Movie Script Research Articles

Boys don't cry (or kiss or dance): A computational linguistic lens into gendered actions in film.

Contemporary media is full of images that reflect traditional gender notions and stereotypes, some of which may perpetuate harmful gender representations. In an effort to highlight the occurrence of these adverse portrayals, researchers have proposed machine-learning methods to identify stereotypes in the language patterns found in character dialogues. However, not all of the harmful stereotypes are communicated just through dialogue. As a complementary approach, we present a large-scale machine-learning framework that automatically identifies character's actions from scene descriptions found in movie scripts. For this work, we collected 1.2+ million scene descriptions from 912 movie scripts, with more than 50 thousand actions and 20 thousand movie characters. Our framework allow us to study systematic gender differences in movie portrayals at a scale. We show this through a series of statistical analyses that highlight differences in gender portrayals. Our findings provide further evidence to claims from prior media studies including: (i) male characters display higher agency than female characters; (ii) female actors are more frequently the subject of gaze, and (iii) male characters are less likely to display affection. We hope that these data resources and findings help raise awareness on portrayals of character actions that reflect harmful gender stereotypes, and demonstrate novel possibilities for computational approaches in media analysis.

VIOLATIONS OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN THE MOVIE SHERLOCK HOLMES: THE FINAL PROBLEM

This research aims at finding the type of maxims that violate from all the conversations that happen in this movie and describing how the character violates the maxims in the movie Sherlock Holmes: The Final Problem. The researchers use the qualitative method in this research. The researchers take the data from the movie script and also the movie itself. The researchers analyze the data using qualitative data analysis by Donald Ary. The findings of this research show that violations of maxims do occur in this movie. The characters from this movie violate all types of conversational maxims, overall there are 30 violations of the maxims that occur in this movie. The characters of this movie violate the maxims by flouting, opting in, and opting out the utterances.

Conversational Implicature Used in Gone Girl Movie Script by Gillian Flynn

The purpose of this study is to describe the implied meaning of conversational implicatures found in the film Gone Girl. The method used in this research is content analysis with the object of study on conversational implicatures in film dialogue. The technique used is note-taking. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the most frequent maxim found by the writer is the maxim of quantity in which it means that the characters in the movie failed to observe it as the contribution of the information is insufficient and less-informative than it is required. After that, it is followed by the maxim of manner in which it means the characters of the movie failed to observe, consequently it creates the sense of ambiguity and proximity. Then, the maxim of relation in which it shows that the characters of the movie give irrelevant information. Lastly, there is maxim of quality in which that means the characters of the movie failed to notice due to false information.

An Analysis of Politeness Strategies Used in Yes Day (2021) Movie

This research aimed to find out the politeness strategies used in Yes Day (2021) movie. The research used descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was the Yes Day movie that focused on the script of movie. The data were all of the requesting utterances that uttered by all of the characters of Yes Day movie. The data were analysed using Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory. The researcher found four types of politeness strategies; they are bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record strategy, and no don’t do the FTA. The result of the research showed that bald on-record was the most appeared strategy in Yes Day movie. Meanwhile, off record strategy was the least used strategy in Yes Day movie.

Perlocutionary Act in "Look Away" Movie Script

This research discussed how the perlocutionary act is used in the “Look Away” movie script. The objective of this research is to describe the functions of the perlocutionary act of the utterances of the characters in the “Look Away” movie script. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method and the data source of this research is taken from the “Look Away” movie script. In this research, there is data belonging to type two where the content of type two is that what the speaker said is not understood by the listener, usually causing a misunderstanding discourse. But there is also some data belonging to types one; what the speaker said is understood by the speaker, types three; what the speaker’s intention was fully or partially understood by the listener, however, the listener did not work in that way, and types four; what is the speaker’s intention was not been understood by the listeners, however, due to the involvement of other attendants in the communication, the speaker’s expected perlocutionary act came true. This research also has similarities between the four types of perlocutionary acts by Qiang (2013) and perlocutionary act and communication and non-linguistic signs in the perlocutionary act in the book on Perlocutionary Act by Qiang (2013).

