Movement Characteristics Research Articles

Efficient Human Violence Recognition for Surveillance in Real Time.

Human violence recognition is an area of great interest in the scientific community due to its broad spectrum of applications, especially in video surveillance systems, because detecting violence in real time can prevent criminal acts and save lives. The majority of existing proposals and studies focus on result precision, neglecting efficiency and practical implementations. Thus, in this work, we propose a model that is effective and efficient in recognizing human violence in real time. The proposed model consists of three modules: the Spatial Motion Extractor (SME) module, which extracts regions of interest from a frame; the Short Temporal Extractor (STE) module, which extracts temporal characteristics of rapid movements; and the Global Temporal Extractor (GTE) module, which is responsible for identifying long-lasting temporal features and fine-tuning the model. The proposal was evaluated for its efficiency, effectiveness, and ability to operate in real time. The results obtained on the Hockey, Movies, and RWF-2000 datasets demonstrated that this approach is highly efficient compared to various alternatives. In addition, the VioPeru dataset was created, which contains violent and non-violent videos captured by real video surveillance cameras in Peru, to validate the real-time applicability of the model. When tested on this dataset, the effectiveness of our model was superior to the best existing models.

Eye Movement Characteristics for Predicting a Transition to Psychosis: Longitudinal Changes and Implications.

Substantive inquiry into the predictive power of eye movement (EM) features for clinical high-risk (CHR) conversion and their longitudinal trajectories is currently sparse. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of machine learning predictive models relying on EM indices and examine the longitudinal alterations of these indices across the temporal continuum. EM assessments (fixation stability, free-viewing, and smooth pursuit tasks) were performed on 140 CHR and 98 healthy control participants at baseline, followed by a 1-year longitudinal observational study. We adopted Cox regression analysis and constructed random forest prediction models. We also employed linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) to analyze longitudinal changes of indices while stratifying by group and time. Of the 123 CHR participants who underwent a 1-year clinical follow-up, 25 progressed to full-blown psychosis, while 98 remained non-converters. Compared with the non-converters, the converters exhibited prolonged fixation durations, decreased saccade amplitudes during the free-viewing task; larger saccades, and reduced velocity gain during the smooth pursuit task. Furthermore, based on 4 baseline EM measures, a random forest model classified converters and non-converters with an accuracy of 0.776 (95% CI: 0.633, 0.882). Finally, LMMs demonstrated no significant longitudinal alterations in the aforementioned indices among converters after 1 year. Aberrant EMs may precede psychosis onset and remain stable after 1 year, and applying eye-tracking technology combined with a modeling approach could potentially aid in predicting CHRs evolution into overt psychosis.

Mobility difference index: a quantitative method for detecting human mobility difference

ABSTRACT Differences in human mobility reflect temporal variations and spatial differences in urban spaces, including regional functions, physical environments, and geographical sentiments. Accurately quantifying these differences is critical for understanding and managing cities. However, existing measurement methods overlook the spatial distribution of population movement, which limits the ability to compare spatial differences in human mobility. Separate treatment of the spatial distribution, flux, and distance of human movement increases the complexity and uncertainty of understanding geographic phenomena. Therefore, we propose a flow-based location measure, termed the mobility difference index (MDI), that fuses multidimensional movement characteristics to quantify temporal variations and spatial differences in human mobility. The method quantifies the differences in human mobility by calculating the minimum transformation cost between two sets of origin-destination flows based on optimal transport theory. Simulation experiments confirmed the advantage of the MDI in perceiving the multidimensional characteristics of human movement, particularly regarding spatial distribution. We examined mobile signaling and positioning data from Wuhan and found that the proposed MDI could effectively identify the spatial and temporal dependencies of variations in human mobility and heterogeneous effects of spatial semantics and distance on spatial differences in human mobility.

