Muscle Movement Research Articles

Mechanistic Association of Hepatoblastoma with Cerebral Palsy: A Narrative Review.

Hepatoblastoma is a rare liver cancer that occurs most often in children who present with lower birth weight. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder distinguished by irregularities in muscle tone, movement, and motor skills. CP is caused by damage to the developing brain and is often associated with secondary complications such as severe constipation. Clinicians must be aware of sudden worsening constipation occurring in CP children because it can also be a sign of hepatoblastoma. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the risks for hepatoblastoma development in children with CP. Cancer risks likely include dysfunction of the immune system surveillance in CP children. Elevated C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels may be higher in children with CP, which weakens their innate immune system. Metabolic disruption increases the risk of some cancers, and poor nutrition and reduced growth that occur in CP patients may have an impact on cancer development through a loss in immune function. Increased mobility and physical activity can increase the T-cell, natural killer cell, and neutrophil population. Children with CP tend to engage poorly in physical activity, and consequently, their immune system is affected. There are multiple factors associated with CP that increase the risk of childhood cancers such as hepatoblastoma.

Evaluation of 3D Footprint Morphology of Knee-Related Muscle Attachments Based on CT Data Reconstruction: A Feasibility Study.

A three-dimensional (3D) understanding of muscle attachment footprints became increasingly relevant for musculoskeletal modeling. The established method to project attachments as points ignores patient-specific individuality. Research focuses on investigating certain muscle groups rather than comprehensively studying all muscles spanning a joint. Therefore, we present a reliable method to study several muscle attachments in order to reconstruct the attachment sites in 3D based on CT imaging for future applications in musculoskeletal modeling. For the present feasibility study, 23 knee-related muscle attachments were CT-scanned postmortem from four nonadipose male specimens. For this, the specific muscle attachments were dissected and marked with a barium sulfate containing paint (60 g BaSO4 in 30 mL water and 10 mL acrylic paint). Subsequently, bone geometries and muscle attachments were reconstructed and evaluated from CT datasets. Bone morphology and footprint variations were studied. Exemplarily, variations were high for pes anserinus insertions (mean 56%) and the origins of M. biceps femoris (mean 54%). In contrast, the origins of the vastus muscles as well as the insertion of the Achilles tendon showed low variation (mean 9% and 13%, respectively). Most attachment sites showed variation exceeding the individuality of bone morphology. In summary, the present data were consistent with the few published studies of specific muscle footprints. Our data shed light on the high variability of muscle attachments, which need to be addressed when studying muscle forces and movements through musculoskeletal modeling. This is the first step to achieving a more profound understanding of muscle morphology to be utilized in numerical simulations.

Robust and tunable hydrogels strengthened by dynamic amphiphilic ionic domains

Hydrogels have gained increasing attentions in wearable electronics, but endure notch-sensitive and poor mechanical behavior in real-world applications. Herein, a robust and tunable hydrogel network was constructed by involving a polymerizable amphiphilic ionic liquid in polymer chains through a facile and novel strategy without additional chemical crosslinkers. The ingeniously designed dynamic amphiphilic ionic domains that are tuned by the structural domain and functional domain are crucial for reinforcing the structural integrity and allowing the polymer chains to accomplish reversible unfolding and ordered migration. The robust and functional microstructures effectively prevent crack propagation, enhancing the fracture strain (1200–2390%), tensile stress (380–1560 kPa), toughness (5–15 MJ m−3), and conductivity (0.13–0.2 mS cm−1). The obtained hydrogel acts as an excellent mechanoresponsive sensor to perceive various external stimuli to sensitively detect diverse human activities including large body motions and subtle muscle movements via electrical signals. Additionally, this strategy shows good applicable potential for preparing high-performance hydrogels based on monomers containing active double bonds, overcoming the disadvantages of poor mechanical properties of traditional free radical polymerization gels. It is anticipated that the design of dynamic amphiphilic ionic domains will provide guidance for regulating the polymer network of hydrogels and show great application potentials in real-life scenarios.