Analysis of Non-Observance the Maxim in "Knives Out" Movie Script

This research is a pragmatic approach study of an analysis of Non-Observance the Maxim in the Knives Out Movie Script. The objectives of this researcher are to find out the types of Non-Observance Maim in Movie scripts and to find out the dominant types of Non-Observance used by all the character’s utterances. The researcher used the content analysis qualitative method to describe and analyze the selected Non-Observance which are watching movies and then classifies them according to Paul Grice’s concept types of Non-Observance. The researcher used content analysis which focuses on classifying the types of Non-Observance and the dominant types of Non-Observance in Knives Out movie carried out by all the characters. The researcher found that the characters use all types of Non-Observance. The first flounting there are Quality (3), Quantity (8), and Relation (1) Manner (-). Second is Violation, they are Quality (4), Quantity (3), Relation (1), and Manner (-). Third, Opting Out, which are {Quality (-) Quantity (1) Relation (1) Manner (-), Forth is Infringing, they are Linguistics Performance (-), Culture Impairment (-) Cognitive Impairment (1), and the last is Suspending (1) Based on the data above, it reveals that all characters in their utterances dominantly used the Non-Observance of Flounting with 13 data.

A Deconstruction of Characters in “SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run”

This research discussed deconstruction of characters, which aimed to deconstruct a binary opposition between main character and minor character in SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run. The researcher revealed other side of the characters having been not important in this movie becoming important because the minor characters formed a different character in the SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run and figured out different character of SpongeBob. This researcher is based on Derrida's theory of deconstruction. A descriptive qualitative method in revealing data. There're two steps in deconstructing the text. The first is locating an opposition, and the second is determining which side is privileged. The researcher used note taking as an instrument to get valid data. Primary data in this study was taken from dialogue of the characters in "SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run" and watching in YouTube to get the data needed including the movie. So, secondary data in this study was taken from the movie and dialogue scripts in the movie by some of the characters in the movie. The findings showed that the main character in this movie was SpongeBob. SpongeBob is brave enough to defy a seven-seas king in order to save Gary, his pet.

Speech Acts Analysis Used in Jac Schaeffer’s Wandavision

This research is pragmatic approach study an analysis of speech act used in Jac Schaeffer's Wandavision. The objectives of this researcher are to find out the types of illocutionary acts are performed by all the characters utterance, and to find out the types of illocutionary act dominantly used in Jac Schaeffer's wandavision. The researcher used descriptive-qualitative method to describe and analyze the selected of illocutionary acts which are watching movie and then classifies them according to George Yule’s and Yan Huang's concept types of illocutionary acts. Technique of collecting the data are (1) downloading the movie and movie script of Jac Schaffer’s Wandavision, (2) watching the movie while correcting the script based on the movie (3) taking notes which types of speech act were used in it (4) groups the speech act that occur based on Searle’s and Huang’s theory about speech act. The researcher used descriptive analysis which focus on classifying the types of illocutionary acts and the types of illocutionary acts used in Jac Schaeffer’s Wandavision carried out by all the character. 
 The researcher found 165 speech acts in all episodes of the Wandavision series, namely 33 representative speech acts, 17 commissive speech acts, 79 directive speech acts , 3 declarative speech acts, and 33 expressive speech acts. The most dominantly used type of illocutionary act in Wandavision series is directive speech act consisting of 79 utterances with percentage of 47.88%.

REPRESENTATION OF SELF-DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE BLIND SIDE MOVIE

This research discussed the self-defense mechanism found in the main character in The Blind Side movie by John Lee Hancock. The writer focused on the analysis of the main character in the movie, named Big Mike. The results of this research indicate that there are several actions taken by the main character towards building self-defense mechanisms. There are eight kinds of self-defense mechanisms in Big Mike's character, namely repression, reaction formation, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, aggression, fantasy, and denial, which represent how Big Mike's character tries to adapt to his new life and protect those closest to him. To achieve the research objectives, the writer uses literary criticism in analyzing Big Mike's character as well as psychological approaches and the theory of self-defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. The primary data for this study was collected from the script and dialogue of The Blind Side movie, which was then analyzed using qualitative methods to reveal various types of self-defense mechanisms contained in the character of Big Mike.
 