Pedestrian dynamics on slopes: Empirical analysis of level, uphill, and downhill walking

Pedestrian safety on inclined walking facilities merits greater attention than that on level surfaces. Crowd accidents and domino effects are more likely to occur on slope walkways, especially at high crowd densities, as in the tragic case of the 2022 Itaewon Halloween crowd crush in South Korea. However, experimental investigations of the pedestrian dynamics on slopes with varying inclinations are scarce. In this study, a controlled experiment involving 48 participants was conducted to investigate the differences in pedestrian movement characteristics during level, uphill, and downhill slope walking. A wide range of slope inclinations was considered, namely 0°, 3°, 7°, 12°, 17°, and 22°. The results demonstrated that walking speeds uphill are lower than those on flat terrains, and uphill speeds decrease with increasing inclination. In contrast, increased slope inclinations do not always correspond to reduced downhill speeds. Notably, at inclinations of 3° and 7°, the downhill speed exceeds that of level walking, suggesting that a mild downhill slope can facilitate faster movement. Compared with downhill walking, pedestrians exhibit more lateral motion and significantly lower speeds (p < 0.01) when walking uphill at the same inclination. However, the average flow rate during downhill walking is lower than those observed on flat ground and uphill terrain. This difference may be attributable to the lower pedestrian density during downhill walking to reduce the likelihood of falling. These findings can enhance the understanding of pedestrian dynamics on ramps and have significant implications for the design of safer inclined walking facilities and prevention of potential disasters on such walkways.

Exploring how metronome pacing at varying movement speeds influences local dynamic stability and coordination variability of lumbar spine motion during repetitive lifting

Auditory metronomes have been used to preserve movement consistency when examining local dynamic stability (LDS) and coordination variability (CV) of lumbar spine motion during repetitive movements. However, the potential influence of the metronome itself on these outcome measures has rarely been considered. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of different metronome paces (i.e., lifting speeds) on measures of lumbar spine LDS and thorax-pelvis CV during a repetitive lifting/lowering task in comparison to self-paced movements. Ten participants completed 5 repetitive lift/lower trials, where participants completed 35 consecutive repetitions (analysis on last 30 repetitions) at a self-selected pace for the first and last trial, and were paced by a 10 lift/min, 15 lift/min, and 20 lift/min metronome, in randomized order, for the remaining three trials. The average self-paced lift/lower speed before and after experiencing the three different metronome paced speeds was 16.2 (±1.02) and 17.2 (±0.73) lifts/min, respectively, and the most-preferred metronome pace trial was 15 lifts/min. Thorax-pelvis CV during the self-paced trials were similar (p > 0.05) to the 15 lift/min metronome paced trials, while greater thorax-pelvis CV was observed for the 10 lift/min compared to the 15 lift/min and 20 lift/min and second self-paced trial (all p < 0.026). This movement speed effect was not observed for lumbar spine LDS; however, more-dynamically stable movements were observed during all metronome paced trials in comparison to the self-paced trials. This study highlights that careful consideration is required when employing a metronome to control/manipulate movement characteristics while examining neuromuscular control using non-linear dynamical systems measures.

Proprioceptive and Strength Exercise Guidelines to Prevent Falls in the Elderly Related to Biomechanical Movement Characteristics.

Falls are a major concern in the elderly and walking is an important daily activity in which falls occur, with tripping and slipping being the most frequent causes. Gait biomechanical parameters have been related to the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Moreover, there is evidence that falls can be prevented through exercise programs, which have been shown to be also effective in improving gait biomechanical parameters. However, a question remains: "What types of exercises must be included in exercise programs to prevent falls?". The purpose of this manuscript was to present guidelines for a fall prevention exercise program for the elderly, which was created with the aim of improving the gait biomechanical parameters related to falls. The critical review performed during the preparation of this manuscript collected important evidence and knowledge in order to create a structural basis for the development of a fall prevention exercise program. This type of program should last 6 or more weeks and be prescribed based on four movement pillars (locomotion, level changes, pulling and pushing, and rotations); however, the locomotion pillar must be the focus of the program. Proprioceptive and functional strength exercises should be included in this program. Based on the theoretical rationale, a proposal for a fall prevention exercise program is presented.