Behavioral characteristics and transcriptome analysis of Mizuhopecten yessoensis in response to Neptunea arthritica cumingii predation during laboratory bottom-sowing culture

In this study, we investigated the effects of predation by the whelk Neptunea arthritica cumingii on the culture and survival of scallops (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) during bottom culture. The behavioral characteristics of three sizes (small, medium, and large) of scallops were assessed in response to exposure to N. cumingii. We also measured the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, arginine kinase, and octopine dehydrogenase in the gill, adductor muscle, and mantle tissues of scallops before and after exposure to predation. We found that scallops escaped from N. cumingii predation by continuous shell closure or movement. The shell closure force increased with the scallop size, and scallops of the same size that were stimulated by the presence of N. cumingii closed their shells more frequently than control scallops. The shell closure ability of scallops of all sizes decreased as the duration of the experiment continued. The enzyme activities in the three scallop tissues changed significantly after continuous stimulation, and the trend was particularly obvious for the enzyme activities in the adductor muscles of medium-sized scallops. Transcriptome analysis of the adductor muscles from medium-sized scallops detected 405 differentially expressed genes (172 upregulated and 233 downregulated), where the expression levels of RYK, APC, BAMBI, WNT16, CACYBP, and RUVBL1 changed after stimulation by N. cumingii. The sequencing results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. We hypothesize these genes may be related to muscle movement and regulation in M. yessoensis after stimulation.

Harmonizing Elastic Modulus and Dielectric Constant of Elastomers for Improved Pressure Sensing Performance.

Enhancing the sensitivity of capacitive pressure sensors through microstructure design may compromise the reliability of the device and rely on intricate manufacturing processes. It is an effective way to solve this issue by balancing the intrinsic properties (elastic modulus and dielectric constant) of the dielectric layer materials. Here, we introduce a liquid metal (LM) hybrid elastomer prepared by a chain-extension-free polyurethane (PU) and LM. The synergistic strategies of extender-free and LM doping effectively reduce the elastic modulus (7.6 ± 0.2-2.1 ± 0.3 MPa) and enhance the dielectric constant (5.12-8.17 @1 kHz) of LM hybrid elastomers. Interestingly, the LM hybrid elastomer combines reprocessability, recyclability, and photothermal conversion. The obtained flexible pressure sensor can be used for detecting hand and throat muscle movements, and high-precision speech recognition of seven words has been using a convolutional neural network (CNN) in deep learning. This work provides an idea for designing and manufacturing wearable, recyclable, and intelligent control pressure sensors.

Graphene foam reinforced TPU nanocomposites for high-performance pressure sensing and Joule heating

The rapid growth of healthcare industry requires wearable devices of high performance. In this work, 95 % laterally compressed graphene foams (95GFs) were fabricated and reinforced with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to develop 95GF/TPU composites for Joule heating and piezoresistive sensing. The proposed pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity of 275.8 kPa−1 (below 0.3 kPa), fast response time and good repeatability. As thermotherapy heaters, the nanocomposites can reach to 211 °C under 3 V applied voltage, which are among the best of electrothermal materials. This investigation reveals that highly compact and conductive graphene skeletons in horizontal direction play critical role in excellent sensing and heating performances. Demonstrations of sensing for vocalization, facile muscle movement and Joule heating suggesting great potentials for multifunctional wearable devices.

Design and Scalable Fast Fabrication of Biaxial Fabric Pouch Motors for Soft Robotic Artificial Muscle Applications

Soft pouch motors, engineered to mimic the natural movements of skeletal muscles, play a crucial role in advancing robotics and exoskeleton development. However, the fabrication techniques often involve multistage processes; they lack soft sensing capabilities and are sensitive to cutting and damage. This work introduces a new textile‐based pouch motors with the capacity for biaxial actuation and capacitive sensory functions, achieved through the application of computerized knitting technology using ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene yarn (Spectra) and conductive silver yarns. This method enables the rapid and scalable mass fabrication of robust pouch motors. The resulting pouch motors exhibit maximum lifting capacity of 10 kg, maximum contraction of 53.3% along the y‐axis, and transverse extension of 41.18% along the x‐axis at 50 kPa pressure. Finite element analysis closely matches the experimental data. The capacitance signals in relation to contraction motion are well suited for detecting air pressure levels and hold promise for applications requiring robotic control. Notably, it effectively elevates an ankle joint simulator at a 20° angle, highlighting its potential for applications such assisting individuals with foot drop. This study presents a practical demonstration of the soft ankle exosuit designed to provide lifting support for individuals facing this mobility challenge.

