Movable Metal Research Articles

La nascita del commercio librario in Corea

Abstract Korea boasts a rich history of printing that dates back to at least the mid-8th century AD and can even claim the oldest book printed with movable metal type. However, until the 20th century, the most common typographic technique in book production in Korea was the use of the wooden matrix. Movable wooden or metal characters were only marginally used during that time. Why did Koreans forego movable type from the 13th century onwards in favour of xylography for book production, despite the Europeans adopting the former two centuries later? In attempting to answer this question, the present article addresses the history of book circulation in Korea, which was limited and regulated by the government until the 16th century, and the emergence of the book trade with the panggakpon in the 17th century. Tracing the evolution of publishing in Korea from its inception to the early Chosŏn period, it explores the factors that gave rise to panggakpon and its affordable printing characteristics. It thus identifies the main drivers behind panggakpon, as the destruction of the national book heritage following the period of crisis during foreign invasions of Korea and the increasing demand for books from a progressively growing public of potential readers due to political, economic, social and cultural reasons from the early Chosŏn period onwards. Although government policy towards printing evolved during the middle Chosŏn period in favour of the book trade, the causes behind the emergence of panggakpon lay elsewhere. Without these factors, the State would have maintained its monopoly on book production, and panggakpon would never have materialised.

Boundary Gaussian Distance Loss Function for Enhancing Character Extraction from High-Resolution Scans of Ancient Metal-Type Printed Books

This paper introduces a novel loss function, the boundary Gaussian distance loss, designed to enhance character segmentation in high-resolution scans of old metal-type printed documents. Despite various printing defects caused by low-quality printing technology in the 14th and 15th centuries, the proposed loss function allows the segmentation network to accurately extract character strokes that can be attributed to the typeface of the movable metal type used for printing. Our method calculates deviation between the boundary of predicted character strokes and the counterpart of the ground-truth strokes. Diverging from traditional Euclidean distance metrics, our approach determines the deviation indirectly utilizing boundary pixel-value difference over a Gaussian-smoothed version of the stroke boundary. This approach helps extract characters with smooth boundaries efficiently. Through experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed method not only smoothens stroke boundaries in character extraction, but also effectively eliminates noise and outliers, significantly improving the clarity and accuracy of the segmentation process.

Experimental Transient Performance of Heat Sink with Phase Change Material and Movable Metal Foams Insert

The effects of embedding fixed and movable metal foams in composite PCMs on the transient performance were studied with pulsed heat loads experimentally under various powers and different cell sizes. Similar conclusions could be drawn both from the experimental and numerical results. It was shown that when fixed metal foams were solely adopted, the heat storage system performance could be enhanced by ∼24.6% by increasing the number of metal foams by three times at the heat flux of 56.1 W/cm2 and 15 ppi. When the movable technique was utilized, the heat transfer enhancement reached up to 36.9% under the same amount of metal foams for the same cell sizes and heat flux. The better performances were attributed to combined positive influences due to the adoption of the movable metal foam technique, which extends heat transfer area, improves heat conduction, and eases suppression of natural heat convection by cutting the amount of metal foams. Moreover, as cutting the amount of metal foams could obviously reduce the wastage of energy storage capacity, the movable metal foam technique demonstrated quite a promising future.

Aperture-Coupled Beam-Scanning Patch Array With Parasitic Elements Using a Reconfigurable Series-Fed Phase-Shifting Structure

In this letter, we propose a reconfigurable series-fed phase-shifting structure with movable metal plate for active millimeter wave beam-scanning application. The proposed phase-shifting structure can be equivalent to a certain number of phase shifters in the series-fed network. It can be easily controlled with only one metal plate, which further simplify the design of control system for phase shifters and reduce the cost. A prototype of 1-D aperture-coupled patch array with parasitic elements at 28GHz is designed, fabricated and measured for verifying the performance of the proposed phase-shifting structure. The measurement results at 28 GHz show 1-D beam-steering capability with maximum steering angle of ∼22 deg at H-plane can be achieved, revealing great potentials for developing the simple control and cost-effective active phased array for millimeter wave wireless power transmission application.