Experimental study on the movement characteristics of adversarial people in the corridor

With the continuous development of pedestrian dynamics, the movement characteristics of multiple types of people (elderly, children, disabled people, etc.) under various scenarios (flood, fire, special building structure, etc.) have been extensively and deeply studied. The relevant conclusions and movement rules are of great significance for guiding the design of building structures and crowd evacuation instructions. However, there is a lack of research on the movement of adversarial crowds with different movement purposes and strong interactions. The analysis of its movement characteristics and the movement modelling of interaction rules need to be further explored through controlled experiments. Therefore, this paper focuses on the study of the movement characteristics of the adversarial crowd and carries out a realistic experiment in which pedestrians in the corridor escape from attackers to complete the evacuation. The purpose was to address the following questions: the impact of attackers and corridor width on pedestrian movement. It was found that the attacker's movement pause would increase the desired velocity of the crowd, and thus the velocity-density relationship was different from the traditional fundamental diagram. The width of the corridor has a great impact on the movement speed and the collision probability of the crowd. Based on the results of the experiment, a model was established and simulation experiments were carried out by changing the width of the corridor. It is hoped that the results of this paper can provide help for emergency evacuation guidance for pedestrians in the future.

A computer vision approach to monitor activity in commercial broiler chickens using trajectory-based clustering analysis

To monitor changes in broiler behaviour related to animal health and welfare, farmers typically observe their flocks using manual observation. However, due to the labour intensive and continuous aspect of this task, the analysis of broiler behaviour could be automated using camera technology. This paper proposes a proof-of-concept camera surveillance system based on the automated detection and tracking of broilers to monitor activity bouts using unsupervised 2D trajectory clustering. Firstly, a convolutional neural network-based detector was trained and tested on our labelled dataset which resulted in a precision, recall and f score of 0.98, 0.90 and 0.94, respectively. Using a tracking-by-detection approach, the proposed system was able to track chickens across video frames with a multi-object tracking accuracy of 74.7%. A component-based feature saliency Gaussian mixture model (CFSGMM) was subsequently generated and applied to objectively cluster the trajectories based on their spatiotemporal information. Nineteen features were extracted from the trajectories, representing both static and dynamic characteristics of broiler movement, and three activity classes were identified: ‘least active/resting,’ ‘active’ and ‘highly-active.’ The proposed method was validated on one-minute monocular video sequences. CFSGMM was applied to cluster 2D trajectories relating to broiler activity bouts within the commercial rearing environment with an agreement ranging from 6.0 to 99.7% when compared to human observation. We demonstrate the potential of the computer vision system to monitor overt, short-term changes in broiler activity associated with on-farm events and discuss the opportunities of leveraging the technology to monitor longer term changes in welfare state. It is anticipated that further development of the detection and tracking systems will improve the performance of the trajectory clustering method.

One-shot lip-based biometric authentication: Extending behavioral features with authentication phrase information

Lip-based biometric authentication (LBBA) is an authentication method based on a person's lip movements during speech in the form of video data. LBBA can utilize both physical and behavioral characteristics of lip movements without requiring any additional sensory equipment apart from an RGB camera. Current approaches employ deep siamese neural networks trained with one-shot learning to generate embedding vectors from lip movement features. However, most of these approaches don't discriminate against speech content which makes them vulnerable to video replay attacks. Moreover, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis regarding the impact of distinct lip characteristics or difficult dataset phrases with significant word overlap on the performance of authentication in one-shot approaches. To address this, we introduce the GRID-CCP dataset and train a siamese neural network using 3D convolutions and recurrent neural network layers to additionally discriminate against speech content. For loss calculation, we propose a custom triplet loss function for efficient and customizable batch-wise hard-negative mining. Our experimental results, using an open-set protocol, demonstrate a False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 3.2% and a False Rejection Rate (FRR) of 3.8% on the test set of the GRID-CCP dataset. Finally, we conduct an analysis to assess the influence and discriminative power of behavioral and physical features in LBBA.

Socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern during Israel and Palestine conflict in Muslim society

The changes in consuption patterns triggered by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the pro-Israel boycott movement in Indonesia are important since they show the influence of socio-religious values on cunsumers behavior and the resulting impacts on companies and the workforce. Previous studies primarily focused on analyzing the causes and implications of the conflict, and paid insufficient attention to the socio-religious behavior perspective in changing consumption patterns. This study includes boycott actions, the social and religious characteristics of both pro and con movements, and the involvement of state institutions in responding to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The desk research method is used by collecting data through digital media analysis, including online news, social media, and library research. The findings of this study include the internalization of social religious values as a driving force for boycott actions, moral considerations influencing the defense of opinions in society, and the involvement of major powers in strenghtening the boycott movement. The uniqueness of this study lies in its in-depth approach to religious social behavior in the context of changing consumption patterns amidst armed conflict.

