze the data. The results of these studies show that units that are part of large industries have a greater environmental approach than other smaller food industries because most of the smaller food industries have environmental experts or other findings; an environmental group is considered costly and troublesome. Therefore, the present research focuses on the thorough assessment of a compost plant's operational performance to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness. Technical, environmental, and economic viewpoints are all included in the assessment's multidimensional approach. Moreover, this case study of the Karaj compost factor summarizes the effectiveness of the method based on a meta-heuristic algorithm adopted for waste management. Therefore, it can be said that the root of the existing problems concerning the proper management of food industry waste in Karaj is due to the lack of environmental experts in the industry.

Enhancing Municipal Solid Waste Management in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas: A Case Study of Rudrapur City, India

Urban solid waste management is a crucial challenge, involving treatment, recycling, and energy conversion for environmental and public health protection. This research explores the management of municipal solid waste in the city of Rudrapur, located in the Himalayan foothills, in the midst of rapid urbanization and industrial development. Rudrapur is confronted with an increasing waste production as a consequence of its expanding population. The study examines waste distribution, evaluates current practices, and proposes effective waste management solutions for local governance. Using secondary data, interviews, and fieldwork, the study assesses waste generation, collection, transportation, processing, and disposal. The waste, comprising biodegradables, recyclables, and non-recyclables, presents challenges like inadequate equipment, unregulated dumping, and inefficiencies. Composite scores reveal disparities in waste management among city wards, uncovering infrastructure and practice gaps. Recommendations include source segregation, expanded composting, improved waste processing, and public awareness. Modern techniques like Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing can enhance waste management strategies. The study underscores the urgency of addressing improper waste disposal's environmental and health impacts. By tackling deficiencies and embracing innovation, Rudrapur can transition to a sustainable solid waste management system, fostering a cleaner and healthier urban environment.

Complexity of Waste Handling Technology at Final Disposal Site of Bantargebang, Bekasi City

Major problems at final waste processing sites (TPAs) include leachate, groundwater pollution, public health, and social aspects. Landfills are a major contributor to environmental damage in the world with effects on warming, acidification, smog formation, eutrophication, ecotoxicity and cancer to human health and non-cancer categories. Waste management in D.K.I Jakarta Province is currently facing a shortage of Integrated Waste Management Site (TPST) space with waste production reaching 7,000 to 7,500 tons/day. The main challenge in today’s municipal solid waste management is the selection of the most appropriate waste processing scenario, where the chosen method must be efficient and effective in minimizing leaching and emissions and reducing landfill waste, so that the service life of final disposal will be longer. Final disposal Bantargebang is the largest final disposal in Indonesia with an area of 132,5 Ha, where 80% is used for waste management and 20% of the land is used for support facilities. Final disposal Bantargebang implements various technologies in waste management including landfill, PLTSA, composting, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and involves scavengers in waste management at final disposal Bantargebang. The most dominant type of waste is food waste which reaches 39%. Various current technologies are still not effective, the implementation of sanitary landfills in final disposal Bantargebang is still very difficult to meet the planned design criteria, and tends to implement open dumping. This increases the potential for groundwater and surface water pollution and contributes to increased GHGs. Surface water in final disposal Bantargebang is highly polluted with COD and BOD parameters that exceed quality standards. Therefore, the multi-technology applied at final disposal Bantargebang only achieves an efficiency of 8% of incoming waste and the rest is still landfill waste in the landfill zone which is 92%.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SEVASTOPOL

One of the trends in municipal solid waste (MSW) management is the phased implementation of the Zero Waste concept based on the separate waste collection and its subsequent processing into useful products and expanding its reuse. This concept can be implemented within the municipal waste flow management, where it is relevant to search for low-cost ways to reduce the volume of deposited waste in conditions of limited funding. The paper examines the problems of managing municipal waste flows using the example of Sevastopol. Elements of the promising structural and technological scheme for the selective waste collection were developed, and strategic goals for managing municipal solid waste in a federal city were determined. Economic and infrastructural barriers that prevent the expansion of the range of materials and raw materials isolated from MSW were revealed. It is recommended to increase the volume of processed organic waste to produce compost: implementation of technologies for anaerobic biofermentation of organic components of MSW that are capable of biological decomposition, technologies for aerobic biofermentation of garden waste (green waste) mixed with municipal sewage sludge; thermal processing of alternative fuels from waste with heat recovery and full use of the waste energy resource using environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies.

