Mountain People Research Articles

Conservation of Natural Resources and Biodiversity Management In Bandarban, Bangladesh

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is situated in the Southeastern Bangladesh having an area of 13,295 km2. Bandarban is one of the hill districts of CHT with diverse natural resources and ethnic communities. This paper is based on the review of published papers, reports, books related to Bandarban district of CHT giving emphasis on the landscape, natural resources, and the indigenous peoples in the CHT. The available information is synthesized to understand the overall state of natural resources degradation with special focus on land, soil, forest, fisheries, and livestock, etc. The traditional agricultural system of jhum cultivation is not sustainable due to population pressure, reduction of fallow period and soil degradation. The paper also presented the major causes of resource destruction along with the opportunities and challenges to the existing natural resource management in Bandarban. The prolonged conflict of land tenure and settlement of plain land people needs to be addressed at priority basis for the betterment of the hill people. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2021, 7(2): 84-94

Rainfall erosion of mountain environment and people flow planning of Leshan giant Buddha site based on big data GIS

Rainfall erosion of mountain environment and people flow planning of Leshan giant Buddha site based on big data GIS

CẢNH QUAN VÀ CON NGƯỜI MIỀN NÚI TRONG TRUYỆN ĐƯỜNG RỪNG CỦA LAN KHAI TỪ GÓC NHÌN PHÊ BÌNH SINH THÁI

Lan Khai's forest fiction is especially loved by contemporary readers, not only because of the “exotic flavor” but also because of the writer's new and unique perspective on the landscape and people of the mountainous region. The ideal view of the unity relationship between man and nature in medieval literature or the illusion of harmony and unity between man and nature in romantic literature were all eroded in his work. This study shows that mountainous people and nature in Lan Khai's forest fiction no longer carry the polarization between “center” and “margin”, “civilized” and “barbarian” as in medieval literature and travelogues in Nam Phong Journal.

Traditional knowledge of medicinal flora among tribal communities of Buner Pakistan

BackgroundThis study provides a comprehensive documentation of traditional knowledge about plant based recipes used for the treatment of human ailments by tribal communities of Buner Pakistan. The aim of the study was to understand the dynamics and threats to traditional knowledge (TK) and to investigate the potential implications of this knowledge in future economic development in the region in light of China-Pak economic corridor. MethodsThe studies were conducted from 2016 to 2020 in 36 major villages of district Buner Pakistan, via 137 key informants, using semi-structured interviews, open ended questionnaires, group discussions, and transit walks. The data were analyzed using different quantitative indices including Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use value (UV), Relative frequency citation (RFC), Relative importance index (RI) and Cultural importance index (CI). ResultsThis study revealed 282 plant species belonging to 94 families, including one fungal taxon, two ferns and 5 gymnosperms used as ethnomedicine. Herbs were the dominant growth form (57.80% spp), leaves formed the most used part (41% spp) and most of the rcipes were prepared in boiling water (55.67%). The most important medicinal plant families on the basis of use reports (UR) were Fabaceae (306 UR), Lamiaceae (256 UR), Rosaceae (210 UR), Amaranthaceae (180 UR) and Asteraceae (159 UR). Twelve different disease categories were identified, among which gastrointestinal diseases (1020 UR), and cardio-vascular diseases (972 UR) formed the largest categories. The important species on the basis of use reports included Berberis lyceum, Azadirachta indica, Prunus dulcis, Skimmia laureola, and Mentha longifolia with 80, 64, 62, 58, and 55 use reports respectively. These species also scored highest cultural importance values (CI) of 0.58, 0.47, 0.45, 0.42, and 0.40 respectively. On the basis of relative frequency of citation (RFC) values, the top five species were Medicago polymorpha 0.51, Skimmia laureola 0.35, Berberis lycium 0.33, Justicia adhatoda 0.30, and Ziziphus oxyphylla 0.29. Some interesting novel uses of plants included, the use of Heracleum candicans leaves against highblood, Arisaema jacquemontii as aphorodesiac, and Dysphania ambrosioides for stomach pain. ConclusionThis study reported many new uses, and novel medicinal plant species (Bombax ceiba, Mimosa himalayana, Lycopus eropaeus, Salix acmophylla, Corydalis cornuta, Galium aparine) for the first time from the region. The study concluded that mountainous rural people of Buner possess a rich heritage of ethnobotanical knowledge, which was not previously documented comprehensively. This study provides a base for further pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of medicinal flora.

Drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among Akha and Lahu hill tribe people who used methamphetamine in Thailand: a qualitative approach

BackgroundThe stigma related to drug use has several impacts, including effects on users’ physical and mental health. Methamphetamine is a major drug that is used among hill tribes living in the border areas of Thailand and Myanmar. This study aimed to understand the drivers, facilitators, sources and outcomes of the stigma surrounding drug use, including the expectations among Akha and Lau hill tribe people who use methamphetamine in Thailand.MethodsQualitative data were used to elicit information from key informants and members of the hill tribes who used methamphetamine. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and tested for validity before use. In-depth interviews were used to confidentially gather information from the participants in private rooms in villages. Each interview lasted 45 min, and a thematic analysis was conducted to examine the findings.ResultsA total of 46 participants were recruited to provide information; 95.7% were male, and 50.0% were aged 15–34 years. The majority were married (47.8%), 76.1% were Christian, and 45.7% graduated high school. Six drivers of stigma were detected: being poor, illiterate, unemployed, working aged, female, and married. Culture and tribe acted as facilitators of the stigma attached to methamphetamine use. Four sources of stigma were found: self, family members, peers, and community members. Three outcomes of stigma were determined: poor physical health, mental health, and relationships with others. There were four levels of expectations: no expectations, expectations for themselves, expectations for their family members, and expectations for their community members.ConclusionsMany personal traits, people living nearby, and socioeconomic factors, including culture and tribes, act as drivers, facilitators, and sources of stigma among hill tribe people who use methamphetamine. A program to reduce methamphetamine use among hill tribes should be implemented, which could eventually minimize stigma.

От Терской области к Горской АССР: Терек в 1917-1921 гг.

The article deals with issues related to the administrative-territorial structure of the Tersk region during the revolution and the Civil War of 1917-1921. This article concluded that various regional regimes have tried to implement their national-territorial projects. However, neither the Gorskо-Cossack Provisional Terek-Dagestan Government, nor the Bolshevik Terek Soviet Republic, nor the liberal-nationalist Mountain Republic, nor the White Guard Terek-Dagestan Region could ad-equately capture the sympathies of the bulk of the local population. The conclusion is given that only the Soviet project related to the creation of the Gorskaya ASSR could attract the mountain peoples of the former Terek region to its side, intercepting the political agenda of the mountain liberal-nationalist political direction, and to ensure a minimum of loyalty to the new government.

Narratives of Structural and Cultural Violence in the Context of the Stateless Hill Tribes Living with HIV/ AIDS in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Narratives of Structural and Cultural Violence in the Context of the Stateless Hill Tribes Living with HIV/ AIDS in Chiang Rai, Thailand

Status of the stateless population in Thailand: How does stigma matter in their life?

The stateless population in Thailand live by accessing all public services, including the health care system. Stigma is a crucial factor impacting these individuals' lives and their access to medical care. This study aimed to understand the experience of the stateless population in Thailand and how they overcome the problem of stigma. A qualitative method was used to elicit information from key informants who were members of the stateless population, which was classified as those who did not hold Thai identification cards (IDs). A questionnaire was used to guide the interview, which was conducted in a private and confidential room. The interviews were conducted after voluntary agreement was obtained from the participants; each interview was held in August 2021 and lasted for approximately 45 minutes. Fifty-one people participated in the study; 68.6% were females, 86.3% were married, and 90.2% were Akha or Lahu. The stateless population in Thailand reported four types of perceived stigma: having a lower ability to request that their needs be met, not being equal to others, not being able to qualify for health care services and being ranked below other hill tribe people who have IDs. The phrase "life is nothing" was presented by the participants, who reported that they felt like an invisible population in Thailand. Some participants reported that other hill tribe people who have IDs act as stigma perpetuators among members of the stateless population who do not have IDs. Maintaining their privacy within their village, trying to obtain a Thai ID, and practicing the Thai language were the main ways of avoiding the stigma reported by the stateless population. Obtaining a Thai ID was detected as the top goal in their aim to overcome the stigma problem. The stateless population in Thailand live as an invisible population and are negatively treated via various patterns from others. Accessing Thai IDs and education are argued to be the most effective procedures for addressing the problem under the implementation schemes of the relevant organizations.