Over 300 km Dispersion of Wild Boar during Hot Summer, from Central Poland to Ukraine.

The movement of wild boars is a complex process influenced by both internal conditions and external factors. Despite their typically sedentary lifestyle, dispersion constitutes an integral element of the wild boar's behavior. This report documents the longest observed wild boar dispersal, involving a collared two-year-old male near Warsaw, Poland. The aim of this study was to present the characteristics of movement during the "nomadic phase", drawing comparisons with the "sedentary phase". The other aim was to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors on the minimum daily travel distance of the wild boar. We collected data from two-year-old males. The first exhibited long-distance dispersal and the second only demonstrated local movements. We calculated the minimum daily distance of both wild boars based on collar locations and calculated basic statistics of movement. We used a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and log link function to assess the potential impact of weather conditions on the minimum daily distance of wild boars. We tested maximum daily temperature, average daily temperature, and the sum of daily precipitation. The wild boar during a "nomadic phase" covered a total of 922 km with a mean minimum daily movement of 6 km. The dispersion distance was 307 km. The highest value of the minimum daily distance reached 31.8 km/day. The second wild boar (near Warsaw) covered a mean minimum daily distance of 1.4 km; the highest value of the minimum daily distance was 3.9 km. Both wild boars exhibited no dependence of minimum daily distance on weather conditions. However, when intensive and non-intensive dispersion were analyzed separately, it was demonstrated that the maximum daily temperature positively influenced the minimum daily distance. We speculate that the wild boar was forced to search for water sources after dark on hot days, which induced a longer traveling distance in an unfamiliar environment. This study highlights the significant spatial capabilities of wild boar in the transmission of genes or pathogens. We speculate that extended daily distances during the initial "nomadic phase" might suggest a panicked escape from a perceived threat. It is plausible that the wild boar found improved shelter within tall cereal crops in July and August, which resulted in lower daily distances.

Dynamics simulation model for the analysis of aircraft movement characteristics on an aircraft carrier deck

Aircraft on an aircraft carrier deck are taxied or towed using a tractor. As these vehicles move within a limited area and are affected by the aircraft carrier motion, the possibility of aircraft movement in the entire space must be confirmed. The potential aircraft movements can be determined using simulations, wherein the movement characteristics of the aircraft must be analyzed by considering the movement of the carrier. Therefore, an aircraft dynamics simulation model considering the six-degrees-of-freedom movement of the platform is presented in this study to analyze the aircraft movement characteristics on the deck. The proposed model was verified using various reference data and models, and the simulation results of the multi-body dynamics analysis program DAFUL were employed to estimate the tire stiffness coefficient according to the slope. The proposed model facilitated the analysis of the movement characteristics of the aircraft by implementing driving simulations for various platform movements.

«ЗЕЛЕНИЙ» КУРС РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The world market of transport and logistics services is one of the most important sectors of the world economy, which is dynamically developing and ensures the continuity of international trade in goods and services. The reduction of trade barriers, the liberalization of the trade regime and the development of export-oriented industries contributed to fundamental changes in world trade. Current logistics brings not only economic benefits to business, but also contributes to its long-term development, which meets the current and future requirements of the market economy. The level of transport logistics is determined by the competent selection of transport, the timeliness of stages, and the experience of implementing complex projects. The main types of freight transportation differ in the environment, speed and cost of movement, logistics, the principle of movement and other important characteristics. Taking into account the development of global transportation and its impact on the environment, approaches to the quality of logistics services are changing. Concern about the impact of transport on ecology led to the need to solve the problem of increasing the environmental efficiency of transporting goods around the world. The purpose of the modern development of supply chains is to promote the development of environmentally friendly mobility, which is also positioned as «green» logistics. These goals can be achieved by optimizing the combination of different types of transport, using their advantages and minimizing the disadvantages in terms of environmental impact. The most serious challenge facing the transport sector is to significantly reduce emissions and improve sustainability. At the same time, this transformation offers great opportunities for a better quality of life, as well as for global industry in all value chains to modernize, create high-quality jobs, develop new products and services, strengthen competitiveness and achieve global leadership as other markets move to provide mobility with zero emissions. The level of transport logistics is determined by the competent selection of transport, the timeliness of stages, and the experience of implementing complex projects. The main types of freight transportation differ in the environment, speed and cost of movement, logistics, the principle of movement and other important characteristics. In addition, one of the driving directions of the effective development of «green»logistics is the formation of the appropriate policy of countries and regions.Keywords:«green» logistics, transport and logistics system, emissions, ecology, logistics support, transport

