Mountain Forestry Research Articles

Carbon sequestration potential of eight economically important tree species in Northeast China under climate change

The carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems is expected to play a crucial role in mitigating global warming, depending on how climate change will affect tree growth under various local environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the climatic limiting factors for forest tree growth and future carbon sequestration potential for eight economically important forest tree species in Zhongtiao Mountains of Shanxi Province in China. Specifically, we test if moisture limitations compromise annual radial increments (ARI) and a carbon sequestration index (IC), based on tree-rings and wood density. A bootstrapped response function analysis of historical detrended ARIs, reveals statistically significant moisture limitations in two or more summer months for half of the species investigated. Using a custom heat:moisture index based on these seasonal growth limitations, we predict IC under multi-model CMIP6 climate change projections for the region. Under moderate future climate scenarios for the period 2041–2070, the carbon sequestration potential for most species is likely to increase significantly. This is because under current climate only some species experience moisture limitations, and a projected increase in seasonal precipitation mitigates these growth limitations. We conclude that model projections are favorable for carbon sequestration and future commercial forestry potential in the Zhongtiao Mountain forestry region.

ПАМ’ЯТІ ВІДОМОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ВЧЕНОГО - ЕКОЛОГА, ЗАСЛУЖЕНОГО ЛІСІВНИКА УКРАЇНИ, ПРОФЕСОРА, АКАДЕМІКА ЛІСІВНИЧОЇ АКАДЕМІЇ НАУК УКРАЇНИ ПАРПАНА ВАСИЛЯ ІВАНОВИЧА (06.01.1945 – 19.12.2022)

The article is a tribute to a prominent Ukrainian scientist, doctor of biological sciences, professor, honored forester of Ukraine, academician of the Forestry Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, full member of the Ukrainian Ecological Academy, Honorary Professor of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (since 2017), Parpan Vasyl Ivanovych, who passed away on December 19, 2022.
 Vasyl Ivanovych was a forest scientist, well-known in Ukraine and abroad, an expert in the fields of ecology, soil science, forestry, ecology, phytocenology, geobotany, dendrology, population biology, recreation and nature management, protection and rational use of natural resources, an advocate of primeval forest mountain ecosystems of the Carpathians.
 A significant achievement of Professor Vasyl Ivanovych Parpan was the establishment of the Ukrainian P.S. Pasternak Research Institute of Mountain Forestry based on the Carpathian branch (Ivano-Frankivsk) of the Ukrainian H. M. Vysotskyi Research Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry (UkrNDILGA, Kharkiv). 
 The scientific output of Professor Vasyl Ivanovych Parpan consists of more than 300 scientific works, including monographs and articles in domestic and foreign journals, teaching aids, popular scientific publications, materials and abstracts of reports at international congresses, all-Ukrainian scientific and practical conferences.

Development and Testing of a Friction-Driven Forestry Electric Monorail Car

A friction-driven forestry electric monorail car based on a wheel hub motor is designed with the aim of solving the problems of the low transportation capacity, low running speed, large turning radius, and poor stability of low-slope mountain forestry monorails. The relationships between the minimum turning radius and the steering spring elasticity coefficient, between the body tilt and the anti-tip spring elasticity coefficient, and between the minimum turning radius of the monorail car and the distance between the two chassis and the two steering wheels was provided by the theoretical calculation and analysis of the key parameters of a dual-chassis structure, steering device, and anti-tip device. The dimensional parameters of the key components were determined. The three-dimensional design of the overall car was carried out, and the feasibility of the design was verified in kinematic simulation experiments. A performance test of the monorail car was conducted with the minimum turning radius, maximum load capacity, maximum full load speed, climbing degree, and center of gravity offset as indicators. The test results show that the monorail car has a minimum turning radius of 3.3 m, a maximum load capacity of 300 kg, a maximum speed of 20 km·h−1 fully loaded, a maximum gradient of 21°, and a unilateral vibration amplitude of 8 mm or less. The double-chassis structure and anti-tip device met the design requirements. The good transportation performance of the designed monorail car effectively solves the problems of a large turning radius and unstable driving of current forestry monorails. Additionally, the designed monorail car is environmentally friendly and efficient, meeting the requirements of monorail transporters for low-slope mountain forests and laying the foundation for the intelligent harvesting and transportation of mountain forest fruits.