Experimental investigation of sediment movement as a result of homogeneous earth-fill dam overtopping break over a simplified urban area

When an earth-fill dam breaks, dam body sediment and water flow simultaneously move to downstream area causing devastation. Dam break studies in the literature have concentrated mostly on the water flow part while ignoring the sediment movement by designing the dam body as a movable metal gate. This study, however, is the first one experimentally investigating flow and sediment transport due to an earth-fill dam break by constructing the dam body from sediment. Sediment propagation as a result of homogenous earth-fill dam overtopping break was experimentally studied in a laboratory flume of 18.4 m long and 2.0 m wide, and 0.88 m in height in the Hydraulics Laboratory of Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey. Downstream section right after the dam body was designed as a smooth bed and rough bed. The rough bed, resembling a simplified urban area, was created by using thirteen 10 × 10 × 10 cm sized concrete blocks. The dam body was constructed as homogenous with uniform material having D50 = 0.441 mm. The earth-fill dam body was built using the standard compression methods; each layer of sediment with a thickness of 10 cm was laid in layers, and the body was prepared with a crest width of 10 cm, a transverse base width of 200 cm, a longitudinal base width of 202 cm and height of 60 cm with upstream and downstream slopes of 1:1.6. The water level behind the dam was gradually raised until it overtopped the crest level. A pre-breach was formed at the top of the dam to trigger the break. During each dam break event, water depths were measured by three ULS-40D level meter sensors at different locations, and the final sediment bathymetry map was generated using the ULS-40D Probes at 10 × 10 cm grids. The results showed that, in both smooth and rough downstream bed cases, the dam body eventually collapsed while a great portion of it was carried away by the flood flow. The sediment spreading occurred all over the downstream area, showing significant non-uniform variation in thickness both longitudinally and transversely, especially in the simulated urban area. All the residential areas, while breaking in motion, were submerged under the muddy flow. Some blocks were almost submerged while sediment heights reached half level of some blocks at the end of the experiment. Sediment heights were higher in the urban area.

Direct Evidence of Metal Type Printing in The Song of Enlightenment, Korea, 1239

Since the 1920s, nearly six identical versions of an ancient printed book, The Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), have been found in Korea. Until very recently, they were believed to be woodblock-printed versions from the 13th to 16th centuries using woodblocks carved from the sheets of a metal-type-printed version from 1239. Two of the six versions were once identified to be woodblock prints in the Goryeo dynasty in the 13th century and designated as Korean treasures in 1984 and 2012. In 2021, one woodblock-printed version printed during the Joseon dynasty in 1526, was designated as a treasure of the Metropolitan city of Seoul, Korea. Historians in Korea have been in heated debate over the printing techniques (metal type print for one version or all woodblock prints) and printing dates (or sequence) of the two versions designated as Korean treasures for the last 50 years. It was almost a never-ending debate with struggles and anger among Korean historians due to the very subjective nature of the examination method and decision-making process by consensus. The heated debates in Korea were never brought to the world’s attention, outside of Korea, and are still considered to be a taboo subject in Korea. To conclude this heated debate with direct evidence of metal type printing of the particular version of interests, all six versions were examined by image comparisons and quantitative analyses of inked areas of individual characters, lines of characters, pages and borderlines. All claims against the possibility of metal type printing of the particular version were reviewed thoroughly. Very clear circumstantial and physical evidence for metal type printing of the version designated as a Korean treasure in 2012 was found. The version carries more than metal casting defects and has the smallest inked area (characters with thin strokes) among all six versions. The version of interest was very likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239, as indicated in the imprint, and is definitely the world’s oldest extant book, printed using metal type in Korea in 1239, predating Jikji (1377) by 138 years and the 42-line Gutenberg Bible (1455) by 216 years.

How Was the World’s Oldest Metal-Type-Printed Book (The Song of Enlightenment, Korea, 1239) Misidentified for Nearly 50 Years?

