Abstract
A community-based cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of and determine factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among hill tribe adults aged 30 years and over. Data were collected from the target hill tribe people living in the 30 selected villages in Chiang Rai Province in northern Thailand. A total of 2365 people were invited to participate in the study; 65.9% were female, 72.4% were aged 40–69 years, 0.9% regularly received preventive healthcare, and only 41.2% understood Thai. The overall prevalence of undiagnosed T2DM was 7.5%. After adjusting for age and sex, two factors were found to be associated with T2DM: triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Those with high triglyceride levels were 2.80 (95% CI 1.99–3.94) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with a normal triglyceride level. Those with low HDL-C levels were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16–2.34) times more likely to be suffering from T2DM than those with normal HDL-C. Appropriate public health interventions should be developed and implemented to reduce T2DM by providing regular preventive healthcare, educating patients on DM prevention and control, and encouraging regular exercise and reduced consumption of fatty food.
Highlights
Abbreviations BMI Body mass index CI Confident interval HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) High-density lipoprotein item-objective congruence (IOC) Item-objective congruence interquartile range (IQR) Interquartile range LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol noncommunicable disease (NCD) Noncommunicable diseases standard deviation (SD) Standard deviation ST-5 Stress Test-5 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Type 2 diabetes WHO World Health Organization
While several risk factors for T2DM have been identified across various populations[7], including marital status[10], elevated triglycerides[11], and knowledge about DM prevention and c ontrol[12], the exact factors related to undiagnosed T2DM in people living in a certain community have not been clearly identified, especially among the highly vulnerable population
Hill tribes are composed of people who migrated from southern China to Thailand over two centuries, and approximately 4 million hill tribe people lived in Thailand in 2 01914
Summary
Abbreviations BMI Body mass index CI Confident interval HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin HDL-C High-density lipoprotein IOC Item-objective congruence IQR Interquartile range LDL-C Low density lipoprotein cholesterol NCDs Noncommunicable diseases SD Standard deviation ST-5 Stress Test-5 T2DM Type 2 diabetes WHO World Health Organization. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been defined as a major noncommunicable disease (NCD), especially in the adult population with limited education and poor economic s tatuses[1]. In 2019, Thailand was estimated to have 4.8 million adults (45.8 million people aged 25 years and over) living with T2DM, and this figure is projected to increase to 5.3 million by 2 0396. Among those with T2DM, only 35.6% have been diagnosed and treated properly, and the disease causes approximately 200 deaths per day[7]. A small proportion are fluent in the Thai language[17] Hill tribes have their own lifestyle, culinary traditions, substance use and other health-related behaviors[18]. There is no information available on the factors associated with undiagnosed T2DM in people living in the hill tribe community
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