A refined model of a typhoon near-surface wind field based on CFD

The simulation of near-surface typhoon wind fields is crucial for high-precision typhoon hazard assessments and thus of great significance for disaster forecasting, loss risk assessment and emergency management. The terrain correction method for simulating regional large-scale wind fields has a single correction method that cannot satisfy the requirements of refined risk assessment. This paper aims to use the advantage with regard to accuracy of the fluid dynamics mechanism model (CFD, computational fluid dynamics) in small-scale wind speed simulations and obtain a terrain correction method suitable for simulating regional large-scale wind fields by extracting the spatial variation of the wind speed over complex terrain. Specifically, typical mountains with different cross-sectional shapes and slopes are used to characterize the undulating terrain, and the CFD model is used to simulate and analyze the wind speed changes on the upwind and leeward slopes, at the mountain top, and in the downwind area under different initial wind speeds. The wind speed at these locations has a good quantitative relationship with the initial wind speed. Combined with the typical building wind load codes in China, the wind speed correction algorithm suitable for large-scale complex terrain is supplemented and improved. This paper presents the simulation results of three typhoons, and taking Typhoon No. 0713 as an example, a near-surface typhoon wind field simulation is performed. Compared with that of other models, the accuracy of the terrain-corrected simulation results by the method provided in this article is increased by 8.8–16.89%. Such CFD-based typhoon disaster near-surface wind fields can more accurately reflect the spatial distribution and intensity of typhoon wind hazards over large-scale complex terrain and can provide technical support for the loss risk prediction and assessment of forest resources, mountain forestry economies, crops and other vulnerable bodies during typhoon disasters.

Nesting of the osprey (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i> Linnaeus, 1758) in the Shushensky Bor National Park

The paper deals with the dynamics of nesting of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Shushensky Bor National Park and on adjacent sites in the valley of the Yenisei River, associated with the emergence of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station reservoir. The paper contains data on the nesting of the osprey directly on the territory of the Mountain Forestry of the National Park. Special attention is paid to one of the discovered nests. To build nests, the osprey in the Siberian region usually chooses high-stemmed dry or semi-dry trees with broken tops, and one of the tricks when choosing a nesting site is the elevation above the general level of the surrounding forest to provide a circular view. In this case, the nest was located on the broken top of a live cedar growing on a steep slope in a fir-cedar forest. There were taller trees nearby, i.e. the nest did not dominate in height. During observations of osprey nests, it was found out that they reacted very negatively to the appearance of any watercraft in the bay. If the adult birds were in or near the nest, they flew from a great distance and did not fly close until the boat or motorboat was removed, which, of course, threatened the eggs (when incubating) or chicks during the first weeks after hatching, hypothermia and possibly death. Recommendations are given for the conservation and study of the biology of this rare red book species in the habitat conditions on the mountain-taiga coast of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station reservoir within the national Park.

Documents contractuels des forêts de montagne et histoire sociale des régions montagneuses du Fujian. Le district de Yongtai 永泰 (Fuzhou)

Fujian Province is a largely mountainous region with forest cover of 66 percent, the highest in China. Mountain forestry has been intensively exploited since the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and up to the present time, mainly due to the economic growth of coastal trade, which has also led to significant population displacement and socioeconomic changes. Historical sources on mountain forestry are limited, and most of them concern phenomena marginal to it, such as, for example, mountain refugees or social unrest. These materials hardly allow a satisfactory account of the different historical processes inherent to the exploitation of mountain areas. In recent years, however, a huge number of forestry contracts have been discovered in various places in Fujian, opening up a new field of study: the social history of mountainous regions. This paper, by drawing on existing contractual documents of mountain forests in Fujian, thus intends to provoke some thought and discussion in this area of research.

Professor R.B. Singh (1955-2021), an Icon of Indian Geography: A Passage on the Path of Lineage, Legacy and Liminality

Professor R.B. Singh (1955-2021) had been the first Indian Geographer to have the dual distinction of holding the position of the IGU Secretary General and ICSU Scientific Committee Member. He was the first Indian and second Asian Secretary General and Treasurer of the IGU (2018-2022). Professor Singh was a distinguished geographer of 21st Century India who had made distinct academic contributions over the last five decades, illustrated with publishing 16 books, 40 anthologies, and around 260 research papers. He has covered and profusely published researches in 11 fields—Environmental Studies, Geoecology; Land resources, Land use/ Land cover; Water issues, Hydrology; Disaster, Natural Hazard; Quality of Life, Livelihood; Climatic Change, Air Pollution study; Urban Environment, Health, and wellbeing; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Environmental Monitoring; Geography, Development Studies R-U; Mountain Studies, Forestry, Tourism; and RS, GIS, Recent trends appraisal. He had supervised 39 PhD and 81 MPhil dissertations. This paper presents an appraisal of his life journey on the path of Lineage, Legacy and Liminality—a type of biographical highlights in the frame of his practising geography, while also emphasising various niches, distinctions, networks, and collaborative programmes.