Technology development and challenges for the transformation of municipal solid waste into sustainable energy production

Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal methods that are not under control, such as open burning, unrestricted incineration, landfilling and dumping into water bodies, pose a severe hazard to the environment and public health. As a result, the development of cheap and ecologically suitable disposal methods is currently extensively demanded by the expanding contemporary communities across the globe. However, the heterogeneous structure and variable physicochemical qualities are a key technical impediment to a total transformation in present conversion methods. Under a green biorefinery strategy, an organic-rich portion of MSW might serve as a low-cost, readily accessible substrate for making fuel and high-value chemicals. The present review examines the new issues in municipal solid waste production and management and the generation of diverse bioproducts with added value. In addition, the conversion of organic waste materials into a variety of biofuels, such as liquids, solids, gases, and power, is discussed in this paper. The most up-to-date methods for turning organic waste into high value bioproducts like compost and organic acids are thoroughly examined. The biorefinery technique is bolstered by converting organic solid waste to high value bioproducts that reduce waste, increase energy output, and provide additional healthcare commodities. As a result, it can be said that recycling MSW into high value bioproducts and biofuels will aid in reaching high levels of energy security, environmental protection, and a more robust bioeconomy.

Analysis of heavy metal, rare, precious, and metallic element content in bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Tehran based on particle size

Waste incineration is increasingly used worldwide for better municipal solid waste management and energy recovery. However, residues resulting from waste incineration, such as Bottom Ash (BA) and Fly Ash (FA), can pose environmental and human health risks due to their physicochemical properties if not managed appropriately. On the other hand, with proper utilization, these residues can be turned into valuable Municipal metal mines. In this study, BA was granulated in various size ranges (< 0.075 mm, 0.075–0.125 mm, 0.125–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–4 mm, 4–16 mm, and > 16 mm). The physicochemical properties, heavy metal elements, environmental hazards, and other rare and precious metal elements in each Granulated Bottom Ash (GBA) group from Tehran's waste incineration were examined using ICP-MASS. Additionally, each GBA group's mineralogical properties and elemental composition were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals in GBA, including Zn (1974 mg/kg), Cu, and Ba (790 mg/kg), Pb (145 mg/kg), Cr (106 mg/kg), Ni (25 mg/kg), Sn (24 mg/kg), V (25 mg/kg), As (11 mg/kg), and Sb (29 mg/kg), was higher in particles smaller than 4 mm. Precious metals such as gold (average 0.3 mg/kg) and silver (average 11 mg/kg) were significantly higher in GBA particles smaller than 0.5 mm, making their extraction economically feasible. Moreover, rare metals such as Ce, Nd, La, and Y were detected in GBA, with average concentrations of 24, 8, 11, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicated that BA contains environmentally concerning metals, as well as rare and precious metals, with high concentrations, especially in particles smaller than 4 mm. This highlights the need for proper pre-treatment before using these materials in civil and municipal applications or even landfilling.

A SWOT analysis for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Gurugram city, Haryana (India).

A SWOT analysis for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Gurugram city, Haryana (India).

Evaluation of municipal solid waste management in the state of Amazonas

The improper management of solid waste and the absence of resources and environmental education software are threatening the rivers of the Amazon region, that together form the greater freshwater basin in the world. In these terms, the general objective of this research is to evaluate the current situation of the management of urban solid waste in the cities of that state. The present research is organised in bibliographic and documental search, characterization of the area of investigation, and elaboration and application of questionnaires for data collection. Of the 62 towns that belongs to the territory of Amazonas, the research has collected information about 31, which corresponds to 50% of the area of investigation. The results indicate that 68% of the cities have the Municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management, while 32% did not elaborate their plans, failing to receive resources of the Federal Government which would be destined specifically to the services of management and operation of the solid waste. It was observed similar characteristics in the cities that did not have their plans elaborated, being all of minor size and located in isolated areas of the Amazon region, with access only by transport by river, fact that complicates the actions pertinent to the theme, as occurs with the final disposition of the solid waste. Among the cities that were investigated, none of them arrange their solid waste in appropriate environmentally conditions, prevailing the archaic way of disposal, the open sky landfills, that causes the degradation of the ground and hydric bodies, which are the top means of subsistence of the amazon population. The conclusion is that the management of solid waste represents one of the biggest challenges of basic sanitation in the state of Amazonas and such matter requires to be prioritized urgently, given the risk of the degradation of the natural resources of the region.