Assistive Orthosis for Paralysis People Using 3d Printing Model

Abstract: The Monoplegia is a one type of paralysis. The Monoplegia patients do not do the regularElbow Extension and Flexion activities, because weakens muscle movements, mainly due to nervedamage. This orthosis is used to externally assist patients elbow extension and flexion movements.An elbow extension and flexion assist orthosis is automatic functioning system. When the patientis shaking the fingers, vibration sensor detects the vibration and the device is extending the hand by using Linear actuator and flexion is also done by a same procedure. The prototype is design in 3d printing model which was a make the design lightweight as much possible. Consider incorporating a user-friendly control interface that allows the patient to adjust the level ofassistance or control the device based on their comfort and needs. Implement safety features to prevent sudden or unintended movements that could cause discomfort or injury .Design the orthosis to be easily adjustable to accommodate different arm sizes and shapes. Allow for customization based on the individual's specific range of motion and strength. efficient and lightweight power source, considering the need for mobility and comfort. Optimize the battery lifeto ensure the device can be used throughout the day without frequent recharging. Ensure that the materials used in the 3D printing model are durable, hypoallergenic, and lightweight .Pay attentionto the ergonomic design to maximize comfort during prolonged use. Develop a comprehensive user training program to help patients become familiar with the device and optimize its use. Ensurethat the design complies with relevant medical device regulations and standards to guarantee safetyand efficacy. Collaborate with healthcare professionals, therapists, and end-users to gather feedback and make continuousimprovements to the design. Thus the prototype will help to recoveras soon as possible from the monoplegia condition.

Low-Cost EMG Based Bionic ARM using Servo Motor and Arduino

Robotics is one of the technological advancement in the field of both medical and engineering. The main idea of this project is to change the standpoint of remote controlled robotic arms to manually controlled bionic arms. The primary goal of his project is to create a rehabilitation device that can help an upper arm amputee to attain their day-to-day tasks. This project is based on the design and development of the 3D printed arm structure. The whole system is the association of electrodes controlled by the EMG sensor that is attached to the 3D printed arm. This robotic bionic arm is developed using Arduino, EMG sensor, servo motor and MLX temperature sensor. The tension that are generated by the muscle contraction and relaxation results in the voltage level variation. On the bases of the different values obtained, the threshold value is sampled and the bionic arms fingers close, open, pick and place the objects according to the muscle movements. This technology not only used as prosthesis by the upper arm amputee patients, but also has its many favorable applications in the field of surgical operations like doctor operating a patient with the help of robotic arms rather than his own hands, humanoid robotics, etc.

Multimodal electrohydrodynamic jet printing-based microstructure-sensitized flexible pressure sensor

Surface modification with micro/nanostructures is a common approach for enhancing the performance of flexible pressure sensors. However, the current fabrication of the singular functionality of instruments and redundancy of processes increase the complexity of the sensor manufacturing process. In this study, we developed a multilayer microstructure-enhanced flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on the multimodal electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing technology. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensors incorporating the microstructure-sensitized electrode layer and the polyvinyl alcohol/graphene/polydimethylsiloxane dielectric layer exhibit the following characteristics: high sensitivity (0.3139 kPa−1/0–2 kPa), low limit of detection (∼100 mg), and stable performance even after 10,000 cycles. Moreover, microstructure-enhanced sensors have considerable potential for human behavior detection, such as detecting fluid flow, tracking muscle movements, and measuring pulse rates. Finally, microstructure-enhanced sensors fabricated using the E-jet printing method present a novel approach for designing sensitized structures in capacitive pressure sensors.