Role of an Altitudinal Zonal Basis and Remote Sensing Data in the Sustainable Management of Mountain Forests

This paper substantiates the necessity of improving the principles of using natural basis for ecosystem-focused forest management in mountain conditions using all the collected knowledge, regional databases, and new remote sensing facilities. The results of applying the spectral features of vegetation using the thermal range for studying the altitudinal differentiation of forest cover are given based on the example of the mountains of the Altai-Sayan region. Thus, forest-steppe, subtaiga light-coniferous small-leaved deciduous, mountain dark coniferous chern, mountain dark coniferous taiga, and subalpine classes of altitudinal belt complexes (ABC) can be defined in the Yenisei part of the Sayans. Particular forest-management systems should be used for each of them, taking into account the natural features of forests and their management purpose. One important task for mountain forestry and whole multipurpose forest use is to improve the ecological and geographical basis and present it in the form of medium-scale maps, which reflect not only the formational composition of forest cover, but also the altitudinal classes of ecosystems. Modern satellite remote sensing systems coupled with GIS technologies open up new possibilities for forest cover inventory, monitoring, and study methods. This makes it possible to introduce a high-quality natural basis into forest management, which is currently highly relevant at all levels of forest planning: from exploitation projects for separate forest plots to forest plans of federal subjects of the Russian Federation.

The role of mortality coefficients in planning and accounting for greenhouse gas emission reductions

The article presents tables of growth of fir plantations in the southern part of Siberia supplemented by carbon parameters. The dependences of the mortality coefficients on the stock and the number of trunks are considered. The obtained dependences will help determine what determines the relationship between the mortality coefficient and the stock and the number of trunks. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fir plantations of the South Siberian mountain forestry region considered in this paper will determine their production potential. The calculated coefficients will significantly reduce the uncertainty of carbon estimates, which will undoubtedly contribute to the development and implementation of forestry planning and practical measures for adaptation and adaptation to climate change. This will undoubtedly contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, since the possibility and accuracy of taking into account the possibility of forests to bind and accumulate atmospheric carbon will increase.

ЕКОЗБАЛАНСОВАНЕ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ У СМУЗІ ДУБОВИХ І БУКОВИХ ЛІСІВ ЗАКАРПАТТЯ

Розглянуто поняття сукцесії та генези лісостанів. Викладено питання лісової типології з позицій забезпечення стабільності природного відбору в популяціях деревних видів та відповідного ведення лісового господарства. Проаналізовано особливості популяційного підходу до екозбалансованого лісогосподарювання. Підхід базується на тотожності сукцесійного і популяційного процесів лісостанів у просторі й часі. Розглянуто питання сукцесійних змін лісостанів для грабово-букових та дубово-букових типів лісу Закарпаття. Рекомендуючи лісовідновлення з використанням природного поновлення, формування насаджень розглянуто з лісокультурних позицій, для яких придатнішою є еколого-лісівнича типологія. Генезисний ряд об'єднано за типами лісорослинних умов для ведення певного типу лісового господарювання (гірське лісівництво, екологічно орієнтоване чи лісоексплуатаційне), які передусім враховують лісоексплуатаційний аспект та відповідне лісовідновлення. Популяційний підхід на типологічній основі дасть змогу прив'язати ці загальні положення до певних гірських територіальних комплексів. Для вирішення питання щодо поєднання результатів біологічних та екологічних досліджень в лісознавчу парадигму на типологічних засадах запропоновано сукцесію, як стадійний процес, розглядати в контексті розвитку типу лісу, його генези відповідної класифікації за стадіями.