Hybrid porous media gasification of urban solid waste pre-treated by hydrothermal carbonization.

Global population growth and rising consumption levels have significantly increased resource use and energy demand, leading to higher greenhouse gas concentrations and increased waste output. As a result, alternative waste treatment methods for sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management are crucial. This research evaluates the efficiency of integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and gasification for an optimized MSW biomass blend. HTC was conducted for one hour at 220°C in a 5 L reactor, followed by gasification in a hybrid porous medium gasifier. The study investigated the effects of different filtration speeds on combustion temperature and hydrogen concentrations. The results showed that a filtration speed of 35 cm/s resulted in a maximum combustion temperature of 1035.7°C. The temperature remained consistent across filter speeds, while higher velocities yielded higher hydrogen concentrations. Additionally, increasing the filtration velocity raised temperatures in the hybrid bed while increasing the volumetric fraction of biomass decreased maximum temperatures. This research contributes to the understanding of merging HTC and gasification for MSW biomass blend treatment, aiming to reduce environmental impacts and costs while promoting renewable resources for long-term energy production.

To the Issue of Solid Municipal Waste in the Irkutsk Region

The article presents data on solid municipal waste (SMW) in the Irkutsk region as the main source of pollution of urban and suburban ecosystems. SMW is currently the most massive and dangerous type of waste, which can lead to irreversible consequences. In Russia, very active attention is being paid to the issues of waste collection and recycling in recent years. The objectives, which the authors set themselves, are a detailed analysis of the situation of SMW in the Irkutsk region. Special attention is focused on the location of already existing facilities as well as planned until 2027 ones. Unfortunately, the population of the Irkutsk region is not yet ready for mass separation of garbage according to its origin and recyclability, but a number of measures are proposed to change the situation. Statistical, comparative-geographical, cartographical and the method of comparative analysis and synthesis were used. The paper presents an analysis of the work of regional operators in accordance with the federal project Integrated system of SMW management carried out for the first time. The amount of waste taken to landfills in the Irkutsk region should be reduced by half by 2030 while sorted waste should gain 100 per cent of all garbage thrown away. The study results in the following conclusions: the region is not ready for processing and recycling of certain categories of waste such as glass or galvanic elements. There are simply no recycling facilities for a number of wastes, which leads to uncontrolled emissions and disturbance of the environment (soil, water, and atmospheric air) but the Government of Russia and the Irkutsk Region authorities are actively reforming the system of SMW management.

The impact of recycling on the productivity of Municipal Solid Waste: a comparison of the Malmquist and Malmquist-Luenberger Productivity Indexes

ABSTRACT Enhancing the economic and environmental efficiency of municipal solid waste (MSW) management is crucial for transitioning to a circular economy and achieving cost-efficient and sustainable waste practices. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach to examine the influence of MSW recycling on waste performance over multiple years. We employ a non-parametric method to assess and compare the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) and the Malmquist-Luenberger Productivity Index (MLPI) across 143 municipalities in Chile from 2015 to 2019. The findings reveal a positive trend in both MPI and MLPI. The average eco-productivity change (MLPI) is relatively lower than the average productivity change (MPI) throughout the evaluated years. The aggregated scores for MPI and MLPI between 2015 and 2019 stand at 2.73 and 1.33, respectively. The primary driver of productivity change is attributed to technical advancements, leading to a shift in the efficient frontier, while eco-productivity change predominantly arises from efficiency enhancements. This implies that municipalities have employed diverse strategies to enhance their economic and environmental performance. The results and implications of this study hold significance for policymakers at regional and local levels, offering valuable insights for optimising MSW management within the context of a circular economy.

Use of life cycle assessment for estimating impacts of waste-to-energy technologies in solid waste management systems: the case of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Analysing municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios is relevant for planning future policies and actions toward a circular economy. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is appropriate for evaluating technologies of MSW treatment and their environmental impacts. However, in developing countries, advanced assessments are difficult to introduce due to the lack of technical knowledge, data and financial support. This research aims to assess the main potentialities of the introduction of waste-to-energy (WtE) systems in a developing Argentinean urban area considering the existing regulations about MSW recycling goals. The study was conducted with WRATE software and the proposed scenarios were current management, grate incineration of raw MSW and incineration of solid recovered fuel (SRF). In addition, a sensitivity analysis on the energy matrix was included. It was found that the production of SRF allows increasing the energy generation from waste by 200% and reducing the environmental impact of about 10% regarding the current MSW management system. Acidification Potential and Abiotic Depletion Potential were sensitive to changes in electricity mix. Results showed that if MSW reduction goals are achieved, changes in MSW composition will affect the performance of WtE plants and, in some cases, they will be not technically feasible. The outcomes of this study can be of interest for developing countries stakeholders and practitioners interested in LCA and sustainable MSW management.

Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste in Construction

This article discusses a promising direction focused on the use of recycled municipal solid waste in construction. In Russia, there are problems related to municipal solid waste management, which necessitates the modernization of this process and confirms the relevance of the issues raised. Analysis and use of the experience of foreign countries in the processing of municipal solid waste and its secondary use in Russia contributes to the search for a more environmentally responsible approach that entails both economic and social benefits. The use of solid municipal waste recycling products in construction is aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the environment and is a step towards the transition to a circular economy, where waste is turned into valuable resources. The article reflects on the various methods of recycling municipal waste and analyzes the priority areas for the processing of municipal solid waste. In addition, examples of successful building projects using recycled products are given, and the challenges and prospects of this approach, as well as its significance for sustainable development and environmental responsibility in the construction industry, are revealed.

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Skardu: Current Status, and Corrective Measures

Solid waste management (SWM) is a marginalized sector in Gilgit Baltistan, causing a frightening situation, especially in the municipal area of district Skardu. The total municipal area of Skardu is about 4260 sq. km with a population of approximately 112996. In line with other government departments, the Gilgit Baltistan waste management company (GBWMC) is responsible for collecting and dumping solid waste. The current study was devised to calculate, characterize, and analyze the past status, and current position of municipal solid waste (MSW) production, so that necessary management practices and corrective measures can be carried out more efficiently in the study area. A series of interviews of concerned persons as well as extensive field surveys were conducted. The method used by GBWMC to collect waste was: door-to-door collection, placement of waste bins, and collection from the arterial roads. Waste was collected manually in polythene bags, handcarts, and baskets. The findings revealed that approximately 45-50 tonnes of waste was generated per day in the winter and in the summer it increases to 50-55 tonnes. The average waste generation was 0.43 kg per capita per day and is increasing at a rate of 2.28% annually. The main sources of waste were commercial and household waste contributing approximately 60 % and 40% of the total waste production respectively. There was no scientific disposal system for the collected waste which is dumped on the dumping sites by utilizing available resources considering Environmental protection agency (EPA) regulations along the Indus River bank. Thus specific steps should be taken to develop a proper scientific disposal system of collected wastes by incorporating the experts' expertise and modern technologies.

Households’ and Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Municipal Solid Waste Management in Metropolitan Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria

Sokoto metropolis had recently witnessed an alarming increase in solid waste generation which could be harness and use as improved compost. This study examines households’ and Farmers’ willingness to pay for improved solid waste management services and its implications to agriculture. The population used for this study consist of selected households, farmers and stakeholders of solid waste management in Sokoto Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting the study respondents. A total of 150 households across low income, middle income, high income as well as mixed commercial residential areas and 30 farmers constituted the samples for the study. Descriptive statistics and logit regression model were used in analyzing the data collected. The results revealed that all household respondents generate waste and the major challenge that impedes willingness to pay is amount charged for the improved waste management services. The logit model vindicated that respondents in high and middle income residential areas had increasing tendency of accepting improved refuse waste management and are more willing to pay for improved refuse waste management services. On the other hand, a reasonable percentage of the farmers are willing to accept and pay for sorted refuse waste converted to compost. The unsorted refuse waste was attributed as a cheap source for manure but it contained polythenes, metals and other hazardous element which are harmful to human health and affects crops germination and growth. The improved refuse waste converted to compost could serve as an alternative source for low cost and high quality manure that is free from those harmful elements, to improve smallholder farmers’ crops productivity. This study therefore recommends for Public-Private-Partnership to address the menace of generated waste and the possible conversion of waste to wealth

Spatial suitability analysis for site selection of municipal solid waste landfill using hybrid GIS and MCDA approach: The case of Kitwe, Zambia

