Movement In Galicia Research Articles

The beginnings of the Zionist movement in Galicia in 1898 based on the documents of the Lviv Governorate

The Judaica collected at the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, also customarily referred to as the Bernardin Archive, constitute, without doubt, some of the most important source materials for the history of the Jews of Galicia and Lesser Poland. Particularly noteworthy are the archives devoted to the “National Zionist Organization in Lviv” (fond 338) and the “Jewish Religious Community in Lviv” (fond 701). However, it turns out that valuable materials on Jewish issues can also be found in the arvhives entitled “C.k. Namiestnictwo Galicyjskie”/”K.k.. Galizische Statthalterei” [Imperial royal Galician Governorate] (fond 146), which includes all documentation (nearly 200,000 archival units) produced for the most important political authority in Galicia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The archives contains, e.g. the reports of the starostes regarding the activities of Zion (Jewish organizations for the colonization of the territory of Palestine), which are an invaluable source of knowledge about the beginnings of Jewish emigration to Palestine and, above all, its course in Galicia and the attitude of the state authorities. On the basis of the reports of district governors compiled in 1898, it may be possible to reconstruct the origins of the Zionist movement in Galicia.

Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the ukrainian intellectual discourse of Galicia in the second half of the 19th century

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the image of Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the Ukrainian cultural memory of the second half of the 19th century. The choice of the suggested segment of memory studies in Ukrainian history was chosen due to the ideological and, to some extent, the political context of the creation and subsequent construction of the image of Danylo Romanovych as «Prince Danylo Halytskyi» was not investigated in historiographical tradition.An important role is devoted to understanding the basic terms of memory discourse, which became the core of the implementation of the ideas of the author in the article. Also, some of the features of the creation of historical myths surrounding the biography of the ruler Danylo Romanovych should be discovered around the ruler’s biography in the process of forming a national identity. Due to the large number of anti-scientific names, the Medieval Ruler is deprived of a real source background. This led to the formation of a limited perspective of historical research, which reduces the cultural influence of his figure to a single Western Ukrainian region and does not allow to reconstruct fully the period of transformation of the Galicia-Volyn state into the Kingdom of Rus.The article also deals with the designing of the image of Danylo Romanovych in the historical representations of the Galician Russophiles, who managed to create a stable image of «Danylo Halytskyi» in the consciousness of the Ukrainian society. The author highlighted the peculiarities of the intellectual history of the representatives of the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia, especially Oleksandr Barvinskyi. The scientist tried to borrow the Russophile image of «Danylo Halytskyi» for his historical narrative of the Ukrainian past, by using the figure of the medieval Ruler as an element of the historical unity of the past of Galicia and Naddnipryanshchyna.

CHAPTER 4. Contacts with Transdnieper figures as a factor in the activation of the Ukrainian people’s movement in Galicia in the last third of the 19th century

CHAPTER 4. Contacts with Transdnieper figures as a factor in the activation of the Ukrainian people’s movement in Galicia in the last third of the 19th century

Реукраїнізація авангардного мистецтва як процес ідентифікації української культурної спадщини

Метою статтіє простежити процес деколонізації українського мистецького модернізму 1910-х –1930-х рр. від відкриття в мистецтвознавчій критиці феномену «українського авангарду» до його історико-культурної ідентифікації як самодостатнього явища європейської культури. Прикладне завдання полягає у сприянні популяризації відомих імен і пам’яток українського авангарду як актуальної культурної спадщини України. Методологія дослідженняґрунтується на поєднанні загальнонаукових та спеціально-історичних методів з принципами об’єктивності, історизму, системності, науковості та верифікації. Наукова новизнароботи полягає у тому, що на основі мистецтвознавчої, культурологічної, історичної літератури і документів проаналізовано виникнення та розвиток російського і європейського авангарду першої третини ХХ ст.На цій основі здійснено спробурозкрити феномен «українського авангарду» не тільки в художній сфері, а й осмислити його через історичну площину деколонізації. Процес реукраїнізації включає, по-перше, повернення ряду імен всесвітньо відомих майстрів (О.Архипенко, О.Богомазов, Д.Бурлюк, О.Екстер, В.Єрмилов, К.Малевич, В.Меллер, А.Петрицький тощо) на карту української культури; по-друге, визнання їх непересічної ролі в зародженні, становленні російського і радянського авангарду; по-третє, реінтеграціюукраїнського складника в європейському модернізмі і переосмислення впливовості української мистецької мови на європейську художню культуру. Висновки.Український авангард є самодостатнім оригінальним історичним явищем в європейській культурі. Його виключність зумовлена поєднанням європейських інноваційних мистецьких тенденцій з етичними нормами й естетичними ідеалами української народної культури. Поліетнічністьі демократичність українського авангарду визначили і активно вплинули на постання російського авангарду. Відтак останній не слід характеризувати як суто здобуток російської культури.