Assessing the Economic Situation of Small-Scale Farm Forestry in Mountain Regions: A Case Study in Austria

Austria is one of the few countries with a long tradition of monitoring the economic performance of forest holdings. The national Farm Accountancy Data Network also addresses some forestry-specific issues, given the high significance of farm forestry in this country. However, it is not possible to assess the profitability of small-scale farm forestry in mountainous regions based on a representative sample. In this paper, we demonstrate how information gaps can be overcome by means of economic modeling and present results of this approach for mountain forestry for the first time. In spite of the unfavorable conditions of an alpine setting, forestry tends to be of special significance for the viability and resilience of family farms in these regions. Sustainable forest management that safeguards the ecosystem services provided by forests relies mostly on the profitability of timber production. Thus, the economic development of farm forestry is a key factor in achieving targets 15.1 and 15.4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in mountain regions.

模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201510232140 作者: 作者单位: 北京林业大学,北京林业大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金（2016JX02）；国家自然科学基金（41373069） Effect of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities in a temperate forest Author: Affiliation: Beijing Forestry University,Beijing Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:森林土壤酶作为土壤中最活跃组分，能影响生态系统的物质循环过程，其活性能快速反映氮沉降对土壤环境的变化。以北京地带性植被辽东栎林为研究对象，利用模拟氮沉降方法，原位设计低氮（50 kg N hm-2 a-1，N50）、高氮（150 kg N hm-2 a-1，N150）两个施氮水平，每个施氮水平设置NaNO3、（NH4）2SO4、NH4NO3 3个不同的施氮类型，另设置空白对照（0 kg N hm-2 a-1，N0）。从时间格局上研究不同氮素化学形态和剂量对温带森林土壤6种酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶）活性的影响。结果表明：在氮形态和水平的交互作用下，NH4NO3-N处理的脲酶活性显著高出NO3--N处理的24.20%（N50），NH4+-N处理对酸性磷酸酶活性的影响显著高出NO3--N处理的13.82%（N150）；在NH4+-N和NH4NO3-N处理中，N50水平下的脲酶活性分别高出N0处理的38.90%和24.20%，差异显著。对无氮形态和水平交互作用的酶活性分析得出，不同的施氮水平，对碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的酶活性有显著促进作用，碱性磷酸酶活性在N50和N150处理下分别比N0高20.2%和11.5%，N50和N150处理对多酚氧化酶活性的促进作用分别比N0处理高64.3%和41.8%，差异显著（P < 0.05）；NH4+-N处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性具有显著促进作用（P < 0.05），不同的施氮形态，对碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性无显著影响。6种酶活性均呈现了显著的时间变化，氮添加对森林土壤酶活性的时间分异规律没有显著影响。此外，土壤微生物量碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量与酶活性具有显著相关性（P < 0.05）。以上结果表明，氮添加通过改变森林土壤的环境因子，影响了土壤中的水解酶和氧化酶活性，进而改变了土壤有机碳库和养分循环。 Abstract:As one of the most active components of forest soil, soil enzymes contribute to the processes of soil organic matter decomposition and synthesis and influence all the biochemical reactions of soil, directly or indirectly. Human activities have dramatically increased the quantity of nitrogen fixed in terrestrial ecosystems, due to fossil fuel combustion, production and use of chemical fertilizers, and live stock ranching. Nitrogen (N) addition may rapidly influence soil carbon and nitrogen turnover during litter and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition processes by changing the soil enzyme activities. Specifically, we hypothesized that adding N to N-limited ecosystems would increase the activity of hydrolytic enzymes and decrease that of oxidase. In the present study, we explored the effects of different forms and levels of nitrogen addition on extracellular enzyme activities in a temperate forest soil with dominant Quercus liaotungensis (light loam, mean annual temperature 11.7 ℃), in the Xi Mountain Forestry Station, China. Nitrogen loading was designed using three N forms (NO3--N, NH4+-N, and NH4NO3), each containing a low-N (50 kg N hm-2 a-1, N50) and high-N (150 kg N hm-2 a-1, N150) treatment plot; a treatment plot of 0 kg N hm-2 a-1 (N0) served as a control. Each treatment comprised three replicate plots of 10 m × 10 m on the forest floor, with each plot having similar vegetation and biological soil crust cover. Soil urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase activities were analyzed to investigate the impacts of N forms and levels on soil enzyme activities from the temporal pattern. The results showed a significant increase of NH4NO3-N treatment in soil urease activity (+24.20% upper NO3--N, N50), and NH4+-N treatment in acid phosphatase activity (+13.82% upper NO3--N, N150), and a considerable increase of N50 level in soil urease activity (+38.90% and +24.20% upper NH4+-N and NH4NO3 in N0, respectively) (P < 0.05). However, N forms and levels did not affect the activities of alkaline phosphatase, β-glycosidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase. Increasing N (N50 and N150) resulted in higher alkaline phosphatase activity (+20.2% and +11.5% upper N0, respectively) and polyphenol oxidase activity (+64.3% and +41.8% upper N0, respectively); and, with the increase in N addition, both the alkaline phosphatase and polyphenol oxidase activities increased at N50 addition, and decreased at N150. We observed a significant increase in β-glycosidase activity (P < 0.05) with the different forms of N addition (NH4+-N > NH4NO3-N > NO3--N), whereas N forms had no effect on alkaline phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase activities. Furthermore, the highest activities of soil enzymes including urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase occurred in summer, but the highest β-glycosidase activity and the lowest catalase activity were found in the winter and autumn, respectively. However, N addition made little difference on temporal variation. Significant correlations of soil enzyme activities with soil microbial biomass carbon, NH4+-N, and NO3--N were established (P < 0.05). These results suggested that N deposition could affect the soil carbon and nutrient flow by influencing environmental factors and microbial enzymatic activities in temperate forest ecosystems. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The effect of harvest tree distribution on harvesting productivity in selection cuts