Functional disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the parts of the nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. In ALS, motor neurons (nerve cells that control muscle cells) are gradually lost. As this happens, the muscles they control become weak and then nonfunctional, thus leading to muscle weakness, disability, and eventually death. ALS is the most common form of motor neuron disease. Recent studies widely demonstrated that the pattern of progression in sporadic ALS patients is unsolved mystery, especially what factors influence the progression of the disease. Therefore, we conducted a study using ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) for disease progression and investigated factors contributing to its rapid rate in The First University Clinic of Tbilisi State Medical University in 2019–2022. Materials and methods. A total of 60 patients with ALS were examined, among them 31 male (51.67 %), 29 female (48.33 %) aged 21–84 years. Riluzole takers, patients with sporadic ALS underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, and electrophysiological studies were done in all patients. Participants were diagnosed using the Gold Coast criteria and examined with the ALSFRS-R. Survey for factors affecting disease progression was performed with a help of the patient’s caregiver (a disease-specific questionnaire was invented for this purpose, investigating probable progression modifiers). Results. It has been found that recent falls, trauma, surgery, and infection have a drastic impact on disease progression. ALS was found to be a not linear progressive disease and can vary. We have found that 5 % of patients had improvement оn ALSFRS-R, not explained by medication, nor lifestyle change. Conclusions. The rate of ALS progression appears to be a mystery by itself. Predicting the progression rate, and the factors affecting it would be beneficial for ALS patients and may even bring chances to slow or halt the progression. Further research is essential.

Effect of Spinal and Lower limb Re-alignment Protocol on Bilateral Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis of Knee in Postmenopausal Women

The alignment of spine-pelvis-lower extremity axis is significantly influenced by knee osteoarthritis. Joint alignment is the main bio-mechanical risk factor for progression of knee osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of spinal and lower limb realignment protocol on bilateral medial compartment knee osteoarthritis in postmenopausal women and to compare it with the conventional method of treatment for osteoarthritis of knee. A study sample of 128 post-menopausal subjects within age group 50-70 and BMI between 25-35 kg/m2 having bilateral knee osteoarthritis with medial compartment involvement were selected and equally divided into two groups as the control group and the experimental group. Assessment of pain, knee range of motion, quadriceps and hip abductor strength, and posture for spinal and lower limb malalignment was taken before and after giving the treatment regime to both the groups. Comparison was carried out between the results of the two groups.The results showed how significantly the mal-aligned structures were re-aligned after giving 8 weeks of realignment protocol and how significantly this resulted in better reduction of pain intensity and improvement in knee range of motion and strength of quadriceps and hip abductor muscles in experimental group as compared to the control group. Re-aligning the spinal and lower limb malalignment present in postmenopausal women with bilateral medial compartment knee osteoarthritis results in pain reduction associated with knee joint and improved knee range of motion and strength of quadriceps and hip abductor muscles in these individuals as compared to the ones receiving conventional physiotherapy.

Effect of Quadratus Lumborum Block in Patients With Acute-Subacute Unilateral Lumbar Strain.

Lumbar strain originating from the quadratus lumborum (QL) is an important cause of low back pain; however, its diagnosis is often missed, and treatment is often inadequate. This leads to unnecessary diagnostic investigations and chronicization of pain. Therefore, it is important to treat it effectively and safely. In this study, we aimed to find out the effect of ultrasound (US)-guided QL block in acute-subacute low back pain caused by a strain of QL. Our study was retrospective, and the changes in the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores within one week in 50 patients with acute-subacute localized low back pain, unilateral lumbar strain, palpation tenderness, paravertebral spasm, and decreased lumbar range of motion in the QL muscle, in whom we applied US-guided block to the QL muscle, were analyzed. There was a significant decrease in the mean VAS and ODI scores of the patients after the procedure. There was a negative correlation between improvement rates in VAS and ODI scores and age and body mass index (BMI). Recovery rates were higher in female patients than in male patients. It can be said that US-guided QL block is an effective treatment method for QL-induced lumbar strains, and younger age, female gender, and lower BMI are associated with better responses after injection.