Польський національний рух у Галичині під час Першої світової війни

Метою статті є дослідження розвитку польського національного руху в Галичині під час Першої світової війни. Методи дослідження: аналіз, синтез, узагальнення, проблемно-хронологічний, історико-системний. Наукова новизна: вперше у вітчизняній історіографії комплексно досліджено ґенезу польської національної ідеї в Галичині в 1914–1918 рр. та діяльність місцевих польських політиків задля її реалізації. Висновки: Завдяки ліберальному політичному режиму Австро-Угорщини польський національний рух Галичини наприкінці ХІХ ст. – на початку ХХ ст. досяг значних результатів. Тому польська політична еліта бачила (у початку І світової війни) шанс для звільнення від Російської імперії польських земель та відновлення своєї національної держави. На думку більшості представників польського національного руху, досягнення цієї мети мало базуватись на підтримці та тісному союзі з Габсбурзькою монархією. Унаслідок усі польські партії Галичини та їхні представники у Віденському парламенті урочисто стали на сторону Австрії та Четверного союзу у світовому конфлікті. На першому етапі світової війни польське суспільство краю з ентузіазмом підтримувало Австро-Угорщину та допомагало формувати національні підрозділи у складі австрійської армії – польські легіони. Ситуація зазнала кардинальної зміни після підписання Четверним союзом договору з Українською народною республікою. Таємний додаток до цього документу передбачав поділ Галичини за національною ознакою. Це підірвало довір’я польського політикуму та суспільства до Відня. Крім цього, американський президент В. Вільсон у січні 1918 р. у своїх «14 тезах» гарантував відновлення польської держави з виходом до моря. Зі вступом у війну США на стороні Антанти Четверний союз практично втратив шанси на мілітарну перемогу. Тому наприкінці 1918 р. польська політична еліта Галичини усвідомила потребу об’єднання задля відбудови Польської держави в кордонах 1772 р. без підтримки Четверного союзу.

Russian Empire in Public and Political Discourse of Galician Rus’ in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Century

The article analyzes the role and place of the Russian Empire in the Galician-Russian public and cultural activities in the 19th century. Representatives of the Galician-Russian intelligentsia in the 19th century considered Galician and Ugric Rusyns from Austria-Hungary to be part of the common civilizational community consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russians. Galician-Russian intelligentsia interpreted the formation of the Muscovite Rus and then Russian Empire, the formation of the Russian culture and Russian literary language as the result of the common political and cultural efforts of the representatives of the Great and Little Rus, emphasizing the role of Galician natives in common Russian history. In particular, Galician-Russian enlighteners stressed the importance of activities of the Little Rus native F. Prokopovich, who became the leading ideologist of the reforms of Peter the Great. In the second half of the 19th century Galician-Russian intelligentsia acted as Russian patriots defending the political and cultural interests of the Russian state and culture and criticizing Polish and Ukrainian national movements in Galicia. The Austro-Hungarian administration used the First World War as a suitable pretext for the physical liquidation of the representatives of Galician-Russian movement in Galicia.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE UKRAINIAN POLITICAL ELITE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF GALICIA IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTUR IES

The article considers the peculiarities of the political situation in Galicia in the late ХІХ – early ХХ centuries and demonstrates main directions and methods of governmental activity of Ukrainian political elites at the parliamentary and local levels, aimed at protecting the national interests of Ukrainians. The authors examine the role of the Ukrainian political elite, determined by the factors that had the impact on the formation of this social group and its influence on the development of the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia. The peculiarities of the evolution of the Austrian electoral system are revealed, as well as the role of political parties and church figures in the formation of Ukrainian parliamentarism. The factors that influenced the formation of the Ukrainian political elite and its influence on the development of the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia are identified. It has been established that correctly chosen goals and perseverance, close connection with the needs of the people allowed Galician Ukrainians to become an important player in the political struggle both in the empire overall and in Galicia in particular. The subject of research is – the influence of elites on public administration in Galicia.

VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICAL AID, EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS (END OF THE XIX – 30S OF THE XX CENTURY)

The aim is to analyze the leading directions of volunteer activity of Ukrainian students in the field of medical, social assistance, education of children, youth and adults in Galicia (end of the 19th - 30s of the 20th century). Materials and methods: The study uses a number of scientific methods: chronological, historical, specific search, content analysis - provide selection, analysis of the source base, allow to identify general trends, directions of development, achievements and gaps of the Ukrainian student movement in Galicia in the field of medical, social care, education and enlightenment of children and adults in the late XIX - 30s of the XX century; extrapolation and actualization - focus on creative thinking, adaptation and use of this historical experience under the current conditions. Conclusions: Voluntary activity of Ukrainian students (end of the 19th - 30s of the 20th century) is an interesting peculiar phenomenon not only in national, but also in European history, which has real achievements and deserves a scientific and theoretical understanding from the standpoint of today. Student volunteer experience in the field of social and medical protection of children and adults, education, cultural development, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, dissemination of sanitary and hygienic knowledge, medical counseling can be useful and instructive now, when Ukraine is fighting against the Russian aggressor. We outline the volunteer activity of students who belonged to the "Medychna hromada" society (1910-1944) as a national phenomenon of the organization of public medical care of the population of Galicia, which has no analogue in the history of Ukrainian medicine. It is primarily about a high degree of civic self-awareness, patriotism, self-sacrifice for the benefit of the Ukrainian people, the provision of medical services to low-income sections of the population, widows, orphans, disabled people, veterans of the Great War, medical care of children and youth, etc. - all this inspires modern doctors who provide assistance to soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, wounded in hospitals, internally displaced persons, etc.

Ю.А. Яворский - учёный и общественно-политический деятель Карпатской Рус

Julian A. Yavorsky (1873-1937) was a Carpatho-Russian scholar, social and political activist, son of a Greek Catholic priest. He graduated from Chernivtsi University in 1896. In 1903, he defended his doctoral dissertation “The Life of Peter and Fevronia of Murom as a Monument of Old Russian Narrative Literature” at the University of Vienna under the supervision of Vatroslav Jagic. After returning to Galicia, he taught in Polish gymnasiums. Since school, he participated in the Russian movement of Galicia. For his convictions, Yavorsky was expelled from the Drohobych, Sambir, and Lviv gymnasiums, Lviv and Vienna Universities. He was the leader of the “new generation”, fought with the “Old Rusins” At first, he advocated joint work with UkrainophiLe organizations to educate people and fight for their rights. In 1899, he published Zhivoe Slovo magazine and worked in the GaLician-Russian Matitsa. In the late 1890s, he began to publish his research in Lviv and Russian editions. In 1904, Yavorsky with his family moved to Kyiv, where he taught at the First Kyiv Gymnasium and then became a Privatdozent and Associate Professor at the Imperial University of St. Vladimir. He actively published in Russian academic journals, had several business trips to Galicia, where he collected folklore, searched for and acquired manuscripts to continue his research. With the outbreak of WWI, he headed the Carpatho-Russian Liberation Committee. After the capture of Lviv by Russian troops, Yavorsky became a member of the Russian People's Council. After the retreat of the Russian army from Lviv, he dealt with refugee issues, tried to form a Carpatho-Russian detachment as part of the Russian army. Yavorsky disapproved of the October Revolution. In 1920, he returned to Galicia and Lived in Lviv until 1924, where he participated in the activities of the Russian Movement in Galicia, published the newspaper Prikarpatskaya Rus’, prepared the first volume of The Telerhof Almanac (1924) for publication. In his “social Literary diaries”, he spoke sharply about the Bolshevik coup in Russia and the attempts of the Russian Executive Committee to form a “united front” with Ukrainian organizations. Along with journalism, collections of poems and prose, Yavorsky also published his research. In 1925, Yavorsky and his family moved to Czechoslovakia, where he taught at the Russian Gymnasium in Moravska-Trzebova, then worked at the Russian National University and the Slavic Institute. In Czechoslovakia, he wrote much about Carpathian Rus. He actively published in Uzhhorod and hunted for old manuscripts to introduce them into scholarly discourse. His editions of Local folklore accurately convey the speech of Local Rusins. Yavorsky kept faith in the unity of the Russian people. However, he aLso contributed to Ukrainian media. WhiLe in GaLicia, Yavorsky pubLished in Narnd, the press organ of the Russian-Ukrainian radicaL party. In CzechosLovakia, he pubLished in Naukoviy zbornik of Prnsvet Partnership in Uzhhorod. Yavorsky had cLose reLations with Ivan Franko. Yavorsky was buried in the Orthodox section of the OLshansky cemetery in Prague.