The study explored the effect of tree-selection pattern on harvesting productivity, under specific site conditions typical of mountain forestry and suitable for mechanized cut-to-length harvesting. In particular, the experiment tested two different single-tree-selection principles, namely, uniform spatial distribution across the whole site and clustered distribution, where selection trees were concentrated along presumed strip roads. The test was conducted on two different sites, representative of two different stand-development stages. Ten plots were located on each site, and randomly assigned to the two spatial distribution treatments (uniform and clustered). Great care was taken to maintain even conditions for the test. Mean tree size and removal intensity were the same on all plots from the same site; all plots were harvested by the same harvester and forwarder team; data were collected by the same researchers in all plots. Under the specific conditions of the study, the spatial distribution of harvest trees had no significant effect on harvesting productivity and cost. In contrast, harvesting performance was affected by tree size and possibly removal intensity. Anecdotal evidence about the effect of spatial distribution on harvesting cost may derive from its possible association with the other above-mentioned factors (e.g. tree size or removal intensity).

Establishing Forest Stakeholders' Associations to revitalize forestry in mountain areas. Contributions from EU rural development programmes: a case study from an Italian Region

The lack of management in mountain forests is one of the most relevant problems affecting the Italian forestry sector. Several reasons can explain this situation. First of all, the high fragmentation characterising both private and public forest holdings and the lack of cooperation among the different forest stakeholders. A contribution to the revitalization of Italian mountain forestry could be offered by the establishment of Forest Stakeholders’ Associations (FSAs). A testimony of this is provided by what has been generated in the frame of a Measure implemented by Piedmont Region1 during the 2000-2006 Rural Development Policy (RDP) programming period. This Measure2 has supported the establishment of ten different associations that still actively contribute to the revitalization of the regional and mountain forestry sector. At present, the Reg. EC 1698/2005 disciplining the 2007-2013 RDP programming period, despite of the positive results obtained by the establishment of forest networks in several mountain areas, does not provide support for the establishment of forest stakeholders’ associations. This mismatch raises the need either to indentify new strategies for future RDP programming periods or to activate dedicated actions at national or regional level to revitalize mountain forestry. In this perspective, the paper aims to: a) highlight the positive elements generated by the Measure 1.5; b) stress the opportunity to forester the establishment of FSAs to revitalize forestry and to promote rural development processes in mountain areas

A supply chain evaluation of slash bundling under the conditions of mountain forestry

Abstract Slash bundling offers many benefits, but represents an additional process step in the forest biomass supply chain, which can only pay if the cost incurred by bundling is offset by the gains accrued on transportation, storage and comminution. This study develops a comprehensive system analysis aimed at determining this balance, under the specific conditions of mountain forestry. The work lasted three years, and covered all the main process steps. The study allowed attaching a cost to all the above-mentioned steps, and reached the conclusion that the truck-mounted bundler on test was too expensive for its limited productivity level. Under the specific conditions of mountain forestry, bundling does not pay, unless it allows for shifting to a more efficient transportation vehicle and if a roofed shed is not available for chip storage. Bundling could turn into a good overall competitor if the bundler was 30% more productive, or if its capital cost was one third less. Otherwise, less expensive alternatives can be deployed. The main limit of the study was the sampling of just one bundler, the only truck-mounted unit so far deployed in the Alps. Unfortunately, no other truck-mounted bundlers were available at the time of the study, in Europe or elsewhere. Using a forwarder-mounted unit would have proved less efficient, for the work had to be performed at the roadside and the machine needed to relocate very often.