Six nearly identical versions of an ancient printed book, The Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), have been found in Korea since the 1920s. All of them were believed to be printed versions from the 13th to 16th centuries that used duplicated woodblocks of a metal-type-printed version from 1239 and its replica. Two of the six versions were designated as Korean treasures in 1984 and 2012. One other version was designated as a treasure of the Metropolitan city of Seoul, Korea in 2021. Since the 1970s, one of two Korean treasures has been identified as a potential movable metal-type-printed book prior to the Jikji printed in Korea in 1377, as recognized by the UNESCO Memory of the World program. The center of heated debates among Korean historians for the last 50 years was over the printing techniques and printing dates (or sequence). Due to the subjective nature of the examination, it was very difficult to reach a consensus. To end this heated debate, all six versions were examined by image comparisons of individual characters, lines of characters, pages and borderlines to identify whether they are the identical versions using the same woodblocks or different versions. Previous reports on the subjects were also reviewed very carefully. Very clear circumstantial and physical evidence showed that the one version designated as a Korean treasure in 2012 is significantly different from the others and was very likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239, as indicated in the imprint. It is the world’s oldest extant book printed using metal type in 1239, 138 years prior to the printing date (1377) of Jikji. The mystery of the misidentification of the metal-printed book, as a woodblock print, has been revealed.

Measurement and Control of Radially Polarized THz Radiation from DC-Biased Laser Plasma Filaments in Air.

Detection and manipulation of radially polarized terahertz (THz) radiation is essential for many applications. A new measurement scheme is proposed for the diagnosis of radially polarized THz radiation from a longitudinal dc-biased plasma filament, by introducing a movable metal mask. The amplitude and spectrum of the radially polarized THz beam was measured with a <110>-cut ZnTe crystal, where the THz beam pattern was modulated by the mask. Based on this measurement scheme, it was demonstrated that the amplitude and spectrum of the radially polarized THz radiation from the longitudinal dc-biased filament could be manipulated by controlling the strength and the location of the dc-biased field.

The World’s Oldest Book Printed by Movable Metal Type in Korea in 1239: The Song of Enlightenment

Four nearly identical versions of an ancient printed book, the Song of Enlightenment with Commentaries by Buddhist Monk Nammyeong Cheon (南明泉和尙頌證道歌), were examined by image analysis and comparisons to identify whether they are the identical versions or different versions in terms of printing techniques. Two out of four versions have been designated as Korean treasures and the other two versions are currently being examined for designation as Korean cultural properties. One of two Korean treasures has been spotlighted as a potential movable metal type printing book prior to the Jikji printed in 1377, as recognized by the UNESCO Memory of the World program. Heated debates over the printing techniques and printing dates have overwhelmed Korean historians for more than 50 years. Due to the subjective nature of the evaluation, it was hard to reach a unanimous decision. Finding objective new evidence is needed to end this heated debate. We found very clear evidence showing that one version is significantly different from the others and was likely printed using movable metal type in September 1239. It is the oldest extant book printed using metal type, 138 years prior to the printing date of Jikji.

Water-Soluble Noble Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts Capped with Small Organic Molecules for Organic Transformations in Water.

This article recaps a variety of interesting catalytic studies based on solubilized and freely movable noble metal nanoparticle catalysts employed for organic reactions in either pure water or water-organic biphasic systems. Small organic ligand-capped metal nanoparticles are fundamentally attractive materials due to their enormous potential as a well-defined system that can provide spatial control near active catalytic sites. The nanoparticle catalysts are first grouped based on the synthetic method (direct reduction, phase transfer, and redispersion) and then again based on the type of reaction such as alkene hydrogenation, arene hydrogenation, nitroaromatic reduction, carbon-carbon coupling reactions, etc. The impacts of various ligands on the catalytic activity and selectivity of semi-heterogeneous nanoparticles in water are discussed in detail. The catalytic systems using polymers, dendrimers, and ionic liquids as supporting or protecting materials are excluded from the subject of this review.

Novel Reconfigurable Full-Metal Cavity-Backed Slot Antennas Using Movable Metal Posts

Novel design concept of reconfigurable full-metal cavity-backed slot antennas (CBSAs) using movable metal posts is proposed in this article. It is found that the cavity mode with purely directional electric field is only affected by the metal post to be placed in parallel to its electric field. Thus, two orthogonal cavity modes TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">101</sub> and TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">011</sub> can be perturbed by two respective metal posts so as to independently tune the resonant frequencies of these two modes. Electromagnetic energy of the cavity modes can be radiated out through the slots on the top wall of the cavity. In this context, reconfigurable slot antennas with different functionalities, such as single-band, dual-band, dual-mode wideband, the tunable frequency with constant bandwidth, and tunable bandwidth with constant frequency, are thus constituted to demonstrate its attractive design feasibility. The frequency-reconfigurable cavity-back slot antenna with movable metal posts is proposed for the first time. The utilization of the metal posts allows us to achieve a continuous frequency tuning property, while the full-metal structure of the proposed antenna holds a high power-handling capacity and a high radiation efficiency. In final, a prototype of the dual-mode wideband slot antenna is designed, fabricated, and tested to reveal its total efficiency higher than 88% and stable radiation pattern over the tuning band. Good agreement between the measured and the simulated results well validates the presented design concept.