ВИДАВНИЧА СЕРІЯ «СОКІЛЬСЬКА БІБЛІОТЕКА» ТА ЇЇ ЗАСНОВНИК ЯРОСЛАВ БЛАГІТКА: КОНЦЕПЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СПОРТИВНОГО РУХУ ГАЛИЧИНИ

The Ukrainian Patriotic Physical and Motor Society “Sokil”, founded in Galicia in 1894, set itself the goal of cultivating physical culture to instill in the Ukrainian people a sense of unity, strength and honor, endurance, agility, intelligence, energy, understanding of teamwork, self-discipline. Since its foundation, the company has been active in publishing. In the 1930s, “Sokil-Bat’ko’s” publishing activities were concentrated primarily in two book series: the “Sokil News Library” and the “Sokil Library”. Our task in the proposed article is to highlight the concept of the Ukrainian sports movement in Galicia in the editions of the series “Sokil Library” (1935–1939) and to promote the name of its founder Yaroslav Blahitka. Due to the lack of qualified instructors and textbooks, the sports life of clubs and falcon nests could not develop in full. Therefore, the chairman of the society Y. Blahitka was the founder of the series “Sokil Library”, which published books on sports, engines and manuals for work in the society. In total, the 21st was published. Among them are books by I. Bobersky, S. Haiduchok, Y. Blahitka, E. Zhar¬sky, O. Valchyk, A. Prodan, V. Tykholіz, M. Tril’ and A. Favytsky. The books of the series contributed to the intensification of the Ukrainian sports movement and healthy lifestyle, promoted Ukrainian sports and its individual disciplines among a wide range of young people, practically taught the physical side of exercises and sports competitions, disseminated new methods of physical culture, estab¬lished Ukrainian sports terminology, were an important factor in patriotic education. Keywords:sports movement, “Sokil-Bat’ko”, publishing series, Galicia, Yaroslav Blahitka.

Legal views of E. Olesnytsky

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal and state views of E. Olesnytsky, in particular his assessment of imperial law, as well as practical activities as a lawyer and one of the initiators of the cooperative movement in Galicia in the early twentieth century. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods, as well as the principles of historicism. The key was the biographical method and the comparative approach, which allowed to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of legal views of E. Olesnytsky. Findings. It is established that through the prism of the analysis of political and legal views of E. Olesnytsky it is possible not only to trace the level of legal culture, social and political activity of the population of Galicia, but also to determine the practical content of imperial legislation. The influence of I. Franko and socialist ideas in general on the legal views of E. Olesnytsky, who was one of the founders of the «Сhasopys Рravnycha», actively analyzed the imperial regional legislation for expediency, rationality and compliance with public interests. This work was key in raising the level of legal culture of the population, and after 1891 it was supplemented by the legal activity of E. Olesnytsky. Among the regional legislation, the lawyer's special attention was drawn to the right of propination, which gave large landowners a monopoly on the production and sale of alcohol. After 1901, E. Olesnytsky focused on the development and popularization of the cooperative movement in Galicia, including the legal protection of producers and sellers of agricultural products. Originality. The directions of E. Olesnytsky's professional and professional interests in the field of economic and financial law of Austria-Hungary, advocacy and organization of the cooperative movement are determined. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal research, preparation of special courses.