Epidemiology of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus among hill tribe adults in Thailand

A community-based cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of and determine factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among hill tribe adults aged 30 years and over. Data were collected from the target hill tribe people living in the 30 selected villages in Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand. A total of 2365 people were invited to participate in the study; 65.9% were female, 72.4% were aged 40–69 years, 0.9% regularly received preventive healthcare, and only 41.2% understood Thai. The overall prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was 7.5%. After adjusting for age and sex, two factors were found to be associated with T2DM: triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Those with high triglyceride levels were 2.80 (95% CI 1.99–3.94) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with a normal triglyceride level. Those with low HDL-C levels were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16–2.34) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with normal HDL-C. Appropriate public health interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce T2DM by providing regular preventive healthcare, educating patients on DM prevention and control, and encouraging regular exercise and reduced consumption of fatty food.

Need to Know the Tribes of Tamil Nadu

Tribes are those who have seen the evolving changes from the ancient ways of life and have regulated their lives. Their social organization culture and culture is found according to the context in which they live. The so-called tribes are variously called in Tamil. Politicians refer to them as savages, literati, hill people, rain people, Tolkudi, Mudukudi, Adigudi, Purvagudi, and Gandhians refer to Gandhi as Kirijan. The tribe is an educated social group. These are people who can consistently live in a common place. Speakers of the common dialect are those who have a common one-sided social morality. Followers of common ancestral beliefs panchayat systems and religious belief systems. The Fifth Principle of Sangam Literature shows that it was the hill people who formed the way of life and culture of the ancient Tamil community according to their landscape. Thus, the majority of the indigenous people are indigenous peoples with traditional cultural identities.

Do Invasive Species have the Medicinal Potential ?

The reported twenty two invasive species representing Asteraceae (9 plant specimens), Malvaceae (2 plant specimens), Euphorbiaceae (2 plant specimens), Solanaceae (2 plant specimens) and one species each in Verbenaceee, Rosaceae, Urticaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae and Oxalidaceae are studied in order to understand the medicinal uses. The information obtained from the survey revealed that these invasive species were in use for different purposes such as Lantana camara L. (Family-Verbinaceae) used as anti-pest, Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore and Sonchus oleraceus L. for controlling blood sugar and Drymaria cordata (L.) Willdenow ex Schultes and Oxalis corniculata L. for controlling anti-tumurous growth. Interestingly, the trend of hill people found using Rumex nepalensis Spreng. and Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebmann, for settling the dislocated bones, likewise, another plant specimen, Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) King and Robinson reported treating neurological disorder. Thus, the paper deals the medicinal potentials of the plant specimens whether the invasive specimens possess the commercial viability.

The History of the Country through the Course of Life. Professor Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009)