Facial Feature-Based Attention Tracking System for Enhanced Online Learning Engagement

Recognizing and enhancing student engagement is crucial for improving learning outcomes, particularly in the context of online classes where monitoring can be challenging. Traditional methods of attendance tracking, such as calling out names, are impractical and susceptible to manipulation in the virtual environment. Students might appear 'online' without actively participating, and the absence of video feeds makes it difficult for teachers to verify attendance and attention. In order to realize a highly efficient and robust attendance management and engagement level prediction system for online learning, In the proposed System, the learner’s face is monitored by a video camera while attending a video lecture. Facial features were analyzed to predict reaction time (RT) to a task-irrelevant stimulus, which was assumed to be an index of the level of attention. Then apply a machine learning method, light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), to estimate RTs from facial features extracted as action units (AUs) corresponding to facial muscle movements by an open-source software (OpenFace). This project is to develops a user-friendly system integrated with private online learning and attendance recording system for teachers that can automatically record students ‘engagement state and attendance then generate attendance reports for online classrooms. It encompasses a novel design using the AI based FFCNN (Face Fiducial Convolution Neural Network) model to capture face biometric randomly from students’ video stream and record their attendance automatically. This integrated solution not only streamlines attendance management but also provides valuable insights into students' engagement levels through facial feature analysis.

Do Hand Exercises Influence Physiological Hand Tremor? An Observational Cohort Study on Healthy Young Adults

Physiological hand tremors appear to be one of the most common types of tremors that occur during the lifespan. Activities most prominently affected by hand tremors are those involving the movement of small muscles, such as fine motor skills, which in turn could be influenced by several factors, including lateral dominance. The difference in skills due to lateral dominance is defined as inter-limb imbalance or inter-limb asymmetry. When this asymmetry is attributed to the tremor and the difference in tremor between the limbs, it could be defined as the inter-limb asymmetry of tremors. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of wobble-board hand exercise training on the inter-limb asymmetry of tremors. Thirty-two (eighteen males and fourteen females) participants (age: 25.2 ± 2.6 years, weight: 63.9 ± 10.5 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.8 m, and BMI: 22.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were involved in the study. Before (PRE) and after (POST) the wobble-board hand exercises, postural hand tremor was evaluated using a tri-axial accelerometer fixed under the palm. Recordings were taken for 15 s. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effects of hand exercises on inter-limb (dominant vs. non-dominant) asymmetry of tremor in testing time (PRE vs. POST) in relation to sex (male vs. female). The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant differences were found in physiological hand tremors between limbs (dominant vs. non-dominant) in the PRE evaluation (p = 0.03) independently from sex while no differences were found in the POST evaluation. A significant difference emerged in the PRE evaluation for males (p = 0.04) and females (p = 0.03) in relation to the testing time and preferred hand. This difference was no longer present in the POST evaluation. In conclusion, wobble-board hand exercises could represent an effective strategy to reduce inter-limb asymmetry. These results emphasize the importance of task-specific training to maximize the reduction in inter-limb asymmetry of tremors following wobble-board hand exercises.

Mechanically robust, stretchable and environmentally adaptable organohydrogels with cross-linked fibrous structure for sensory artificial skins

Hydrogels are promising materials for fabricating sensory artificial skins (SASs), but their mechanical properties and environment adaptability are often limited, leading to restricted performances of SASs. In this work, mechanically robust, stretchable and environment adaptable organohydrogels with cross-linked fibrous structure are designed and constructed. The organohydrogels are prepared by introducing doped polyaniline (PANI) into cross-linked fibrous mats of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Cross-linked PAA-PVA mat works as skeleton to account for the mechanical robustness while PANI serves as the conductive component to achieve mechanosensing functionality. Due to the unique structure, the resultant organohydrogels, being denoted as PAA-PVA/PANI organohydrogels, exhibit high tensile strength (5.06 MPa), stretchability, fatigue resistance and excellent environment adaptability (anti-freezing, anti-drying and swelling resistance). SASs of such organohydrogels have achieved a gauge factor of 1.81, a sensing range of 0–70 %, a response time of 0.28 s and a reversible sensing in more than 2,000 cycles. In addition, SASs are further attempted in monitoring diverse human motions and physiological activities, such as joint bending, muscle motion and pulse. Overall, this work has provided promising soft materials for future SASs that work properly under complicated environmental conditions.

Advances in non-coding RNA in tendon injuries.