Галісійський націоналізм: історія та сучасність

The purpose of the article is to cover the history and determine the relevance of Galician nationalism. The origin and development of the nationalist movement in the region is analyzed. In our study general scientific and special historical and political science methods were applied. The general scientific methods (deductive and inductive, analysis and synthesis) were used as specific cognitive tools necessary to implement the principles of historicism, systematicism and objectivity. The general and special historical methods (historical-typological, statistical, comparative-historical, problem-chronological) allowed us to make a comprehensive analysis of the problem of Galician nationalism. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the author, for the first time in the national historical science, analyzes the features of Galician nationalism, the history of its development and the current state. Galician nationalism took shape in the 19th century. Among the predecessors of Galician nationalism, three movements can be distinguished: provincialism, federalism, and regionalism. Provincialism (later called Galicianism) was a movement that emerged in 1840 with the aim of protecting the integrity of the territory of Galicia. Regionalism became an intermediate phase in the evolution of the Galician movement between provincialism and nationalism. Galician federalism began to develop in 1865. The federalists argued that Galicia should be formed as a canton within Spain and that it be governed by its own cantonal constitution. Conclusions. As one of the four historic autonomous regions of Spain (along with Catalonia, the Basque Country and Andalusia), Galicia is significantly different in its understanding of its own nationalism. While Catalonia and the Basque Country strive for even greater independence, including threats of secession from the state, the nationalist movement in Galicia is becoming less tangible.

Pilgrimage movement in Galicia in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century in the reports of the Galician press

The subject of the research undertaken in the article is the picture of pilgrimages of Galicians and the inhabitants of other partition in the Galician press. Pilgrimages constituted an important aspect of religious life in Galicia and in the second half of the 19th century they started to become mass events. Galician pilgrims travelled not only to holy places located within the partition but also courageously went on pilgrimages to Rome and the Holy Land. The authors of articles pointed out not only the religious dimension of the described Polish pilgrimages but also showed them as the opportunity to cultivate unity and the national tradition and to become more familiar with the national history.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ІДЕОЛОГІЇ СОБОРНОСТІ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ (НАПРИКІНЦІ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ)

У статті характеризується процес формування та розвитку ідеології соборності на українських землях протягом кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. Особлива увага приділена визначальним тенденціям розвою ідеології соборності на західноукраїнських і східноукраїнських землях. Наголошено, що активний розвиток культурно-просвітницького та громадсько-політичного руху на Галичині протягом другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття підготував значне підґрунтя не лише для зміцнення української національної свідомості західних українців, а й – для їх активної участі в національно-визвольних змаганнях періоду 1917-1921 років. Зауважено, що протягом тривалого часу в Наддніпрянській Україні та на західноукраїнських землях поступово формувалися засади ідеологічної концепції, домінуючим чинником котрої були ідеї соборності, самостійності, просвіти народу та духовності.

ІВАН БОБЕРСЬКИЙ ТА РОЗВИТОК СТРІЛЕЦЬКОГО РУХУ В ГАЛИЧИНІ НАПЕРЕДОДНІ ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

У публікації на основі періодики “Вісти з Запорожа”, “Діло”, “Ілюстрована Україна”; архівних документів, видань “Сокола-Батька”; звітів Академічної гімназії у Львові; праць Івана Боберського; фотографій та документів з приватного архіву Степана Гайдучка (м. Львів); спогадів активних учасни- ків стрілецького руху висвітлено внесок Івана Боберського у становлення і розвиток стрілецького руху в Галичині. Він, будучи головою українського гімнастичного товариства “Сокіл-Батько” у 1908–1918 рр., брав активну участь у створенні стрілецьких осередків, купівлі інвентарю, підготовці відповідних фа- хівців, проведенні спортивних змагань зі стрільби тощо. Широкої популярності серед молоді набули замітки та навчально-методична праця Івана Боберського “Стрілянє до влучі” (1913). Ще одним його досягненням була розробка та уніфікація термінології зі стрільби. У словнику тодішньої молоді з’яви- лися терміни: “стрілянє до влучі”, “поцілка”, “влуча”, “стрілець”, “стрілиця”, “степінь”, “постава” тощо. Треба віддати належне сумлінній праці Івана Боберського, адже невдовзі чимало членів моло- діжних організацій, зокрема “Сокола-Батька”, які пройшли стрілецький вишкіл, поповнили лави Легіону Українських Січових Стрільців, брали активну участь у розбудові Західно-Української Народної Рес- публіки, воювали у лавах Галицької Армії тощо. Хронологічні межі розвідки охоплюють 1912–1914 рр.