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS IN ENCANTO MOVIE SCRIPT

This research aimed to investigate the meaning of idiomatic expression and to find out the types of Idiom in Encanto movie script. The researcher used McCharty and O'Dell's theory to analyze the implementation of idiomatic expression occurred in the object of this research. The qualitative research method was applied. The data were collected by watching the Encanto movie several times, determining the words, phrases, or sentences to be analyzed, and then categorizing the terms, phrases, and sentences into types of idioms based on the used theory. The result showed that there were 20 data found namely 7 Simile, 1 Binomial, 2 Proverbs, 1 Euphemism, 2 Clichés, and 6 Fixed Statement. Furthermore, this research can be a valuable information and knowledge for many people in understanding the idiomatic meaning in some media.
 

A Hero (Movie Drama by Asghar Farhadi)

Reviewed by: A Hero Babak Mazloumi (bio) A Hero Movie Drama, Starring Amir Jadidi, Mohsen Tanabandeh, Alireza Jahandideh, and Sahar Goldoust, 2021, 121 Minutes, Directed by Asghar Farhadi Produced by Asghar Farhadi and Alexandre Mallet-Guy Asghar Farhadi’s movie, A Hero (Persian: Qahraman) was first screened at the Cannes film festival in 2021 where it won Grand Prix.1 It debuted in Iran in November 2021. This was concurrent with a significant reduction in the number of people infected with the COVID-19 virus in Iran and other parts of the world which caused a new hope for the revival of cinema. The relatively good statistic, however, did not comport with the high hopes.2 There was also a controversy which further reduced the number of viewers: One of Farhadi’s students pressed charges against him accusing him of plagiarizing; she stated that Farhadi’s movie script copied the story that she wrote for the class that he taught. Farhadi, however, vehemently denied all such charges.3 The movie starts with the protagonist, Rahim Soltani (starring Amir Jadidi), leaving prison. He is on a two-day leave to find a way to pay his debt or persuade his creditor, Bahram (starring Mohsen Tanabandeh), to withdraw his complaint or Rahim will continue to serve time. As he is leaving the prison, one can see the Persian translation of a verse from the Qur’an on the prison wall that reads, “if you have been thankful for your past, God will increase your sustenance, but if you have been ungrateful, God will decrease your sustenance.” This is symbolic and a foreshadowing of what is yet to come within the context of the storyline. [End Page 107] In the next scene, one can see Rahim at an archeological site where workers are not only excavating ancient monuments and artifacts, but also preserving them for future references. It is at this site that Rahim asks his brother-in-law, Hosein (starring Alireza Jahandideh), who works there to help him settle the debt that landed him in jail. He hopes they can go together to the creditor to convince him to withdraw the complaint. Regarding the debt, Rahim claims he has a portion of the funds, without revealing his source. He, then, meets Farkhondeh, a young woman (starring Sahar Goldoust) with whom he turns out to have been romantically involved. The woman appears to be in possession of something precious that might come to Rahim’s aid. It is learned later in the film that this precious possession turns out to be 17 gold coins, the partial funds that Rahim had spoken about to Hosein. They had planned to sell the gold coins as partial payment towards the debt with hopes of creating a payment plan for the balance. When Farkhondeh suggested that the gold coins could portend a miracle, Rahim had a change of heart and decided to find the rightful owner. He leaves his contact details with the shopkeepers in the vicinity of the spot where Farkhondeh had found the gold coins. When the real owner of the coins actually showed up and claimed the coins, Rahim had no way to pay the debt and had to go back to prison. However, when the warden gets ear of the gold coins being returned, he praises Rahim publicly and arranges a televised interview with him. After Rahim understands that he is not able to find the real owner of the gold coins, as a precondition for his employment and as a response to all slanders and rumors, he asks his girlfriend to impersonate the owner of the gold coins. This is not the first time Rahim is asked to bend under external pressure which results in his “individual reality” to be overwhelmed by “collective reality.” For example, at some other point, when the warden and his assistant are briefing Rahim on details pertaining to the upcoming TV interview, including his good deed of returning the coins to its rightful owner, Rahim tries to correct them about one of the details, but they insisted that it was best to keep his statements as they were initially presented. Rahim had to speak according to their...