Tendons serve as important weight-bearing structures that smoothly transfer forces from muscles to skeletal parts, allowing contracted muscle movements to be translated into corresponding joint movements. For body mechanics, tendon tissue plays an important role. If the tendons are damaged to varying degrees, it can lead to disability or pain in patients. That is to say, tendon injuries havea significant impact on quality of life and deserve our high attention. Compared to other musculoskeletal tissues, tendons are hypovascular and hypo-cellular, and therefore have a greater ability to heal, this will lead to a longer recovery period after injury or even disability, which will significantly affect the quality of life. There are many causes of tendon injury, including trauma, genetic factors, inflammation, aging, and long-term overuse, and the study of related mechanisms is of great significance. Currently, tendon there are different treatment modalities, like injection therapy and surgical interventions. However, they have a high failure rate due to different reasons, among which the formation of adhesions severely weakens the tissue strength, affecting the functional recovery and the patient's quality of life. A large amount of data has shown that non coding RNAs can play a huge role in this field, thus attracting widespread attention from researchers from various countries. This review summarizes the relevant research progress on non-coding RNAs in tendon injuries, providing new ideas for a deeper understanding of tendon injuries and exploring new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BODY WEIGHT SUPPORTED TREADMILL TRAINING IN IMPROVING THE LOWER LIMB FUNCTIONS IN ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS

Background: A stroke can profoundly affect the functionality of the lower limbs. It can greatly influence a person’s ability to walk and maintain balance. disruption of the brain’s ability to control muscle movements, which is often a consequence of a stroke. No published studies focused on Body weight-supported treadmill training in improving lower limb functions. However, body weight treadmill training has proven successful in improving the lower limb functions of acute stroke patients. Aim: To examine the effects of body weight-supported treadmill training in improving the gait and balance in acute stroke patients. Methods: A comprehensive research on Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases using specific keywords stroke, interventions used in stroke, lower limb functions, and physiotherapy evidence-based database was utilized for quality assessment. Results: This review included ten studies; the findings of this review demonstrate that body weight-supported treadmill training will improve the lower limb functions of acute stroke patients. Conclusion: The results of this review offer abundant proof that body weight-supported treadmill training improves lower limb function in patients suffering from acute stroke. KEYWORDS: Treadmill training with weight support, stroke, evidence-based practice, lower limb functions, and evidence-based physiotherapy

The Impact of Group Psychoeducation for Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent movement and posture disorders resulting from injury to the developing brain, affecting muscle movement and coordination. It causes lifelong physical and cognitive impairments. Objectives: This study examined the effects of a group psychoeducational intervention on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in mothers of children with CP. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 50 mothers (25 in the intervention group and 25 in the control group) of children with CP aged 2 - 11 years. Mothers in both groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Short Form-36 health survey before and after the interventions. The intervention group received a 5-session (1 hour per session), weekly psychoeducational program that provided information about CP, stress management techniques, problem-solving skills, and social support. The control group received no intervention during this period. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 2 months post-intervention to evaluate outcomes. Results: Psychoeducation significantly reduced anxiety and depression and improved quality of life compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Also, group × time interactions were significant for all dependent variables (P < 0.001). Conclusions: A brief group psychoeducational intervention effectively decreased anxiety and depression and enhanced the quality of life in mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Neurosurgical and pharmacological management of dystonia.

Dystonia characterizes a group of neurological movement disorders characterized by abnormal muscle movements, often with repetitive or sustained contraction resulting in abnormal posturing. Different types of dystonia present based on the affected body regions and play a prominent role in determining the potential efficacy of a given intervention. For most patients afflicted with these disorders, an exact cause is rarely identified, so treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic alleviation. Pharmacological agents, such as oral anticholinergic administration and botulinum toxin injection, play a major role in the initial treatment of patients. In more severe and/or refractory cases, focal areas for neurosurgical intervention are identified and targeted to improve quality of life. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targets these anatomical locations to minimize dystonia symptoms. Surgical ablation procedures and peripheral denervation surgeries also offer potential treatment to patients who do not respond to DBS. These management options grant providers and patients the ability to weigh the benefits and risks for each individual patient profile. This review article explores these pharmacological and neurosurgical management modalities for dystonia, providing a comprehensive assessment of each of their benefits and shortcomings.