The article is dedicated to the prominent Russian scientist, ethnographer and historian Valentina Pavlovna Nevskaya (1919-2009), who received international recognition for the outstanding achievements in the development of the history of antiquity and world Caucasian studies. The biography of the scientist, which reflected many of the most important events of Soviet history (Civil War 1918-1922, economic experiments of the Bolsheviks of the 1920-1930s, the tragedy of the "great terror" policy of 1937-1938, mass repressions, the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 years of the Cold War, etc.). The fate of Valentina Pavlovna was quite typical for the representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia: the choice of her major, as well as the choice of work, was determined by the status of "member of the family of the enemy of the people." Since ancient history was the least politicized branch of Soviet historical science, V.P. Nevskaya chose the history of Byzantium for her thesis topic. The book, written based on the aforementioned thesis, was translated into German and Japanese. The scientific studies conducted by V.P. Nevskaya, who left a big mark in the historical science of the North Caucasus (including taking part in a large-scale academic project of the Soviet era - "History of the peoples of the North Caucasus (end of XYIII in - 1917"). Nevskaya V.P. is the editor and author of the main overview works on history of particular areas and peoples of the region. Particular attention is paid to the works of a scientist on the history of Karachay-Cherkessia (from ancient times before the Bolsheviks came to power), in which, on the basis of numerous personally collected materials, including ethnographic and archaeological proof, the history of the region (population, social, family, land and legal relations, way of life, folklore, traditions, etc.) was recollected and restored. Valentina Nevskaya, having carefully studied the very complex social structure of the hereditary relations of the mountain peoples, came to the conclusion that these peoples were at the feudal stage of development, determining that at the turn of the XVIII - XIX centuries. These relations took place and were firmly fixed in the adatas, the customary law of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Particular attention in the writings of V.P. Nevskaya was given to the Karachais, a small Turkic people living high in the mountains of the Western Caucasus. After analyzing a large number of diverse sources, the researcher concluded that feudalism in Karachai developed directly from the general system, and land relations determined the nature of the relationship of Karachais with neighboring peoples, in particular, with Kabardians as a “military-political confederation”. Her experience teaching as a professor at the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute (now the North Caucasus Federal University), where she headed the department of general history, is described. Valentina Nevskaya taught ancient history, continued her research on the history and ethnography of the North Caucasus and prepared a number of candidates of historical sciences. It is emphasized that the works of V.P. Nevskaya are currently important sources for writing disserta-tions, monographs, and articles on topical issues in the history of the North Caucasus. The texts of her books and articles testify to the highest level of professional skill, versatile erudition, the steady observance of ethical standards, and the awareness of the scientist’s moral responsibility.

Losing the Remote: Exploring the Thai Social Order with the Early and Late Hanks

ABSTRACT This article challenges the common understanding of Thailand’s ethnic divide as marked by unfamiliarity and an absolute difference between Thai society and the hill tribes in the country’s north. Much scholarship has overlooked how the negotiation of diversity and complexity has been foundational to Thai and other Southeast Asian societies and cultures for millennia. An ideology of ethnically singular and exclusive Thai identity framed the historical context in which Lucien Hanks initially wrote about Thai social life and its logics. I draw on his later work, particularly the research he conducted with Jane R. Hanks in the northern hills, to revisit diversity in Thai society and history. Hanks identified merit and power as the key principles of the Thai social order. A third notion, parity, enables inclusive and diverse social networks. It offers an indigenous challenge to any association of Thai identity, worldview, or social organisation with intolerance and ethnic chauvinism.

A Review on Ethnomedicinal Claims of Desmodium Triquetrum(L.) DC.

Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.is synonym ofTadahagitriquetrum(L.) H.Ohashibelongs to the family Fabaceae.Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. is traditionally used in common cold, sore throat, hemoptysis due to lung diseases, hepatomegaly, enteritis, traumatic injury, etc. Aim:The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on ethnomedicinal claims ofDesmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. from published literatures, books related to ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. Materials and Methods:All the available information on Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC.was collected via published literatures, books like Medicinal plants of Gujarat, Reviews on Indian medicinal plants, The wealth of India NISCAIR, etc. The obtained information was distributed into part-wise ethnomedicinal claims,region-wise traditional claims, local names in different languages, and therapeutic indications. Result:It has been found to be reported in more than 23 states in India, widely distributed in western parts of India common in Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat etc.Its root, leaves, and the whole plant has been recommended in 19 different diseases both externally and internally. The whole plant has maximum application in 12 different diseased conditions, followed by root and leaves in 4 and 3 diseases respectively. Conclusion:Desmodium triquetrum(L.) DC. is widely used for treatment of chronic cough and tuberculosis and also, the leaves have been used as a substitute for tea by hill tribes in upper Assam. As the findings, Desmodiumtriquetrum (L.) DC. need to explore with the help of detailedinvestigation,especially through pharmacological properties.