Bidirectional recurrent neural network with multi-head attention for automatic scene generation using sentiment analysis

Text generation is one of the complex tasks associated with natural language processing. For efficient text generation, syntax and semantics of the language have to be considered to assign context to key phrases. The main objective of the proposed work is to perform text generation specifically for movie scripts. The training data consist of a self-annotated corpus of movie scripts depicting scenes, specific to certain genre where the annotation mainly focuses on a specific director’s movie scripts. The scene generation is set forth by word embedding with sentiment classification where the emotionally analyzed words are vectorized using the EmoVec algorithm performing sentiment analysis. Based on the sentiment and location associated with each scene, context for the phrases are identified and proceeded to build a well-defined script. Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory BLSTM with multi-head Attention is used to capture the information processed in both forward and backward propagation in order to understand future context. The vocabulary is built using Stanford’s Internet Movie Database IMDB datasets to perform word based encoding for which requirement of an extensive vocabulary is imminent.

SELFISHNESS IN JAMES CAMERON’S AVATAR (CHARACTER ANALYSIS)

The purpose of this study is to reveal the selfishness of Colonel Miles Quaritch which is one of the main characters in the movie Avatar by James Cameron, and also to analyze what the causes and effects of the selfishness are. In conducting this research, the researcher uses qualitative research in which the data collected in the form of words and presented in descriptive form, so the data that the researcher gets is only from the movie script and other books that relation to this research. In this research, the movie script was analyzed with objective approach, it means that the data are found from intrinsic point of the movie script Avatar. From the result shows that selfishness is a bad trait to have in a person’s attitude. The researcher calls it’s a bad trait because it does not only bring no benefit to the person himself but also to another person surrounds him. Collonel Miles Quaritch is a selfish person. It can be seen from his actions that ignoring the opinions of others and neglecting the safety of the troop to achieve his goal. The Causes of the selfishness of Colonel Miles are ambition, arrogance and madness. And the effects of selfishness of Colonel Miles are losing the war and Colonel Miles killed by Neytiri.

Lexical Hedges Inn “To All Thee Boys I’ve Loved Before” Movie

This study aims at identifying the variety kinds of lexical1 hedges1 employed in the movie script and to determine their purpose. The data for this study were gathered from the 2018 film "Too All the Boys I've Loved Before" using note-taking and documenting techniques. The original version of the film was produced, directed, and written by Susan Johnsons and Sofia Alvarez. Using Lakoff's theory regarding the characteristics of women's language, the data were analysed descriptively. Four lexical1 hedge examples were found in the “Too All the Boys I've Loved Before” movie, according to this analysis. It was discovered that lexical11hedges1 used in the movie are the words “well”, “you know”, “uh”, and “I thought”.

Reasons of Flouting Maxim in Conversation of “Hansel and Gretel The Witch Hunter” Movie: The Study of Gricean Maxim

People sometimes fail to observe maxims so that is called flouting maxim. Grice in Cutting (2002) proposed four types of flouting maxim; they are flouting maxim of quantity, flouting maxim of quality, flouting maxim of relation and flouting maxim of manner. In general, people sometimes do an error communication due to several reasons. Besides that, an error communication is also found in movie script. In this study, the conversation in the movie script became the source of data, and the script of Hansel and Gretel the witch hunter movie was chosen. Additionally, the aim of this study is to find out the reasons for flouting maxim. And then, Leech’s theory is used to classify the reasons for flouting maxim. It is added by Khoravizadeh and Sadehvandi (2011), Goffman (2008) and Donerus (2005) who are conducted the theory of several reasons in flouting maxim. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data revealed 38 utterances. As a result, the dominant reason of flouting maxim is occurred by avoiding the discussion. The total number is 9 times (23, 68%). Then, the occurrence of the lowest frequency is misleading counterparts. It occurs 1 time (2, 63%)

GENDER INEQUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN FEMALE CHARACTER IN NIKI CARO’S MULAN MOVIE: A FEMINISM STUDY

This research is focused on feminist studies. It is further discussing gender inequality reflected in Mulan, the impact of gender inequality in Mulan and Mulan's efforts to realize gender equality. This research is based on the theory of sexual politics by Kate Millett which explains that women must be able to have masculine and feminine behavior by fighting for gender equality. This means that women must also play the role of men. On the other hand, women can only serve their husbands and raise children when they are only seen as weak figures are called sexual politics. The data of this research is taken from Mulan movie, especially from the movie script and the point of view of the female character. In chapter IV the gender inequality reflected in Mulan, the impact of gender inequality in Mulan and the efforts made to achieve gender equality are discussed referring to Kate Millett theory. The study results that this film is about gender inequality because women are considered weaker and cannot do men's work. In addition, the authors hope that research on women's struggles in the future, especially gender equality, can be carried out more often.
 