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an issue of increasing concern at both the global and local levels as urban populations continue to rise with a corresponding increase in waste generation. MSWM, including dump-site/landfill site selection, are of serious socio-economic concerns with environmental and health implications in Zambia. Currently, operational MSW dump-sites in most urban centers in Zambia, including that of Kitwe City, were selected based on land availability and not on land suitability. In this work, we applied a hybrid GIS and multi-sectoral/multi-disciplinary approach to classify the city into areas that are most suitable, suitable and not suitable for hosting a landfill. We employed multi-disciplinary technical knowledge from local planners, public health, civil engineers and environmental experts, contrary to past practices. Input data used was obtained from a combination of environmental and socio-economic constraint and factor criteria. The results showed that 333.24 km2 representing 41.69% of the study area was classified as unsuitable, 140.41 km2 representing 17.57% of the study area was classified as suitable and 325.63 km2 representing 40.74% of the study area is classified as most suitable for a landfill. Further, out of 19 possible landfill sites identified as most suitable, 7 met the minimum of 0.54 km2 required for a landfill which can accommodate 8×106 m3 of solid waste projected to be generated in the next 20 years in Kitwe. The results further found that the current Ichimpe dumpsite falls in a zone classified as unsuitable. This study is of profound significance as it enhas contributed to the existing body of knowledge on the selection of scientifically and socially acceptable landfill sites in developing nations. We propose building human and infrastructural capacity and adopting hybrid GIS and MCDA approaches to promote environmental and socio-economic sustainability in landfill selection and operation which ultimately will contribute to meeting SDGs 3, 6 and 11 and the Africa Union's Agenda 2063.

Evaluation of energy generation potential from municipal solid waste in the North-West province, South Africa

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is rapidly becoming a severe environmental problem worldwide. Developing countries, especially African cities, are the most affected due to inadequate resources to cope with increasing magnitude and complexity of the waste generated as well as the scarcity of land for disposal. As such, strategies which include waste- to-energy (WtE) generation to recover the potent energy from municipal waste could be a better option. This study sought to determine the sustainability of WtE projects for energy access to off-grid residents in the North-West province, South Africa. The study used a quantitative research design coupled with field observations and measurement of elements of the waste chain to generate primary data sets. The information was supplemented by secondary datasets on waste information and waste management at local municipalities. Results revealed that some of the classes of waste have the optimum calorific values and moisture content for WtE. The eligibility of a waste class to be used in WtE generation projects is dependent on the quantities generated. The results also indicate that using paper as fuel in the 240 tonnes/day WtE technology would cover more days of operation than plastics and rubber. Based on the 2020 estimated waste quantities, paper would last 234 days of generating about 6,944 GWh while plastics would last 177 days with energy output of 5, 207 GWh. Waste quantities generated in the North-West province could contribute to sustainable energy access to the off-grid informal settlement residents and advance waste management options through WtE. This study contributes to the literature on renewable energy and waste management in the context of green energy in South Africa.

Health status assessment of people adjacent to temporary waste disposal sites in Khulna city, Bangladesh

Despite rapid population growth, urbanization, and economic development in Bangladesh, there is a lack of evidence to measure the impact of dumpsites on human health and the environment. This study sought to assess the health impact of temporary disposal sites in Khulna city on residents living nearby. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire surveys surrounding the dumpsite areas. Altogether 180 households were surveyed by random sampling approach from >50 m (close to the dumpsites, CD) and 50–300 m radius (away from the dumpsites, AD) of the dumpsite. The participants were mostly employed with low income (<US$185.54 per month) and living more than 10 years in the community. This study found that the main concern for residents in both communities was the odor emanating from the dumpsites, with 74% of respondents identifying this as their primary concern. Approximately 18% of respondents claimed that the smoke from burning waste had the most severe impact on their health. The most common health problems reported by participants were dysentery, diarrhea, pulmonary diseases, asthma, and allergies. Diarrhea was reported by most of the respondents in both communities, such as 32.1% in the CD community and 22.8% in the AD community. Whereas chest-related illness (16.98%) and asthma (11.32%) were reported more frequently in the CD community. Participants living close to the dumpsites were found to be statistically significant victims of health problems, water pollution and unpleasant odor. However, the results did not show a significant effect of proximity to the dumpsite on causing waterborne and airborne diseases among those with higher incomes and better employment. This study suggests conducting a more comprehensive investigation in the study area to unravel the specific impacts of dumpsites on human health. The city corporation authority should follow sustainable municipal solid waste management practices and consider green energy production from waste using cutting-edge technologies.