Society, Ecology and Livelihood: A Critical Study on Jhum Cultivation in Tengnoupal District of Manipur

Rice is a major consumptions of the people in Manipur and the whole North-East India. However, the production of rice was and is never enough for the people of this region, which requires the hill people to cultivate for their own livelihood. The jhum or the shifting cultivation is an ancestral method, which requires the clearing of dense forest for showing the crops. In the olden days with minimal populations and minimal clearance of the forest, the affects were visible minimal. However, after the century and with the coming of the modern scientific era, the negative aspect of jhum is visible seriously affecting the socio-ecology of the humanity in the greater ways, leading to several natural disasters at present. This is mainly due to the plantation of the unwanted seeds and plants, which directly affects the eco-system and the environment, turning the forest into grassland, soil degradation, carbon erosion, soil erosion, landslide, flood etc. Thus, the modern socio-ecologist sought for the shifting of jhum to an alternative livelihood, not to do away with the lifeline of the hill people, but to create an alternative platform with the modern technology.

Этнокультурная основа процесса формирования крымскотатарской художественной культуры и декоративно-прикладного искусства (часть вторая)

In the articlean attempt is made to trace the course of the early medieval (Old Turkic) stage of Turkization process of the plain, foothill, mountainous, southern coast population of the Crimea. And also it follows the formation of artistic culture and decorative art of the Turkic ancestors of that period among the Crimean Tatars, preceding the appearance of the Kipchaks-Polovtsy-Kuman on the peninsula, as well as those occurring parallel to this process. Among the ethnic community of the descendants of the ancient autochthons of the peninsula, the Crimean mountainous people of the Tats, the common ancestors of the southern coast and mountain Crimean Tatars, as well as the ancestors of the Greco-Tatars – Urums of ethnocultural processes, who formed an ethnocultural whole with them.

К истории создания альбома полковника Д. А. Вырубова из фондов Музея антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамеры) РАН и его подлинном авторе

The article for the first time raises the question of authorship of one of the key sources on archaeology and ethnography of the peoples of the North Caucasus, first and foremost the Balkars, Kabardins, Karachais, and Abazins — an album with watercolour drawings of fortresses, churches, funerary monuments, elements of costume of mountain peoples, etc. stored in the fonds of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera). This source is known in historiography under the name of its first owner, D.A. Vyrubov, head of the Nalchik district of the Terek region. The article argues that the author of the album was Ivan A. Vladimirov (1869-1947), Russian and later Soviet artist, archaeologist, and military correspondent. Handwriting experts' examination of handwritten notes in the album and I.A. Vladimirov’s reports on archaeological investigations conducted in the Nalchik district confirms this; chronology and geography of the album coincides with I.A. Vladimirov's travels to the Caucasus. There is interconnected and complementary information on a number of archaeological and ancient architectural monuments, as well as on people who supported Vladimirov in his field research — Dimitri Alekseyevich Vyrubov, the chief of the Nalchik district, and Dadashe Dohshukovich Balkarokov, a Chegem taubian. It is shown that the period from 1892 to 1898, that is, from I.A. Vladimirov’s first appearance in the Nalchik district to Colonel D.A. Vyrubov’s transfer to Vladikavkaz, is the most probable time of the album’s creation. Establishing the identity of the artist who created the album has significantly broadened the information capacity of the source itself, as it now can be considered in conjunction with I. A. Vladimirov's scientific accounts of his archaeological work. This, in turn, facilitates identification of a number of objects, including ancient half-destroyed Christian church near Bylym village. In addition, comparative study of the sources has yielded new information on the monuments. Thus, the album contains drawings and measurements of mausoleums and crypts near the village of Gundelen, church on the Kisanty river, mausoleums and tombs in the same area, while I.A. Vladimirov’s report contains photos of these objects, their site layout plan and drawings. Some previously unknown facts from the history of the first archaeological expedition conducted by I.A. Vladimirov in 1896 have also been revealed.

ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE EASTERN CAUCASUS (THE CASE OF DAGESTAN)

The article is devoted to the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the Eastern Caucasus, namely in the Dagestan region in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th century. The issues of studying the relationship between the center and the regions of Russia on the basis of the historical past are becoming relevant today. They help to identify negative and positive aspects in the history of the relationship between the Russian state and the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus, allow an objective look at the past, learn lessons and experience at the present stage. The purpose of the research is to consider the process of Russia's administrative policy in Dagestan after the Caucasian War, to characterize the positive and negative aspects of the policy pursued. During the research, the methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization have been used, as well as the problem-chronological method, the principle of objectivity and historicism, which has made it possible to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view. The active inclusion of the territories of the Eastern Caucasus into the Russian Empire dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the first administrative systems of governance were created. In the 60-70s of 19th century they developed into a "military-people's" system of government. The introduction of various management systems, the transition from one to another show the ability of the tsarist administration to adapt to local conditions, which led to a compromise between the interests of the tsarist government and the management of the mountain peoples.

Ethnopharmacological Approaches of the Native Hill People of Sub Division Paddar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Ethnopharmacological Approaches of the Native Hill People of Sub Division Paddar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Existing livestock production and socioeconomic condition in selected hilly areas of Bangladesh

This survey was carried out to know the existing livestock farming system along with socioeconomic conditions in livestock communities in two different selected hilly areas under Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar District. Data were collected based on the farmer’s personal information, livestock and poultry production system, problems and prospects of livestock production and socio-economic status of commodity through a pre-structured questionnaire. The result revealed that there was no significant (P˃0.05) different in family size, age of the farmers but have significant (P˂0.05) different in illiteracy and occupation of the two villages. According to the land distribution pattern, there was no significant (P˃0.05) different in land size and land ownership but have significant (P˂0.05) different in cultivable and fellow land of the farmers in selected areas. The majority of the farmers have indigenous (native) type livestock and the cattle population was higher in Tulatuli (plain area) than in Adarshogram (hilly area) and it differed significantly (P˂ 0.05). In Adarshogram and Tulatuli villages, most of the farmers (79% and 80.43%) had separate housing facilities for their livestock species and they sold their livestock and poultry species in their local market. About 85.90% of farmers depended on natural sources as feed for their animals and only 14.10% purchased feed for their animals. About 71.50% of farmers faced animal feed crisis during the summer season followed by the rainy 19% and winter (9.50%) seasons. There was no significant (P˃ 0.05) different in the body weight of cattle, goats and sheep and milk production of cattle between the two villages. Most of the farmers (89.45%) depended on natural mating for breeding purposes and only 10.55% of farmers practiced artificial insemination. Cattle showed repeat heat which was significantly (P˂ 0.05) differ in the two villages. There was no significant (P˃0.05) different in calf/kid care after calving of the selected villages. About 72, 74% and 14, 17% and 42.42, 71.28% were affected warm in cattle, PPR in goats and ND in poultry, respectively between the two villages. About 60% and 58% of birds/animals were affected during the rainy season and most of the farmers 82% and 92% disposed of their dead birds/animals in the pit of the two villages. The result showed that average non-farm income (Tk.136929.44) was higher than farm income (Tk.50632.15) and average gross income per farmer per year was higher (Tk. 204739.37) in Tulatuli than Adarshogram (Tk.170383.74) but net income was in opposite direction. Results also showed that skill-ness about animal and poultry rearing, concentrate feed availability, vaccination facility and lack of pasture land had the main problems of the farmers for livestock and poultry rearing in selected two villages and significantly (P˂ 0.05) differed. Most of the farmers are interested in rearing cattle farming, followed by poultry, sheep, goats and pigeons in selected villages. It may be concluded that raising awareness, providing vaccination, making sustainable technology available, providing technical support for current stock to increase livestock production, and enhancing the livelihoods of local hill peoples. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 28 (1&2), 2021: P. 29-41