Design and motion analysis of a space crank rocker biomimetic aircraft

Abstract In order to better understand the flight performance and kinematics performance of flapping wing aircraft designed and developed based on the principle of bionics, a space crank rocker mechanism was tried to carry out the virtual prototype design of the bionic aircraft in space motion, and on this basis, its movement characteristics were analyzed. Analyzing the flight mechanisms and scale laws of common flying organisms yields various physical estimation parameters that affect flight characteristics. Flight patterns and motion patterns are analyzed based on the design principles of seabirds, and structural designs and mathematical models are established. Secondly, carry out the design of its flapping and transmission structures, and based on this, carry out the overall structural design and establish a three-dimensional model. Here, the kinematics analysis of its flapping amplitude and angular velocity value is carried out by combining its mechanism motion diagram, and the kinematics simulation results are compared with the theoretical results, which proves the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the design structure.

A Review of Normal and Abnormal Sleep Related Movement Disorder during Life Span

The state of normal sleep is characterized by diminished responsiveness to external stimuli and a familiar feeling of delight and refreshment. This feeling is accompanied by muscle relaxation and slowing of brain activity. Nevertheless, body movements are a feature of normal sleep and when those impair sleep quality and consequent daytime function they are defined as abnormal. The introduction of polysomnography during which muscle activity is monitored by electromyography and videotaping enabled sleep researches to precisely assess the characteristics of normal and abnormal movements, to determine their appearance is at specific sleep stages and to define their severity in regard to sleep quality and their impact on daytime function. Indeed, abnormal movements during sleep became an essential part of the symptomatology of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Normal and abnormal movement disorder related to sleep onset, particular sleep stages and during awakening from sleep will be described in some detail. Common and rare forms of sleep related movement disorders in children and adults will be reviewed.

Johansen’s Cointegration Analysis of Some Factors of Economic Growth and Exports of Products from the Republic of Azerbaijan to Ukraine

In the present paper, a Johansen’s cointegration analysis is carried out considering the volume of exports from Azerbaijan to Ukraine, GDP per capita of Ukraine, the openness of the economy of Ukraine and the economically active population of Azerbaijan for the period 1996-2022, also a comparative analysis of the above indicators is carried out, the characteristics of joint short-term and long-term movements are determined. In the course of research the author used the methodology of modified gravitational modeling, the econometric methodology of time series analysis, including tests for checking stationarity, the extended Dickey-Fuller test, the Granger test for the detection of causality, determining the cointegration dependence using the Johansen’s test, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) has been built. First, a basic modified model of gravity has been built, and the statistical adequacy of this model has been checked. A comparative analysis of two regression models was carried out after the inclusion of the trend component in one of them. The dynamic structure of regression residuals was studied and the test for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation was carried out. It is shown that the most suitable specification for cointegration is the quadratic trend in the initial levels with a linear trend in cointegration relationships, which has led to the emergence of two cointegration vectors. As a result of the completed analysis, two cointegration relationships are obtained. The results of the impulse response functions, decomposition of dispersions and the VECM model in the form of combinations of two cointegrating vectors with the expected signs of the adjustment integers showed that the economic indicators used in the analysis for the specified period maintain cointegration in the long term with the not stable equilibrium joint movements of the factors under study.