ПЕРШИЙ ПАРЛАМЕНТСЬКИЙ ДОСВІД РУСИНІВ-УКРАЇНЦІВ ГАЛИЧИ- НИ В АВСТРІЙСЬКОМУ ПАРЛАМЕНТІ (1848–1849 рр.)..

“Весна народів” сприяла активізації українського національного руху в Галичині. Скликання парламенту та система проведення виборів формували політичну свідомість не тільки в середовищі інтелігенції, але й мало- освіченого селянства. Протягом другої половини ХІХ ст. цілий ряд українських діячів набиралися досвіду держав- ного будівництва, акумулювали знання і використали їх після проголошення ЗУНР. Стаття присвячена діяльності українських послів в австрійському парламенті 1848–1849 рр. Автор охарактеризував проведення виборів до рейхстагу в Галичині в умовах революційних подій в Австрійській імперії, особливу увагу приділив аналізу позиції русинів-українців у парламенті щодо умов скасування панщини. Зроблено спробу визначити кількісний і персо- нальний склад українського парламентського представництва та його соціальну структуру. Також проаналізовано боротьбу за поділ Галичини на дві провінції та співпрацю українських послів з іншими депутатами рейхстагу.

Ukrainian Christian social movement in Galicia at the end of the XIX – the first quarter of the XX centuries: ideology and political practices

Ideological pursuits and political practices of Ukrainian Christian social movement in Galicia at the end of the XIX century – the first quarter of the XX century that was an important element of Ukrainian conservative tradition is analyzed in the article. This movement, headed by Oleksandr Barvinsky, emerged as a response to the rejection of the Polish-Ukrainian rapprochement, the “new era” of 1890–1894, by members of Ukrainian political movement of Narodovtsi (Ukrainophiles). The movement not only supported but also promoted conservative principals of national development in the Ukrainian society of Galicia. The principal motto of Christian social movement was created under the influence of a Krakow-based group of Polish conservatives known as “Stańczycy”. The principal core of the movement was the refusal from what they believe to be ineffective oppositional politics and implementation of “organic labour” concept with further contribution to raising political consciousness as well as the economic and level of the Ukrainian society in Galicia. Members of the Christian social movement paid considerable attention to religiosity and insisted on an important role played by the Greek Catholic Church in raising young people and political life. Following the ideals of the “New era”, Oleksandr Barvinsky and his followers attempted to find the Ukrainian-Polish path for understanding in Galician atmosphere that was becoming more and more strained. In practice, Christian social movement ended up attempting to create a functional political organization which turned out a disaster. Political failures of the movement were caused by adverse ideological and political climate of that time and the inner weakness of the very movement. Despite the termination of political activity of movement at the beginning of the First World War, Oleksandr Barvinsky fruitlessly tried to breathe new life into political structures of the movement during the war and until the early 1920s. Taking into consideration the new interwar reality where different radical movements proliferated, a conservative and moderate Christian social movement which remained a creation of the Habsburg era had no chance for success.

ІДЕОЛОГІЧНИЙ ВПЛИВ РОСІЇ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СОЦІУМ ГАЛИЧИНИ НАПЕРЕДОДНІ ТА ПОЧАТКОВОМУ ЕТАПІ ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ

The beginning of the twentieth century marked the use of ideology as a tool of foreign policy. Thus, Russia entered the First World War under the slogan of the liberation of the enslaved Slavs. At the same time, the Russian government sought to implement its pre-war strategic goal, to expand the borders of the empire at the expense of Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia.On the eve of the war the instrument of information policy of the Russian Empire was Pan-Slavism, a messianic mission for the Slavic peoples. The ideology of Pan-Slavism envisaged the expansion of the Russian Empire at the expense of Red Russia. For expansion, Russia used cultural and religious influence and, through it, its political presence in the region. In order to discredit the Ukrainian national-liberation movement in Galicia, on the eve of the war, Russian governmental and political circles supported, morally and, above all, materially, the Muscophilia, which underpinned the all-Russian national idea. Through Muscophilian organizations, the Russian government was able to carry out not only anti-Ukrainian propaganda among Galician Ukrainians, pulling them to their side, but also anti-state, in order to accidence to Russia all Ukrainian ethnographic lands that were part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.On August 11, the Carpatho-Russian Liberation Committee was set up in Kyiv. Its task was to: clarify the so-called "reunification", introduce the Russian administration, and treat the Russian army to the local population; as well as assistance to the refugees and captive Galicians of the Austro-Hungarian army. In addition, in July 1914, Muscophiles issued for the command staff a small work "Modern Galicia", which emphasized the importance of Russophilism in Galicia, the place of residence of the names of members of the Russian People's Council, while neglecting Ukrainian political and national-cultural movement.Thus, the Russian Empire tried to information-psychological approach the population to the future theater of combat. The state propaganda machine work on the organization of the information discredit of the enemy and creation a positive image of his own state and army.It should be noted that the information war began long before Russia's hostilities and was accompanied at all stages of the war, adapting in advance to current goals and objectives;outreach activities directed to all layers of the populations of Austria-Hungary, as well as the Ukrainian population of the Russian Empire, respectively, with different goals and objectives;the main purpose of the information war is to obtain the support of the population to justify the actions of the military leadership of the warring parties; the liquidation of the Ukrainian national liberation movement

“FOR THE CULTURE, TOWARDS THE HYGIENE”: PUBLIC HEALTH AND “THE EXHIBITIONARY COMPLEX” IN LVIV IN THE LATE XIXTH – EARLY XXTH CENTURY

The long XIX century became «the golden age» in the history of exhibitions. During that period of time, understanding of their meaning, organizational approaches and thematical content changed, thus they received new functions. Quite often these processes are considered and explained within the framework of the concept of «the exhibitionary complex». The development of public health, its inclusion into the list of the indices of «civilization»and «progress», high prestige of the hygiene and hygienists, and «bacteriological revolution» contributed to the emergence of separate international, national and regional exhibitions that focused on public health and hygiene in the second half of the XIXth century.Two exhibitions, dedicated to medicine and natural science, that was held in Lviv in 1888 and 1907, echoed and followed the international trends. Although they did not focus exclusively on hygiene and public health, separate departments and sections were devoted to these issues. Both Lviv exhibitions were organized by professionals within the scope of the congresses of Polish physicians and naturalists, and thus they had both local and national character.The separation of hygiene as an autonomous part of these exhibitions should be considered in connection with two phenomena. The first was the development of the hygiene movement in Galicia during that time. Hygienists, among other purposes, sought to spread «hygienic education» among broad strata of society. The second was the shaping of public discourse on public health in the province of Galicia. Additionally, exhibitions became a site of cooperation between authorities, activists and professionals, and also they spread the idea of progress in Galicia.

Соціальне вчення Митрополита Андрея Шептицького як чинник економічного піднесення Галичини (кінець ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)

The article deals with the principles and elements of social teaching as well as socio-economic activities of the UGCC Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi in the context of their influence on economic development and formation of cooperative movement in Galicia in the late XIX – early XX century. It has been shown that the development of appropriate agricultural and cooperative education as well as active support of the private initiative by UGCC clergy appeared to be the key prerequisites for the successful cooperation. Andrei Sheptytskyi became not only an influencer but also initiator and active leader of the implementation of social teaching principles into practice of socio-economic transformations that prompted a rapid modernization of the economic and increased efficiency of economic and social processes. Thanks to the implementation of ideas and principles of social teaching, a real revolution occurred in many public spheres such as education, banking, cooperation and entrepreneurship. However, the crucial results of spreading social teaching ideas were changing in the economic culture and activities of Ukrainians, who henceforth considered not only their personal interest but tended to develop such a model of economic interaction, which creates a "positive sum” effect for other society members and for society as a whole. The optimal organizational form that allowed combining interests of different economic agents was cooperation, which, thanks to the ascetic work of the Metropolitan, covered almost all spheres of Ukrainian society life, became an economic base for solving most economic and social problems, and shaped an effective national business environment.