A pattern‐ and frequency‐reconfigurable antenna using liquid metal

AbstractThis article presents a pattern‐and frequency‐reconfigurable antenna based on movable liquid metal. The proposed antenna mainly consists of a printed three‐element Yagi‐Uda structure whose two parasitic elements are loaded with slots in the middle. Six movable liquid metal poles are filled in the microfluidic channels, which adhered to the surface of the three radiating arms of the Yagi‐Uda antenna. By moving these liquid metal poles, the slots can be shorted or opened and the equivalent electrical lengths of the director and fed‐dipole can be changed, thus adjusting the antenna in radiation pattern and frequency. As a result, this antenna can work at different states, which are mainly classified into five modes. To verify this design concept, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results indicate that the antenna can operate in the frequency range from 1.52 to 3.2 GHz, and the peak gain can reach 7.3 dBi.

Possibility of Slag Sensible Heat Recovery on Drum-like Installations

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; A variant of utilizing of slag physical heat in drum-like installations has been considered. A high-temperature melt is delivered to movable metal bodies. Heat is picked up from the working bodies surface and newly generated surfaces of slag due to interaction with working bodies. Surface of slag grains, as they cool down, allows to pick up heat with various energy characteristics.&#x0D; Keywords: smelter slags, heat content, drum-like installations, picking up and utilization of heat with various energy characteristics&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Crystal Size Effect on Carrier Transport of Microscale Perovskite Junctions via Soft Contact.

To reduce the size of optoelectronic devices, it is essential to understand the crystal size effect on the carrier transport through microscale materials. Here, we show a soft contact method to probe the properties of irregularly shaped microscale perovskite crystals by employing a movable liquid metal electrode to form a self-adaptative deformable electrode-perovskite-electrode junction. Accordingly, we demonstrate that (1) the photocurrents of perovskite quantum dot films and microplatelets show profound differences regarding both the on/off ratio and the response time upon light illumination; and (2) small-size perovskite (<50 μm) junctions may show negative differential resistance (NDR) behavior, whereas the NDR phenomenon is absent in large-size perovskite junctions within the same bias regime. Our studies provide a method for studying arbitrary-shaped crystals without mechanical damage, assisting the understanding of the photogenerated carriers transport through microscale crystals.

Tunable terahertz metamaterial using electrostatically electric split-ring resonator

A design of electrostatically tunable metamaterial is proposed in the terahertz (THz) frequency range using electric split-ring resonators (eSRR), which shows polarization-dependent and switching characteristics. The eSRR is composed of anchored rectangular split-ring resonators and a movable middle I-shaped metal bar. By exploiting electrostatic force to change the gap within eSRR and the distance of middle I-shaped metal bar, the electromagnetic characteristics of eSRR can be controlled. The electromagnetic response of eSRR shows a single-resonance in transverse electric (TE) mode and keeps as quite stable. In transverse magnetic (TM) mode, the electromagnetic response of eSRR shows dual- and triple-resonance. Such eSRR design is able to be used in lots of applications, such as polarizers, actively tunable filters, frequency-selective detectors, tunable high-efficiency sensors, and multi-functional switches in the THz optoelectronic devices.