 
 Keywords: Gender Inequality, Gender Equality, Feminism Study, Sexual Politics, Mulan Movie

Dos versos aos palcos e dos palcos às telas: O processo intertextual do filme “O Auto da Compadecida” (2000)

The film Auto da Compadecida (2000), by Guel Arraes, is an adaptation of the play, which has the same name, written by Ariano Suassuna in 1955. Before reaching the screens of the movie theaters “O Auto da Compadecida” had already been converted to other compositions, as in films and tv shows. Therefore, far beyond being an adaptation based in a single hypotext, the movie end up incorporating characteristics of differents semiotics systems, recovering, specially, the traces of popular northeastern culture, particularly the cordel’s literature - a typical popular literature from the brazilian northeastern region, illustrated by xylography and written in verses. The script by Guel, in collaboration with Adriana e João Falcão, derives from this succession of textual transformations in this trajectory by different semiotics systems, demonstrated in verses, stages and screens. This article aims to analyze the movie script in transtextual perspective according to the theories of languages presented in the book Palimpsests by Gérard Genette. For this purpose, we describe the distinct narrative options that composed the script, in order to approach the adaptive process of the movie based on the classification presented by Genette. Our objective is to analyze the elements that construct the transmutation of the narrative structure of cordel and theatrical narrative in the screenplay of the film, the stylistic transformations and the way that the transtextual relationship of the hypertext under analysis occurs.

On The Observance of Grice’s Maxims in Nathan Greno’s Movie Script Tangled

This study entitled “On the Observance of Grice’s Maxims in Nathan Greno’s Movie Script Tangled” discussed about the obedience conversational maxims that are found in the conversations that occurred in the movie script. This study aims at finding and analyze the type of Grice’s maxims are applied by the characters in the movie script, along with the meaning of the types are applied by the characters in the movie script Tangled by using Grice (1975) theory. The data were collected by using documentation method and note-taking technique, and were analysed by using a descriptive qualitative method. Based on the result of the data analysis, it showed that the analysis of Grice’s maxims in the Tangled movie script applied all types of the maxims; which are maxim of quantity, quality, relation, and manner.

A DECONSTRUCTION OF CHARACTERS IN “SPONGEBOB MOVIE: SPONGE ON THE RUN”

This research discussed the deconstruction of characters, which aimed to deconstruct a binary opposition between the main character and minor character in SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run. The researcher used note taking as an instrument to get the valid data. Primary data in this study was taken from the dialogue of the characters in the "SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run" and watching in YouTube to get the data needed including the movie. So, secondary data in this study was taken from the movie and dialogue scripts in the movie by some of the characters in the movie. The findings showed that the main character in this movie was SpongeBob. SpongeBob is brave enough to defy a seven- seas king in order to save Gary, his pet. SpongeBob was portrayed as a brave, unique, and never-given-up to realizing his purpose. And the minor characters in this movie played an important role in the movie because they formed the basis for SpongeBob’s character to be a brave boy. Keywords: Deconstruction, Character, SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run

Comparative Analysis of Swear Words in Uncut Gems Movie

This research aims to examine the functions, types, and differences in swear words between male and female in the Uncut Gems movie. The purpose of this research is to find out the types of swear words, the purposes, and the differences of swear words uttered by male and female characters in Uncut Gems movie. This research employed the descriptive-qualitative method. The data of this research were words, phrases, clauses, and sentences consisting of swear words which were selected from the dialogues of male and female characters in the Uncut Gems movie. While the source of data was the script of the Uncut Gems movie. This study showed that the use of swear words is dominated by the male characters compared to the female. The most dominant type of swear word used by both genders is emphasis. Male characters use swear words mostly to create attention while the female is to provide catharsis. Both male and female characters tend to be more aggressive when uttering swear words. However, when it comes to the variety and range of swear words themselves, it appears that male characters do use more than female characters. This research found that there are two types of swear words, stand-alone and slot-filler. Stand-alone has four functions expletive interjection, curses, unfriendly suggestion, and name-calling. The slot-filler also has four functions adjective/adverbial intensifier, the adjective of dislike, emphasis, and anaphoric use of epithet. At least five purposes of swear words were found to create attention, discredit, provoke, create interpersonal identification, and provide catharsis.