Capacity Building for Effective Work at the Interface of Forest Science and Forest Policy

Linking scientific knowledge with political decision-making has never been an easy task. This is also the case in the forestry sector, especially with its wide array of stakeholders at local, national, and global levels. Considerable constraints appear to exist in translating innovative ideas generated through science into practical application for policy-making and on-the-ground forest management. Over the past few years, the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) therefore has addressed the issue of the science–policy interface through in-depth study by a special task force, and by providing training on the subject for the forest science community in developing countries. This paper reports on the results and ongoing activities of these IUFRO initiatives, including a best practices guide on how to work effectively at the interface of forest science and forest policy and a training program that has been implemented in Africa, Asia, and Latin America over the past few years. As an example of successful training in science–policy interfacing, we present results of a workshop focused on mountain forestry development. This workshop was organized for scientists from developing countries in Africa and Asia in conjunction with the International Conference on “Mountain Forests in a Changing World” held in Vienna, Austria, in April 2008. Experiences gained in implementing the training on science–policy interfacing for scientists from developing countries show that interaction between the science community and decision-makers is very limited. Although in some developing countries there are established formal processes for reporting research results to the government at higher levels, greater efforts in terms of resources and awareness creation are required for more effective integration of scientific knowledge into policy-making. The science–policy guidelines and training presented in this paper are an essential step toward this end.

Multiple-product silviculture in context of sustainable mountain forestry

Multiple-product silviculture in context of sustainable mountain forestry

Konvencija o varstvu Alp in protokoli - izhodišča za trajnostni razvoj v slovenskih Alpah in sosedstvu

Prispevek predstavlja mednarodno pogodbo, s katero so se države, ki delijo alpski prostor, zavezale k preudarni in trajni rabi virov in enotni politiki za ohranitev in varstvo Alp. Prikazuje vsebino Alpske konvencije in njene cilje glede prebivalstva in kulture, prostorskega načrtovanja, ohranjanja čistega zraka, varstva tal, vodnega gospodarstva, varstva narave in urejanja krajine, gorskega kmetijstva, gorskega gozda, turizma in prostega časa, prometa, energije in gospodarjenja z odpadki. Podrobneje je predstavljena vsebina protokolov Urejanje prostora in trajnostni razvoj ter Varstvo narave in urejanje krajine, ki se vsebinsko nanašata na trajnostni razvoj in sta krovnega značaja. V svojih ciljih ju zasledujejo tudi vsi drugi protokoli.

The occurrence and development of the adventitious roots forming green shoot cutting ofLarix olgensis

The experiment with the green shoot cutting propagation ofLarix olgensis was made in the Maoer Mountain Forestry Farm on July 5, 1990. After the callus formed of the cutting base before adventitious roots came out the materials were collected from the cutting base and fixed in FAA solution. By the paraffin sections and anatomical observation, the results indicted that it needed 40 days from the cutting to the rooting. The induced primordium of the cutting was endogenous in origin, which came from: (1) vascular cambium of the callus, and became roots; (2) meristematic cell population in the intersect between the cambium and xylem ray of the cutting base. There were extruding, crushing process and enzymolysis when the adventitious roots broke through the outer layers in two rooting types.

Legislation and policy for forests of the Swiss Alps

of legislation and policies for the forests of the Swiss Alps in the context of societal, economic and ecological conditions, and suggests future developments. Illustrations are drawn from these areas: Aletsch (Canton Valais). Davos (Canton Graubunden). and Grindelwald (Canton Bern). The 1878 Forest Police Law guides management and use of the forests to the present day. While this law has fulfilled many of its objectives, it no longer guarantees the long-term provision of forest functions in an economy based on tourism. Greater resources and financial security are critical for the future of mountain forestry. Three areas of development are proposed coordination, and changes in policy and legislation.