A synchronous defect passivation strategy for constructing high-performance and stable planar perovskite solar cells

The diverse defects within perovskite film, electron transport layer (ETL) and their interface greatly impair the power conversion efficiency (PCE), hysteresis and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we propose a synchronous defect passivation strategy by introducing chelating agent containing movable alkali metal cations, i.e. sodium tartrate (STA)/potassium sodium tartrate (PSTA) into SnO2 aqueous colloidal dispersions to realize the efficient regulation of ETL, perovskite layer and their interface properties. That is, the chelating function and existence of alkali metal ions in additives lead to uniform, less defective and highly conductive SnO2 ETLs, which provides outstanding platforms for depositing perovskite films with high-quality crystallinity to improve the interfacial charge transfer. In particular, a part of Na+ and K+ ions of additives can enter into perovskite film through thermal diffusion and passivate the defects by coordinating with under-coordinated halides via ionic interactions or electrostatic adsorption on the negative charged defects at surface and grain boundaries. Such synchronous optimization for ETLs, perovskite and their interface enables the realization of high PCEs of 20.38% and 21.14% with reduced hysteresis and improved stability for STA-SnO2 and PSTA-SnO2 based PSCs, respectively. This work greatly simplifies the defect passivation process and provides a promising low-cost technique for large-scale manufacturing efficient and stable planar PSCs.

Telegraphy, Typography, and the Alphabet: The Origins of Alphabet Revolutions in the Russo-Ottoman Space

AbstractThis paper explores the history of the alphabet revolutions in the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, beginning in the 1860s and culminating with the new Turkish alphabet and the Soviet latinization movement in the 1920s. Unlike earlier works that have treated these movements separately, this article traces the origins of the alphabet revolutions to the 19th-century communications revolution, when the telegraph and movable metal type challenged the existing modes of knowledge production and imposed new epistemologies of writing on the Muslims in the Russo-Ottoman space. This article examines the media technologies of the era and the cross-imperial debates surrounding various alphabet proposals that predated latinization and suggests that the history of language reform in the Russo-Ottoman world be reevaluated as a product of a modernizing information age that eventually changed the entire linguistic landscape of Eurasia.

개성 만월대 출토 금속활자의 가치

개성 만월대 출토 금속활자의 가치

Increasing the Q-factor of thin planar dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes

AbstractThe spectral and energy characteristics of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonator with the movable metal mirror are researched. It is found that the high-Q HE-polarized whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are effectively excited in such a resonator by the dielectric waveguide. A mode set of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonator depends on the presence of an air gap in its design. Changing the height of the air gap affects the energy characteristics of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonators (DR). Shifting the resonant fields of WGMs from the dielectric disk to the air gap is the reason for this effect. It is shown that at certain heights of the air gap, increasing the unloaded Q-factor of the tunable thin planar DR and improving the excitation efficiency of WGMs in it is achieved.

Black and blue printing ink analysis by XRF, DRIFTS and Raman spectroscopy of recently discovered Gutenbergian Ars minor fragments

ABSTRACTIn 2017 Princeton University Library’s Department of Rare Books and Special Collections acquired a 1483 Venetian edition of the Opera of Horace, preserved in a late fifteenth century German binding. The binding contained previously undetected vellum binding waste fragments derived from an early Gutenbergian edition of the Ars minor of Aelius Donatus. Extensive portions of the printed fragments were attached to each of the wooden boards and remained hidden beneath the book’s paper pastedowns. In the paper conservation laboratory of the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, the pastedowns were subsequently safely lifted from the boards via Gore-Tex damp packs to confirm the presence of unique remnants from an otherwise lost mid-fifteenth century Mainz edition of the Ars minor, a Latin grammar manual. The Ars minor was printed with the same typeface used around 1455 to print the Gutenberg Bible. The fragments featured black oil-based printing ink and a large Gothic two-line initial letter A printed in blue ink. The design of the typeface of the initial letter A mirrored the work of Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, one-time partners of Gutenberg. The pair produced the Mainz Psalter (1457), the first book printed in more than one color.The printing inks of the Ars minor were subsequently analyzed in the paper conservation laboratory in situ noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and fiber optic Raman spectroscopy. The analysis found amounts of copper and lead, in addition to amber resin and linseed oil, in the black oil-based printing ink. The copper-lead aspect of the Ars minor’s black printing ink formulation appeared to be the same basic recipe composition conceived by Johannes Gutenberg for printing with movable metal type. Indigo (indigotin) and lead white (basic lead carbonate) were identified as the components in the blue printing ink of the two-line initial letter A, and vermilion (mercury sulfide) in manually rubricated red ink. The Ars minor represents a very important find of a previously unknown early Gutenbergian work.