Optical Sensor-Based Image Texture Characterization for Image Simulation Applications in College Gymnastics Instruction

Abstract Gymnastics learning is characterized by imitation and reference, and a teaching model combining optical sensors and image simulation systems may have promising results in college gymnastics courses. Based on the introduction of the meaning of college gymnastics teaching, the article sorted out the value performance of the image teaching mode and also established an optical three-dimensional imaging system based on optical sensors for gymnastics movement to obtain gymnastic images. In the optical 3D imaging system, the acquisition error of gymnastics images is reduced by using the finite distance image measurement method, and the quality of gymnastics images is enhanced by adaptive bilateral filtering and adaptive threshold selection of the Canny operator by the OTSU method. The enhanced gymnastics images are then inputted into a panoramic graphic imaging simulation system, and a gymnastics image simulation teaching model is established for colleges and universities. The effectiveness of the gymnastics image simulation teaching model is analyzed through a teaching comparison test conducted during simulation verification for optical imaging. In the optical imaging system, when the measurement distance is about 150m, the measurement error range is between [15″and 30″], and the MSE value of the gymnastic enhanced image obtained by the improved Canny algorithm decreases by 46.97% compared with the MSE value before the improvement. The students’ handstand score against the wall improved by 22.63 points compared to before the experiment, and more than 90% of the students were satisfied with the gymnastics image simulation teaching method. The teaching mode is constructed with the optical sensor to obtain the image characteristics of gymnastics movement, and the simulation system is innovative, which effectively promotes students’ interest in learning gymnastics courses and enhances their gymnastics training level.

ЛОГИТ-МОДЕЛИ В АНАЛИЗЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА МЕЖРЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ

One of the manifestations of the uneven socioeconomic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is interregional population movements. These processes in some regions may be persistently negative and hinder economic development. Therefore, the task of managing migration processes becomes urgent. Different approaches are used to model and predict migration. Traditional is the use of econometric methods, within which, based on statistical data, quantitative characteristics of the influence of factors on migration processes are established. But in conditions of significant external shocks, the impact of factors can change significantly, which makes it difficult to obtain statistically significant model parameters. The paper presents logistic models for predicting not the quantitative characteristics of population movement in the region, but the fact of migration growth or outflow. Data on migration in 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2015–2022 are used as initial data. The study identified social factors that significantly influence the migration influx of people into the region. It has been established that the growth of these factors increases the likelihood of a migration influx of population into the region. The impact may be felt this year and next. The resulting models have good predictive properties and can be used to solve the problem of reducing the migration outflow of the population in the regions.

Resolvendo a relação entre o desempenho do figurino e o corpo a partir da perspectiva da filosofia do corpo

Abstract: With the times’ progress and the growth of culture and art, the clothing industry has ushered in new development opportunities in the market. As its expansion and extension, clothing performance not only has high ornamental value, but also can exist independently as an art. However, in shaping the artistic image of clothing performance, the main focus is on the presentation of external images, lacking the expression of the rhythmic and connotative characteristics of body movements, which not only weakens the visual effect of the performance, but also has an impact on its integrity and continuity. Therefore, understanding the relationship between clothing performance and the body, and promoting their mutual integration and penetration are of great value and significance for the current development of visual art. Body philosophy is a philosophical discipline that explores the body and bodily experiences. It is concerned with the way the body perceives and exists. This can help performers and designers think about how clothing shapes and expresses personal and social identity, and how the diversity and change of identity can be explored through costume performance. In order to deeply study the relationship between clothing performance and body, and improve the effectiveness of clothing performance, this article explains the relationship between body and aesthetics based on the development history, function and value of clothing performance, combined with body philosophy theory. From the perspective of body philosophy, the body is an indispensable factor in costume performance, and costume performance can achieve artistic expression of the body, both of which interact and promote each other. In the development of aesthetic activities, the connection of the two closely has important value for achieving higher levels of visual representation.

Clinical and hematological indicators of cows belonging to different selections of the holshtin breed by seasons

This paper examines the hematological (erythrocyte, leukocyte, total protein, hemoglobin, glucose) and clinical (respiration, heart rate, body temperature, belly movement) characteristics of Holstein dairy cows from various selections. These results showed that the blood of cows in our republic is saturated with morphological elements due to the same kind of feeding that they receive throughout the seasons, including concentrate feeding.